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Chapter 1 AQA Biology A2 Unit 4
There are comprehensive notes for all of chapter 1 in unit 4 biology, AQA A2. They cover every learning objective with detailed diagrams and explanations of all features within this section of the course. Being highly in-depth, these are suitable for any ability student studying A2 biology.
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Used for 1st year exam at University of Liverpool (Life Sciences dept). Includes enthalpy, heat capacity, entropy, free energy, and equilibria and chemical reactions.
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This reviewer contains the important terms commonly used in Hematology such as the maturation sequence of blood cells, their description and function, methods used in the laboratory for hematology tests, the different diseases involving the blood cells such as anemias, thalassemias, leukemias and other cell abnormalities. This reviewer can be used by students taking up medicine, medical technology and other related courses.
£5.63 Preview RemoveUniversity of Arizona Ecology and Evolution Notes 182
This is almost 16 pages of Ecology information-directly from what the teachers said. I typed up everything. It has everything from the basics of cells, to the time periods that life evolved. It is extremely thorough and studying this will get you the grade you want in the class.
£18.75 Preview RemoveATP, Photosynthesis and Respiration full notes A level Biology
Everything you need to know for this topic in biology a level
£2.00 Preview RemoveDifferent Types of Fruits (Tabulated)
This is a great way of comparing different types of fruits so you wont be confused
£1.50 Preview RemoveHEREDITY STUDY GUIDE EDEXCEL GCSE (9-1) HUMAN BIOLOGY
A complete study guide to Heredity Edexcel GCSE (9-1) Human biology. Learning objectives: 1. Know that genes exist in alternative forms called alleles, which give rise to differences in inherited characteristics. 2. Know the meaning of the terms dominant, recessive, homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype, genotype & codominance. 3. Understand the patterns of monohybrid inheritance using a genetic diagram & how to predict the probabilities of outcomes from the diagram. 4.Understand how to interpret family pedigrees. 5. Understand the role of multiple alleles in the inheritance of ABO blood groups. 6.Know that the sex of a person is controlled by a pair of chromosomes, XX in a female & XY in a male. 7. Explain how the sex of offspring is determined at fertilization, using a genetic diagram. 8. Describe the causes & effects of inherited conditions such as Haemophilia & red green color blindness ( sex linked inheritance), polydactyly (a dominant allele) & cystic fibrosis ( a recessive allele). 9. Understand that variation within a species can be genetic, environmental or a combination of both.
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in addition to the lipid bilayer, the cell membrane also contains a number of proteins. We have already mentioned the presence of certain proteins in the cell membrane. In this section we will discuss the different classes of proteins found there. While the lipid bilayer provides the structure for the cell membrane, membrane proteins allow for many of the interactions that occur between cells. As we discussed in the previous section, membrane proteins are free to move within the lipid bilayer as a result of its fluidity. Although this is true for most proteins, they can also be confined to certain areas of the bilayer with enzymes. Membrane proteins perform various functions, and this diversity is reflected in the significantly different types of proteins associated with the lipid bilayer.
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Expanding on pruning and critical periods your brain undergoes throughout maturation.
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These notes are highlighted , aesthetic and interesting. You don't even have to open any text books just take a look at this pdf and you're good to go for your test !
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Notes from the textbook "Modern Chemistry” by Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. Chapter 3: Atoms - The Building Blocks of Matter; Section 2: The Structure of the Atom
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These were produced for the new 2015 AQA AS Biology Course (Year 12). The level of detail will also be very handy for other specifications. The diseases covered are; tuberculosis, emphysema, fibrosis & asthma.
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We tabulate the different specialized structures so you dont have to! :D in the tabulation there are examples, function, common name, scientific name, and nature of the specialized structure. This is perfect for students taking up General Botany
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Beginner Biology, Second Semester extra credit vocab terms and definitions for Freshman final. Everything you need to know to get the extra credit and ace the exam.
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This note explain more about the energy, enzymes and metabolism.
£2.49 Preview RemoveBIO1011 WEEK 6 QUIZ SOUTH UNIVERSITY. Graded A
Grading Summary Grade Details - All Questions 1. Question : Muscle fibers differ from "typical cells" in that muscle fibers Student Answer: lack a plasma membrane. lack mitochondria. are ver y small. have many nuclei. both B and C Points Received: 1 of 1 Comments: 2. Question : Which of the following best describes the term sarcoplasmic reticulum? Student Answer: thin filaments are anchored here protein that accounts for elasticity of resting muscle repeating unit of striated myofibrils storage and release site for calcium ions largely made of myosin molecules Points Received: 1 of 1 Comments: 3. Question : Which of the following best describes the term muscle origin? Student Answer: connective tissue that surrounds an entire muscle connective tissue that surrounds a single muscle fiber broad tendon sheet tendon attachment that moves tendon attachment that doesn't move Points Received: 1 of 1 Comments: 4. Question : The increase in muscle tension that is produced by increasing the number of active motor units is called Student Answer: complete tetanus. treppe. incomplete tetanus. recruitment. wave summation. 5. Question : The plasma membrane of skeletal muscle is called the Student Answer: sarcoplasm. sarcomere. sarcolemma. sarcoplasmic reticulum. sarcosome. 6. Question : Since each myofibril is attached at either end of the muscle fiber, when sarcomeres shorten, the muscle fiber Student Answer: strengthens. shortens. weakens. lengthens. not enough information to say 7. Question : At rest, the tropomyosin molecule is held in place by Student Answer: myosin molecules. calcium ions. troponin molecules. ATP molecules. actin molecules. 8. Question : Triggering of the muscle action potential occurs after Student Answer: the nerve action potential jumps across the neuromuscular junction. acetylcholine binds to chemically gated channels in the end plate membrane. acetylcholinesterase binds to receptors on the end plate. calcium ion binds to channels on the end plate. Any of the above can produce an action potential in the muscle cell. 9. Question : Which of the following statements is (are) true regarding human muscles? Student Answer: Most have both slow and fast fibers. Eye muscles are composed entirely of fast fibers. Slow fibers are abundant in the calf muscles. Slow fibers are abundant in the back muscles. All of the above. 10. Question : Fast fibers Student Answer: have low resistance to fatigue. have many mitochondria. rely on aerobic metabolism. have twitches with a very brief contraction phase. both A and D 11. Question : Which of the following best describes the term Z line? Student Answer: largely made of myosin molecules protein that accounts for elasticity of resting muscle repeating unit of striated myofibrils storage site for calcium ions thin filaments are anchored here 12. Question : Which of the following is greater? Student Answer: the concentration of calcium ion in the sarcoplasm of a resting muscle the concentration of calcium ion in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of a resting muscle 13. Question : Which of the following motor units would produce the greatest tension? Student Answer: a motor unit in a back muscle a motor unit in an eye muscle a motor unit in a hand muscle 14. Question : Synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters are released by when the action potential arrives. Student Answer: sodium apoptosis endocytosis exocytosis hydrolysis 15. Question : During activities requiring aerobic endurance Student Answer: glycogen and glycolysis are the primary sources of reserve energy. oxygen debts are common. oxygen is not required. fatigue occurs in a few minutes. most of the muscle's energy is produced in mitochondria. 16. Question : Figure 10-1 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Use Figure 10-1 to answer the following questions: What is released from the structure labeled "9"? Student Answer: sarcoplasm calcium ions acetylcholine acetylcholinesterase protein Points Received: 1 of 1 Comments: 17. Question : Receptors for acetylcholine are located on the Student Answer: transverse tubule. motor end plate. sarcomere. synaptic cleft. synaptic knob. 18. Question : Which of the following is not characteristic of smooth muscle? Student Answer: Smooth muscles are uninucleate. Smooth muscle connective tissue forms tendons and aponeuroses. The thin filaments of smooth muscle fibers are attached to dense bodies. Smooth muscles do not contain sarcomeres. Neurons that innervate smooth muscles are under involuntary control. 19. Question : Figure 10-1 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Use Figure 10-1 to answer the following questions: Which structure actively pumps calcium ions out of the sarcoplasm to produce relaxation? Student Answer: 7 2 3 6 1 20. Question : Decreased blood flow to a muscle could result in all of the following, except Student Answer: an increase in intracellular glycogen. an oxygen debt. muscle fatigue. a shift to anaerobic glycolysis. an increase in intracellular lactate. 21. Question : After heavy exercise, if energy reserves in a muscle are depleted, _ occurs. Student Answer: an oxygen debt treppe paralysis atrophy tetanus 22. Question : When a muscle is stimulated repeatedly at a high rate, the amount of tension gradually increases to a steady maximum tension. This is called Student Answer: wave summation. a twitch. incomplete tetanus. recruitment. complete tetanus. 23. Question : Each thin filament consists of Student Answer: six molecules coiled into a helical structure. a rod-shaped structure with "heads" projecting from each end. chains of myosin molecules. two protein strands coiled helically around each other. a double strand of myosin molecules. 24. Question : Figure 10-1 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Use Figure 10-1 to answer the following questions: Where would calcium ion be predominately found? Student Answer: 1 2 4 8 9 25. Question : A thin filament is constructed from actin, tropomyosin, troponin, and nebulin. Student Answer: True False 26. Question : When comparing slow motor units to fast motor units, slow units Student Answer: generate much less tension. have much smaller fiber diameters. take about three times as long to reach peak tension. are rich in the red protein myoglobin. all of the above 27. Question : In which of the following would the motor units have the fewest muscle fibers? Student Answer: postural muscles of the back thigh muscles muscles of the neck muscles that control the eyes calf muscles 28. Question : Physical evidence that supports the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction includes Student Answer: decreased width of the H band during contraction. the I band + H band distance is constant during contraction. decreased width of the A band during contraction. constant distance between Z lines during contraction. increased width of the I band during contraction. 29. Question : Figure 10-2 Muscle Contractions Use Figure 10-2 to answer the following questions: What is the contraction in graph (d) called? Student Answer: incomplete tetanus wave summation treppe twitch complete tetanus 30. Question : During the Cori cycle, in the liver Student Answer: lactic acid is shuffled to muscle cells. glucose is produced from lactic acid. glucose is released from glycogen. lactic acid is produced from glucose. lactic acid is produced from pyruvic acid. 31. Question : The following is a list of the events that occur during a muscle contraction. 1. Myosin cross-bridges bind to the actin. 2. The free myosin head splits ATP. 3. Calcium ion is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 4. The myosin head pivots toward the center of the sarcomere. 5. Calcium ion binds to troponin. 6. The myosin head binds an ATP molecule and detaches from the actin. The correct sequence of these events is Student Answer: 3, 5, 1, 4, 6, 2. 3, 5, 1, 2, 4, 6. 1, 3, 5, 4, 6, 2. 5, 1, 4, 6, 2, 3. 1, 4, 6, 2, 3, 5. 32. Question : Figure 10-1 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Use Figure 10-1 to answer the following questions: What physiological process occurs in the structure labeled "7"? Student Answer: activity of acetylcholinesterase release of protein into the muscle fiber the sliding filament theory release of neurotransmitter conduction of the action potential into the cell interior 33. Question : During the recovery period following exercise, all of the following are true, except Student Answer: lactic acid is removed from muscle cells. muscle fibers are unable to contract. heat is generated. oxygen is consumed at above the resting rate. the muscle actively produces ATP. 34. Question : Which of the following hormones directly stimulates growth of muscle tissue, leading to increased muscle mass? Student Answer: parathyroid hormone calcitonin testosterone thyroid hormone epinephrine Points Received: 1 of 1 Comments: 35. Question : The narrow space between the synaptic terminal and the muscle fiber is the Student Answer: motor end plate. synaptic cleft. M line. motor unit. synaptic knob. 36. Question : Aerobic metabolism normally provides percent of the ATP demands of a resting muscle cell. Student Answer: 25 95 50 100 70 37. Question : The thin filaments of striated muscle are made of which protein(s)? Student Answer: troponin tropomyosin actin nebulin all of the above 38. Question : After death, muscle fibers run out of ATP and calcium begins to leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm. This results in a condition known as Student Answer: oxygen debt. depolarization. rigor mortis. treppe. tetany. 39. Question : During anaerobic glycolysis Student Answer: ATP is produced. oxygen is not consumed. pyruvic acid is produced. all of the above B and C only 40. Question : Active sites on the actin become available for binding after Student Answer: troponin binds to tropomyosin. calcium binds to tropomyosin. myosin binds to troponin. actin binds to troponin. calcium binds to troponin. 41. Question : The delicate connective tissue that surrounds the skeletal muscle fibers and ties adjacent muscle fibers together is the Student Answer: epimysium. periosteum. superficial fascia. endomysium. perimysium. 42. Question : At rest, active sites on the actin are blocked by Student Answer: ATP molecules. tropomyosin molecules. troponin molecules. calcium ions. myosin molecules. 43. Question : Figure 10-2 Muscle Contractions Use Figure 10-2 to answer the following questions: To produce a contraction similar to the one in graph (b), the muscle Student Answer: is excited by a stimulus of increasing intensity. must be stimulated again before it has relaxed from the previous stimulation. is caused to produce isolated twitches. must be stimulated to the point of fatigue. gradually warms up. 44. Question : When calcium ion binds to troponin, Student Answer: myosin shortens. tropomyosin moves into the groove between the helical actin strands. active sites on the myosin are exposed. muscle relaxation occurs. actin heads will bind to myosin. 45. Question : The type of muscle fiber that is most resistant to fatigue is the fiber. Student Answer: slow intermediate anaerobic fast high-density 46. Question : Skeletal muscle fibers are formed from embryonic cells called Student Answer: myofibrils. sarcomeres. myomeres. fascicles. myoblasts. 47. Question : Which of the following best describes the term sarcomere? Student Answer: thin filaments are anchored here storage site for calcium ions protein that accounts for elasticity of resting muscle largely made of myosin molecules repeating unit of striated myofibrils 48. Question : A resting muscle generates most of its ATP by Student Answer: the tricarboxylic acid cycle. anaerobic respiration. glycogenolysis. hydrolysis of creatine phosphate. aerobic metabolism of fatty acids. 49. Question : Figure 10-1 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Use Figure 10-1 to answer the following questions: Where are the myosin molecules located? Student Answer: 4 5 6 7 8 50. Question : At peak levels of muscle exertion the mitochondria can supply Student Answer: only about one-third of the energy required by the muscle. all of the energy required by the muscle. 80 percent of the energy required by the muscle. only about 10 percent of the energy required by the muscle. more than half of the energy required by the muscle. 51. Question : Figure 10-1 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Use Figure 10-1 to answer the following questions: Identify the structure labeled "1." Student Answer: myofibril synaptic vesicle glycogen ATP mitochondria 52. Question : Which of the following statements is false? Student Answer: Cardiac muscle stimulation is neural. Cardiocytes are interconnected through intercalated discs. Skeletal muscle stimulation is neural. Skeletal muscle contractions may be summated. Cardiac muscle contractions cannot be summated. 53. Question : The cytoplasm of the neuromuscular terminal contains vesicles filled with molecules of the neurotransmitter Student Answer: norepinephrine. epinephrine. acetylcholine. antidiuretic hormone. all of the above Points Received: 1 of 1 Comments: 54. Question : The dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds an entire skeletal muscle is the Student Answer: endomysium. tendon. epimysium. perimysium. fascicle. 55. Question : Compared to a "typical" body cell, skeletal muscle cells are Student Answer: filled with crystalline 3-D arrays of fibrous proteins. larger than normal cells. multinucleate. capable of rapid shortening against a load. all of the above 56. Question : The type of contraction in which the muscle fibers do not shorten is called Student Answer: isometric. isotonic. concentric. treppe. tetany. 57. Question : Figure 10-1 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Use Figure 10-1 to answer the following questions: Which of the following are found in the structure labeled "3"? Student Answer: tropomyosin myosin titin actin all of the above 58. Question : During the recovery period the body's need for oxygen is increased because Student Answer: muscle cells are producing energy anaerobically. the individual is panting. the liver requires more oxygen to produce lactic acid. additional oxygen is required to restore energy reserves consumed during exercise. the muscles are not producing ATP. 59. Question : Which of the following best describes the term titin? Student Answer: storage site for calcium ions largely made of myosin molecules protein that accounts for elasticity of resting muscle repeating unit of striated myofibrils thin filaments are anchored here 60. Question : Which of these would lead to increased oxygen consumption? Student Answer: increased aerobic respiration by muscle cells increased conversion of lactic acid to glucose increased muscle activity increased heat production all of the above * Times are displayed in (GMT-07:00) Mountain Time (US & Canada)
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Hey! I'm here to help you out in your subject. if you are finding difficulty in your subject then you are at right place. These notes are hand made and hope that they will be usefull for you. if you want to more notes for your particular subject I'll also upload that.
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This document contains notes about various topics for the course Mycology taught at undergraduate and graduate levels. At least 9 textbooks are thoroughly covered. It is the best-ever mycology note for medical as well as microbiology students. Total page number: 41.
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Important notes of Microbiology for the health sciences chapter 5
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2nd Year Biomedical Science Tertiary Education. Immunology module notes on Antibodies and B Cells. All images in my notes are credited to google for easier references.
£4.38 Preview RemoveEMT FISDAP FINAL EXAM ALL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS WITH EXPLANATION.
which of the following errors is an example of a knowledge-based failure? An EMT gives the correct drug to a patient, although his protocols clearly state that he is not authorized to do so. B. Due to an improperly applied cervical collar, a patient's spinal injury is aggravated and he is permanently disabled. C. An EMT administers the wrong drug to a patient because she did not know the pertinent information about the drug. D. A patient is given nitroglycerin by an EMT who did not obtain proper authorization from medical control first. - CorreCt Answers -An EMT administers the wrong drug to a patient because she did not know the pertinent information about the drug. Correct Which of the following statements regarding the Good Samaritan law is correct? It provides the EMT immunity from a lawsuit. B. The law does not protect EMTs who are off duty. C. It will not protect the EMT in cases of gross negligence. D. It guarantees that the EMT will not be held liable if he or she is sued. - CorreCt Answers -it will not protect the EMT in cases of gross negligence.
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I put an unbelievable amount of work in to my Biology notes and constantly doing amazing in tests. These notes are straight to the point, easy to read, and notes needed by everybody! Give them a shot I know you'll love them!
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