Notesale: Turn your study into money

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UNIT 5
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M4

Describe how different groups and organisations have an
influence on science
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Task 1 (P5, M4)
Write a 2000-word essay identifying and explaining the different groups in society which
influence the production & distribution of branded prescription medicines (P5)
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Task 2 (D4)
Analyse one example of a campaign against the development or use of a controversial
technology or scientific activity
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Below are some suggested examples:
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Animal experimentation
Examples of drugs (e
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cancer drugs) not supplied by NHS PCTs
R&D development of new weapons or weapons exports
Nuclear energy / nuclear weapons – CND etc
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You must look at groups with conflicting interests, for & against the technology etc
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g
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TASK 1
There are a quantity of groups and organizations which seek to have an impact on politically
the way prescription medicines are developed, or how they are furnished or to whom they are
made available to
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4 Perceptions of Science
Assignment: 4
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The NHS
The MHRA
Patient support agencies
The division of health
Charities

Pharmaceutical businesses play an important role in well-being care
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Via advertising and marketing, wellbeing care providers and sufferers can also be prescribed these medicines have an effect on
or miles
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All health care vendors have a fiduciary relationship with their sufferers and
to support a larger typical of credibility and believe others whilst warding off conflicts of
interest to be held
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Need patent safety which gives them monopoly rights in selling any drugs they invent
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Many campaign via patient support groups for
governments to license medicines
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NHS stands for the country wide wellbeing provider, which supplies services to residents of
the UK
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The whole thing is free,
except for optical and dental care and prescription drug expenditures
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The predominant motive of the NHS when it used to be held for the first time the entire
services and therapy free via funding by using the national insurance to be available
regardless of wellness, social popularity, age, race or gender
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However, not the whole lot is free, and humans still prioritize since they put on a ready list
Some ambitions of the NHS are:
 To get riskless, mighty medications at low costs
 To seek reasonable costs for drugs via the PPRS (Pharmaceutical rate legislation
Scheme)
 To maintain expenses down, seek to justify denial of entry to remedies medications
campaign for medical professionals to prescribe accepted medications
medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory agency is a government agency that plays a
principal position in ensuring that drugs and clinical gadgets are risk-free and effective
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Pursuits to look after public health with the approval of medications
and scientific equipment
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Additionally, they promote public wellbeing through
the progress of products with the intention to support them reinforce
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This is carried out by
conversation between well-being care authorities, sufferers and the general public are done
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Making sure that there are normal trials of drug treatments and the equipment
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4 Perceptions of Science
Assignment: 4
Promoting excellent use and safe use of those drugs and gear
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Some extra of their objectives:
 Intention to make sure medications and medical equipment is reliable as feasible to
use
 Control the licensing of medications and scientific apparatus
 Make sure trying out of medications and scientific apparatus meets rigorous scientific
requisites and is trustworthy as feasible
 Display using authorized medicines
 Seek expertise from doctors, sufferers, enterprise on security and effectiveness of
medicines and scientific apparatus
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They were offered to the general
public so that they're rough for anyone to share their experiences and ask for support
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Via attending the workforce conferences now not best
emotional support you receive know-how on learn how to overcome the crisis of meeting
leaders to present
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You will meet their intellectual health as physical health would fortify
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They furnish a 12-step program to get medications,
as well as support from friends and community aid for addicts
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The main problem of the industry was expressed by
witnesses that the NICE assessment of the relative value of a new drug may not be for several
years
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Moreover, implementation stays patchy and slow
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GSK,
amongst others, informed us that it goals to furnish "turbo, fairer entry to therapy," the
shortage of growth to date disappointing ", the have got to handle and promote the long-term
pursuits of the NHS postcode prescribing of remedy New progressive
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National Institute for health and Care Excellence is accountable for social care with the
intention to support increase country wide well-being hints and advice
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Over time, high-quality started to get superior in 2005 after they got here up with "wellness
Care progress agency" used to be merged
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UNIT 5
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Since then it has become obsolete as the public health aspects of business PCT is
now in the care of councils will be local
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This is on the grounds that: PCTs dependable for managing the fiscal budget of the NHS
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For example, if PCTs and NHS budgets had to
be in a position to purchase the entire materials and chemical compounds for the
manufacture of a drug is required, as soon as the rate of decline in production after which
distribution is diminished
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The purpose of this mission is to make sure a relaxed future, the new
and extended medicines in the UK and other nations
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PPRS will have an effect on the way in which that medicine is an increase or shrink within the
distribution of branded drug prices
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Charities will try to do their best lawfully when it comes to influencing other groups that
produce or and distribute drugs, depending on their opinion on whether the drug will be
beneficial to society or not
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The groups that are
influenced to purchase the drug are generally pharmaceutical companies
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Scientists feel that greenhouse gases, more commonly carbon dioxide, are building up within
the atmosphere and make a contribution to the gradual broaden in world average
temperature
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33 of greenhouse
fuel emissions in the U
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, by and large from burning fossil fuels for electricity new release
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Even when taking into account the "full life-cycle greenhouse fuel emissions" - together with
uranium mining, gasoline, transportation, manufacturing vegetation and waste management Nuclear dump carbon dioxide emissions when put next with the lifestyles cycle of wind,
hydroelectric and sun power much less
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We'd like extra power from non-polluting
sources like sun and wind
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So making use of the science for more effective
use of fossil gasoline
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As it is, the 104 nuclear
power plants in the united states, about one-fifth of the country's energy creation
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Any increase within the number
of nuclear energy plants can help - even supposing they do not solve all issues
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Wind and sun can't do
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The Real Economics
First, the economic system
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However, this is misleading on a quantity of phases
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Some of the lenders has begun - unclear how lengthy the brand new plant in view that of

UNIT 5
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The strangely high
financing costs
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Federal mortgage guarantees and different incentives are wanted to get us over the hump
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Rather, the primary half of dozen crops so
that you can reassure investors that no regulatory prolong is not going to keep up
construction is confined
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Due to the
fact that of the shortage of latest plants in a long time, the core of many more like a rising
technological know-how, and so on subsidies is sensible to get it going
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Add these expenditures, and instantly, nuclear energy would
seem deal
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The government is predicted to assign the price of
greenhouse gas emissions, via both direct taxes (founded on the carbon content material of
the fuel), or the so-called cap-and-exchange process, which set limits on emissions whilst
allowing the organizations that discharge below the cap to promote or trade credits to
corporations that pollute more than the cap
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Development of the new plant will also be as a lot as $ 6,000 a kilowatt of ability, the estimated
rate is about $ 4,000 per kilowatt just a 12 months in the past
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Part of the purpose for the rising rate estimates is the small quantity of providers capable to
give central reactor components, as well as a scarcity of engineering and building potential
within the nuclear enterprise
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Just one plant on the planet is equipped of
forging the tremendous vessels in a single piece, and it may well produce simplest a handful
of the forgings a yr
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The only approach to make nuclear power economically aggressive often is the imposition of
steep "prices" on carbon-emitting power sources
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But
estimates range as high as $60 a ton of carbon dioxide
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More major, although, there are less-high priced approaches of weaning ourselves off these
carbon-emitting power sources
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By contrast, nuclear is extra high-priced, and getting more
steeply-priced all the time
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However new science is already establishing to solve that hindrance
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Subsidies to the enterprise distort the financial picture extra
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S
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5 billion for an accident, and has
taken on responsibility for the disposal of nuclear waste
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4 Perceptions of Science
Assignment: 4
and further economic ensures of as much as $2 billion for costs coming up from regulatory
delays
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S
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Nevertheless, the enterprise for 50 years has shown
handiest a development towards better expenditures, and there isn't any proof that subsidies
will spur any reduction in those expenses
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Government subsidies will have to
sponsor study and progress into new or emerging energy applied sciences the place costs
are already falling and the subsidies can jump-start demand to support further deliver down
fees
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The Security Quandary
Price is not the one rationale a diffusion of nuclear power is a bad concept
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However, safeguard issues persist,
considering the fact that the U
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Nuclear Regulatory fee is not effectively implementing
present safeguard requisites
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The most important thing to consider about safeguard is that this: The whole nuclear energy
industry is liable to the security requisites of its worst performers, considering an accident
wherever on the earth would stoke an additional antinuclear backlash among the public and
investors
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Proponents of nuclear power say disposal of
the industry's waste products is a political concern
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But it surely does not make
the drawback any much less actual
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Opposition to a protracted-term waste repository at Yucca Mountain shows how complex it's
going to be to come up with a politically desirable resolution
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If it's not
approved, any substitute web site will face the same opposition from neighbours and
neighbourhood political leaders
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Vegetation that enrich uranium
for energy plants can be used to enrich for bombs; that is the trail Iran is suspected of taking
in establishing a weapons program
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Amenities for reprocessing spent nuclear gasoline for reuse pose the danger that the material
can be diverted for weapons
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Most
of the growth world-large is predicted to be in international locations -- comparable to these
within the middle East and Africa -- where a nuclear-power application could supply cover to
surreptitious weapons progress and create the nearby skills in dealing with and processing
nuclear substances
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Reprocessing is a crisis considering the fact that it may
possibly produce separated plutonium -- which is simpler to steal or divert for weapons

UNIT 5
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And commercial reprocessing plants produce a lot plutonium that preserving monitor of it
all is complicated, making it simpler to divert enough for weapons without the loss being
detected
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Instead, although,
the magnitude of these difficulties will hold any nuclear renaissance too small to make a
difference, and will require luxurious executive help simply to achieve modest good points
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There may be some crusade made in opposition to the nuclear power production that
Greenpeace Campaign is a kind of
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REFERNCES
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"About The MHRA - Health Regulators - NHS Choices"
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uk
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p
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Web
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"Health News - Index - NHS Choices"
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uk
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p
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Web
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"Our Work | AMRC - Association of Medical Research Charities"
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org
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N
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, 2016
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22 May 2016

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