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Title: Last minute IGCSE chemistry revision
Description: Really useful notes to get around your head during those last minute revision periods. Aimed for the (I) GCSE levels. Also includes triple award materials.
Description: Really useful notes to get around your head during those last minute revision periods. Aimed for the (I) GCSE levels. Also includes triple award materials.
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Best notes ever from the 2016 Hundred batch
http://www
...
co
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html
Electrolysis video
Key Equations:
1
...
g
...
Relative atomic mass
=
(
% of isotope 1 x mass of isotope 1 ) + ( % of isotope 2 x mass of isotope 2)
________________________________________________________________________________________
100
E
...
Given the question there is 25% of
Chlorine is and there is 75% which is
Cl
Cl
...
5
100
100
Example 2: I’ve never seen this before btw so
...
oles Mass
M
=
________
Mr
4
...
H heat given out
Δ =
___________________
moles
6
...
Volume of gas amount x 24 (in dm^3) or 24 000 (in cm^3)
=
8
...
Solid to liquid [ melting ]
> Particles kinetic energy thus
gain
and
vibrate faster
...
> The
regular pattern is broken down
...
2
...
gain
and m
>
Forces of attraction are completely broken
...
3
...
> Forces of attraction brings the particles
closer each other
...
4
...
> Allows forces of attraction between particles to them together
hold
...
> Can longer slide past one another
no
...
Solid to Gas [ subliming ]
6
...
:A
: E
...
adding water to a coloured liquid
...
Put a coloured substance in a solvent
...
g
...
2
...
to
> This is called
diffusion
...
If ore water added, the particles would
m
is
spread out further the solution will
and
be purple
...
DiffusionThe movement of particles through a liquid or gas
...
Experiment for Diffusion
1
...
and
2
...
3
...
4
...
5
...
Atoms
>
Nucleus
contains
protons
and neutrons
...
> This happens when the
protons and electrons are no longer equal
...
Separation methods
Filtration :
Used to separate an insoluble salt from a liquid
...
Pour the solution into an evaporating dish
...
Slowly heat the solution over a bunsen flame
...
3
...
4
...
> Leaves behind big crystals
...
Wash the crystals using diluted water
...
Wipe the crystals to dry them using a filter paper or a kitchen towel
...
> However, salt dissolves in water and sand doesn’t
...
1
...
> Use a pencil
...
2
...
3
...
> E
...
water
>
Solvent is a solution that is able to dissolve another substance
...
Make sure the level of the solvent does not touch the base line
...
5
...
6
...
7
...
Simple DistillationUsed to separate solutions with different boiling points
...
The solution is heated
...
2
...
3
...
Fractional Distillation
1
...
on
2
...
Heat the
3
...
They will therefore
evaporate
at different temperatures
...
The liquid with the
lowest boiling point evaporates first
...
5
...
> The column is cooler towards the top
...
6
...
Order
Refinery Gas
-Really
Gasoline
-Great
Kerosene
-Kings
Diesel oil
-Don’t
Fuel oil
-Forget
Bitumen
-Birthdays
Cracking
● Long chain hydrocarbons break down into shorter-chain alkanes and at least
one alkene
● Used to produce more gasoline from crude oil
Catalyst: silica dioxide or aluminium oxide
: silica or alumina
Temp: 600-700 degrees celsius
Pressure : ?
E
...
: Decane → Octane (alkane) + Ethene (alkene)
Alkanes series:
Methane -Monkeys
Ethane -Eat
Propane -Peanut
Butane -Butter
Flame test
Calumikesomeeople’sats utick ccasionallyicksiraffes
L
S
P
C
,
B R
O
L
G
Calcium - Brick red
Lithium - Red
Sodium - Orange
PotassiumLilac
Carbon - Green
Cation test
1
...
>
Copper: blue ppt
> (ii) : green ppt
Iron
> (iii): brown ppt
Iron
Anion test
1
...
Sulphates acidified barium chloride
→
Add
> Forms a white ppt
3
...
Hydrogen
> Lighted splint goes off with a squeaky pop
2
...
xygen
O
> Relights a glowing splint
4
...
Giant Ionic Structures
> Compounds with an ionic bonding will always have giant ionic structure
...
>
Electrostatic attraction
between the oppositely charged ions is very
strong
...
to
> melting and boiling points
...
> E
...
A lattice with 2+ 2- ions has stronger
intermolecular forces of attraction
(use
this word cuz it cool) compared to a lattice with 1+ 1- ions
...
> There are strong forces of attraction between the
shared electrons the
and
nuclei
of
the atoms involved
...
> Weak intermolecular forces of attraction
...
Giant Covalent
> Similar to giant ionic but there is charged ions
...
> Has a lot of these bonds
...
> High melting and boiling points
...
>
Usually insoluble in water
...
> Surrounded by a of delocalised electrons
sea
which
flow carrying charge
...
> Strong intermolecular forces of attraction
...
to
> Has high melting and boiling points
...
2
...
4
...
6
...
1
...
Acid + Metal oxide
3
...
Acid + Carbonate
→ Salt + Hydrogen
→ Salt + Water
→ Salt + water
→ Salt + Water + CO2
> An acid is a
proton donor
...
> alkali is a base that dissolves in water
...
> Indicator determines whether a solution is acidic or alkaline
...
> It breaks down into a new substance
...
>
Electric current : The rate of flow of electrons
> Ionic substances contains charged particles called ions
...
> An electrolyte is made by melting or dissolving ionic compounds
...
> Positively charged ions moves to the cathode
...
> Negatively charged ions move to the anode (positive electrode)
> They are oxidised
...
or
> New substances are formed
...
Describe how crude oil is separated into fraction in industry [4marks]
1
...
Crude oil is heated
3
...
Hydrocarbons with low boiling points (bitumen / fuel oil) are tapped of at the
bottom
of the column
...
Other hydrocarbons with higher boiling points rise up the column as they cool
down
...
This creates a temperature gradient where it is hotter at the bottom
...
Describe how you could use solutions of lead (ll) nitrate and sodium bromide
to obtain a pure, dry sample of lead (ll) bromide (insoluble)
...
Mix the two solutions together in a beaker
2
...
Filter using a funnel
4
...
Leave to dry / pat dry with kitchen towel or filter paper
3
...
Describe a chemical test to show that a substance contains ammonium ions
...
Test gas produced using damp red litmus paper
...
Litmus paper turns blue under the presence of ammonia gas
...
5
...
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
5
...
6
...
1
...
2
...
7
...
It has a of delocalised electrons
sea
...
Which
flows carrying charge
...
Describe how would you prepare a sample of copper sulphate crystals from
copper oxide?
1
...
2
...
3
...
> To make sure all of the reactants have reacted
...
Pour the mixture on an evaporating dish
...
Heat the mixture over a bunsen flame until small crystals form at the side
...
Leave the mixture to cool
...
7
...
8
...
9
...
Use HCL as the acid and sodium hydroxide as the base
...
Do a rough titration
...
For the rough titration, use phenolphthalein as the indicator
...
> Pink to colourless
4
...
> Produces a pure sample
...
Heat the mixture over a bunsen flame
...
Allow it to cool to evaporate the solution
...
10
...
Precipitation reaction
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
5
...
11
...
In covalent compounds there are no free electrons which flow carrying charge
...
This means that there can be no transfer of electricity through a covalent
compound
...
12
...
1
...
They vibrate in a fixed lattice
structure
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
5
...
> Therefore, it conducts electricity
...
Describe an experiments distinguishing electrolytes (liquid that conducts
electricity) from non-electrolytes
...
Set up an electric circuit with an LED and a break in the wire
...
Put both ends of wire into the molten substance / solution
...
If the LED lights up, there is a current flowing
...
> Therefore, the solution should be an electrolyte,
4
...
> Shows that the solution has not conducted electricity
...
14
...
> electrodes electrodes that
Inert
are
don’t react with any other substance only
but
play a role in the transfer of electrons
...
Title: Last minute IGCSE chemistry revision
Description: Really useful notes to get around your head during those last minute revision periods. Aimed for the (I) GCSE levels. Also includes triple award materials.
Description: Really useful notes to get around your head during those last minute revision periods. Aimed for the (I) GCSE levels. Also includes triple award materials.