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Microbiology - Chapter 11 - The Prokaryotes

Pomolobus/ Pyridinium - phylum - ;crenarchaeote Pyrolobus/ Pyrdictium - ;hyperthermophiles, grow near black smokers (hydrothermal vents) Sulfolobales phylum - ;chrenarchaeota Sulfolobales - ;acidophile/thermophile, oxidizes H2S to sulfuric acid methanogens phylum - ;eukaryote halogens phylum - ;eukaryote Methanogens - ;live in rumens and digestive tracts, H2 + CO2 -> CH4 + H2O, obligate anaerobes halophiles - ;require a high concentration of salt, high abundance in salters (human salt production) proteobacteria - ;gram negative bacteria chemoheterotrophic Alphaproteobacteria - ;Rickettsia, Pelagibacter, Rhizobium, agrobacterium, wolbachia rickettsia - ;intracellular parasite - typhus and rocky mountain spotted fever Alphaproteobacteria Pelagibacter - ;One of the most abundant microorganisms in oceans (25% of biomass) small size and small genom

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Class 11 biology one page short notes

One page short notes of the chapter structural organisation in animals .

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microbilogy

easy introduction of microbiology

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Agronomy Chapter 10 Practice Test 2024. Real Questions & Answers.

Agronomy Chapter 10 Practice Test 2024. Includes real questions and answers. This comprehensive guide is perfect for preparing for your agronomy assessments, covering essential concepts from Chapter 10. Designed to help you master the material and succeed with confidence. Ideal for students seeking to enhance their understanding of agronomy topics and excel in their exams.

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Reinforcement Learning

Computational Science module for Neuroscience BSc at UCL Lecture by Prof Neil Burgess I got 69 in the module and a first class degree in Neuroscience

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ᴀɢᴇ ᴏғ ɪɴᴅᴜsᴛʀɪᴀʟɪᴢᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ♡︎

ʀᴇᴀᴅ ɪᴛ ᴘʀᴏᴘᴇʀʟʏ ʏᴏᴜ ᴄᴀɴ ʀᴇᴠɪsᴇ ᴜʀ ᴄʜᴀᴘᴛᴇʀ ɪɴ ᴀ ᴇᴀsɪᴇsᴛ ᴡᴀʏ ʙᴇ ᴀ sᴍᴀʀᴛ ᴡᴏʀᴋᴇʀ......💖

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Human Immunity

I wrote this note to understand easily for you. It is more beneficial to learn. this note makes you simple and easy to read. Hope you will like it.

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WJEC Biology AS-level Unit 1.4 Enzymes and Biological Reactions

Révision notes and Knowledge Organiser for WJEC Biology. Written notes and diagrams are only on Unit 1.4 Enzymes and Biological Reactions. Written from textbook and class notes.

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Bacterial structure ( microbiology)

this paper describe everything you need to know about the bacterial structure

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Lecture on atoms and molecules

This document contains some notes on atoms and molecules A good refresher

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Human reproduction class 12th Biology Neet hand written notes

Enhance your NEET preparation with these meticulously crafted handwritten notes on the "Human Reproduction" chapter. These notes provide a clear and comprehensive overview of essential topics, including male and female reproductive systems, gametogenesis, menstrual cycle, fertilization, and embryonic development. Designed for clarity and ease of understanding, these notes are perfect for thorough revision and quick reference, helping you master complex concepts and boost your exam performance

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Plasma Membrane

It describes the plasma membrane

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Classification and Characteristics of Living Organisms Notes

The topics are Characteristics of Living Organisms ,Concept and Use of a classification system ,Features of organisms and Dichotomous are visual examples of the organisms the notes contain a detailed MRSGREN explanation .These notes are based of the CIE approved textbooks

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Dental considerations in patients with liver disease

Patients with liver diseases have certain metabolic derangements that require specific measures during dental surgical procedures to prevent life-threatening complications. This note will provide an insight on how to manage this group of patients in dental settings

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LAB 7 CELLS

A study of the cell, the fundamental unit of biological structure and function. An introductory section on bioenergetics and biochemistry lay the groundwork for the consideration of the cell through a modern interdisciplinary approach. The course examines the ultrastructure of the cell and of the most universal cell functions: transport, cellular respiration, photosynthesis, cellular reproduction, and protein synthesis. Lecture themes are illustrated in the laboratory. 3 hours lecture/2 hours laboratory

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How Do Organisms Reproduce

Reproduction Reproduction is an integral feature of all living beings. The process by which a living being produces its own like is called reproduction. Importance of Reproduction: Reproduction is important for each species, because this is the only way for a living being to continue its lineage. Apart from being important for a particular individual, reproduction is also important for the whole ecosystem. Reproduction helps in maintaining a proper balance among various biotic constituents of the ecosystem. Moreover, reproduction also facilitates evolution because variations come through reproduction; over several generations. Types of Reproduction: There are two main types, viz. asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual Reproduction: When a single parent is involved and no gamete formation takes place; the method is called asexual reproduction. No meiosis happens during asexual reproduction. Sexual Reproduction: When two parents are involved and gamete formation takes; the method is called sexual reproduction. Meiosis happens during gamete formation; which is an important step of sexual reproduction. Reproduction in Simple Organisms Binary Fission: Most of the unicellular animals prefer this method for reproduction. These organisms reproduce by binary fission; especially when conditions are favourable, i.e. adequate amount of food and moisture is available. Binary fission is somewhat similar to mitosis. The mother cell divides into two daughter cells; and each daughter cell begins its life like a new individual. The parent generation ceases to exist, after binary fission. Amoeba is a very good example of the organism which reproduces by binary fission. binary fission in amoeba Fig: Binary Fission in Amoeba Multiple Fission: When conditions become unfavourable, i.e. food, moisture, proper temperature, etc. are not available; this is the preferred mode of reproduction by unicellular organisms. The organism develops a thick coating around itself. This is called cyst. The cyst helps the organism to tide over the bad phase. The nucleus divides into several nuclei and each daughter nucleus is surrounded by a membrane. All metabolic activities stop in the organism, after cyst formation. When favourable conditions return, the cyst dissolves or breaks down; releasing the daughter nuclei. The daughter nuclei; in turn; grow into new individuals. Plasmodium and entamoeba undergo cyst stage, when they are not in the body of their prime host, i.e. humans. multiple fission in paramecium Fig: Multiple Fission Budding: Yeast is an example of unicellular organism which reproduces by budding. Hydra is an example of multicellular organism which reproduces by this method. budding in yeast Fig: Budding in Yeast Budding in Yeast: A small bud grows at any end of the yeast cell. Nucleus gets elongated and a part of it protrudes into the bud. The nucleus then divides into two nuclei. One of the nuclei goes into the bud. The bud grows to certain extent and gets detached from the mother cell. budding in hydra Fig: Budding in Hydra Budding in Hydra: A bud grows anywhere on the main body of hydra. The bud grows to a certain size and gets detached from the mother hydra. This develops further to grow into a new individual. fragmentation in spirogyra Fig: Fragmentation Fragmentation: Reproduction by fragmentation is seen in filamentous algae, e.g. spirogyra. The filament of spirogyra divides into many pieces and each piece develops into a new individual. Regeneration: Some simple organisms can regenerate a new individual from a part which has been accidentally cut off. Planaria shows good example of reproduction by regeneration. If a planaria is cut into several pieces; each piece develops into a new individual. Spore Formation: Most of the fungi, bryophytes and pteridophytes reproduce by this method. Spores are produced in special spore-bearing organs; called sporangium. When spores mature; the sporangium bursts open to release them. Advantages of Spore Formation: In fact, spores give certain survival benefits to the organisms which reproduce by spores. Spores can be disseminated through air and water or even through some other carriers; like animals. This helps an organism to spread its presence to a wider geographical area. Spores can also remain dormant for a long time, till favourable conditions are found. Scientists consider spores are precursors of seeds. Vegetative Propagation: Vegetative propagation is a special case, as it happens in higher plants; which otherwise have the capability to reproduce sexually. When a vegetative part of a flowering plant reproduces a new plant, it is called vegetative propagation. Some examples of vegetative propagation are given below. Tuber of Potato: The potato tuber is a modified stem. Many notches can be seen on the surface of potato. These are called ‘eyes’ of potato. Each ‘eye’ of a potato can give rise to a new potato plant. Farmers utilize this capability of potatoes to grow potato more quickly; which is not possible by using the seeds of potato. Modified roots of Carrot and Sweet Potato: Carrot and sweet potato are examples of modifications of roots; for food storage. These roots can give rise to new plants; when kept under the soil. Rhizomes of Ginger and Turmeric: Rhizomes are examples of modified underground stems for food storage. These contain nodes, internodes and scaly leaves. When buried under the soil, the rhizomes produce new plants. Leaf of Bryophyllum: Leaves of bryophyllum have notches on the margin. If a leaf is put under the soil, small saplings grow from the notches on the leaf margin. Artificial Vegetative Propagation: Man has used artificial vegetative propagation to grow many plants. This has enabled farmers and horticulturists to grow many plants in shorter duration and has helped them to earn more profit. Artificial vegetative propagation has also helped in developing many new varieties of plants. Stem cutting, layering and grafting are the preferred means of artificial vegetative propagation. Advantages of Asexual Reproduction: The organism does not have to depend on another organism for carrying out reproduction; because a single parent is needed. It takes less time than sexual reproduction and hence more number of offspring can be produced in shorter time. The offspring are exact clones of their parent. Desirable characteristics can be easily incorporated into plants with artificial vegetative propagation. Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction: As a single parent is involved, so there is negligible chance of variation. In most of the cases in simple organisms, the parent generation ceases to exist after asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction cannot give rise to biodiversity which is important for a healthy ecosystem.

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Biology and Chemistry A level notes

These notes gives full detail of all the topics on biology and chemistry only for As level.

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Cell structure

It is for intermediate level. For review. For high school. Limited version. Turkish. If you want english get contact. rehber13@gmail.com

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Cellular respiration- Simplified

Here are my notes regarding the stages of Cellular respiration. There are many technical terms, but I have done my best to try and break it down.

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Anatomy of the back

Understanding the anatomy of the back and its clinical significance.

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Anatomy and Physiology of Embryological Fetal Development

pregnancy week by week 22 weeks pregnant 25 weeks pregnant 33 weeks pregnant pregnancy stages stages of pregnancy week by week pregnancy fetal development weeks of pregnancy fetal development week by week fetus development baby in the womb prenatal development fetal growth chart pregnancy week by week pictures what is pregnancy pregnancy development my pregnancy week by week human embryo foetal development when does life begin pregnancy stages week by week week by week baby growth stages of prenatal development pregnancy week development of fetus your baby week by week anatomy physiology week by week fetal development prenatal development stages human embryo development fetal growth week to week pregnancy fetal weight fetal development month by month week by week pregnancy guide development of embryo fetal stage baby development in the womb baby growth in womb week by week baby development biology anatomy human pregnancy fetal development by week fetal development video weekly pregnancy embryo stages baby dev lopment in womb pregnancy growth chart pregnancy growth pregnancy baby growth chart different stages of pregnancy the stages of pregnancy growth of baby physiology and anatomy pregnancy step by step pictures of pregnancy fetal development pictures fetal development chart pregnancy pictures week by week week by week growth of baby stages of embryonic development human embryonic development 33 weeks pregnant fetal development baby development during pregnancy anatomy and physiology fetal development from fertilization to birth

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* BIOCHEMISTRY OF BIPOLAR DISORDER, PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY/BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE

Concise 4 page paper packed with detailed information specifically about seven neurotransmitters that can influence Bipolar symptoms. A description of each, the exact part of the brain involved, and how the chemical imbalances could possibly affect behavior. The sources I cited are worth checking out. Look for the star in the title if you are interested in checking out actual notes I will be posting - my notes are very thorough and organized. Using my notes pretty much guarantees an A (I would know). Good luck!

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Endangered/Invasive Species

List of endangered/invasive species with a small description

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Cells

Helpful Guide Book

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Marine Science Unit 2 summary pages

Summary of Unit 2 CIE IGCSE Marine Science

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Plant defenses

Has images, functions, structures on plant defenses Useful for A levels or University specifically biology related

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Nutrient Cycles

Aimed at A level biology students, specific to the AQA A2 course, Unit 4 Contains detailed notes on: carbon and nitrogen cycles, global warming, nitrogen fertilisers and eutrophication These notes helped me achieve an A* at biology A level and are highly detailed. They were made by combining information from two textbooks and my classwork, and have been referenced to the AQA specification

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Scientist

A good note for junior secondary 1.

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Cleft Lip a birth abnormalities

Openings or cracks in the upper lip, the palate, or both are known as cleft lip and cleft palate, respectively. When a developing baby's facial tissues don't fully seal, it can lead to cleft lip and cleft palate.

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AQA AS BIOLOGY TRANSLATION

Detailed first year (AS) biology notes to aid key revision of topics and enhance knowledge.

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lipids summarized notes

This document include all the important study material for exams. learning objectives: 1. How can you Define lipids. Or a compound to be called as lipid? 2. Classify lipids. Learn the three major groups with examples of each group. 3. Classification of fatty acids, properties and its function. 4. Study the biomedical importance of lipids. reference book: Murray R, Rodwell V, Bender D, Kathleen M, Botham P, Weil A et al. Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry. 28th Ed. Print-Hall; 2009

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