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Key terms:
Acid: any compound that increases the number
of hydronium ions when dissolved in water
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Alloy: a solid or liquid mixture of two or more
metals
Amino acid: any one of 20 different organic
molecules containing a carboxyl and an amino
group, and that combine to form proteins
Antacids: a weak base that neutralizes stomach
acid
Archimedes principal: the principal that states
that the buoyant force on an object in a fluid is an
upward force equal to the weight of the volume
of fluid that the object displaces
Atom: the smallest unit of an element that
maintains the properties of that element
Atomic mass unit (amu): measurement of mass
of an atom/molecule - 1/12 of the mass of a
carbon atom with a mass of 12
Atomic number: tells the number of protons and
electrons
Avogadro's constant: equals 6
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Base: any compound that increases the number
of hydroxide ions when dissolved in water
Bleach: chemical compound used to whiten or
make lighter, sigh as hydrogen peroxide or
sodium hypochlorite
Buoyant force: upward force Exeter on an object
floating on a fluid
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Particles smaller than in
suspensions
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Scatter light
that passes though (Tyndall effect)
Combustion reaction: oxidation reaction of an
organic compound in which heat is released
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(Common denominators?)
Covalent bond: formed when atoms share one or
more pairs of electrons

Dalton's theory: -Atoms cannot be divided, -All
atoms of a given element are exactly alike, Atoms of different elements can join to form
compounds
Decomposition reactions: reaction where a
single compound breaks down into two or more
simpler substances
Detergent: water-soluble cleaner that can
emulsify dirt and oil
Disinfectant: a chemical substance that kills
harmful bacteria or viruses
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Solvent collides with undissolved
solute more often
...

Decomposition of water)
Electrolyte: a substance that dissolves in water
to give a solution that conducts an electric
current
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Colloid in which
liquids that normally don't mix are spread
throughout each other
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Biological catalysts
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water and sunscreen) Miscible: does
form homogeneous mixtures
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Ionic bond: bond formed by the attraction
between oppositely charged ions (metal comes
first)

Isooctane: C8H18
Isotopes: same number of neutrons as other
atoms of the same element but different number
of neutrons
...

Kinetic theory: -all matter is made of atoms and
molecules that act like tiny particles these
particles are always in motion
...
-At the
same temperature, bigger particles will move
slower than smaller particles
Le Châtelier's principal: If a change is made to
a system in a chemical equilibrium, the
equilibrium shifts to oppose the change until a
new equilibrium is reached
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Nonmetal: conducts
poorly
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Alkaline-earth metal:
group two
Metallic bond: formed by the attraction between
the positively charged metal ions and the
electrons around them
Mixture: combo of 2 or more substances
...

Molarity: an expression of the concentration of a
solution in moles of dissolved solute per liter of
solution
Mole ratio: relative number of miles of the
substance required to produce a given amount of
product in a chemical reaction
Mole: like a counting unit
...
using size of
container instead of counting popcorn kernels) SI
unit
...
= to force of
1 N exerted over an area of 1 m2
Pascal's principle: states a fluid in equilibrium
(opposing forces are balanced) contained in a
vessel exerts a pressure of equal intensity in all
directions
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Plasma: state of matter that starts as a gas and
then becomes ionized
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Protein: organic compound made of one or more
chains of amino acids and is a principal
component of all cells
Pure substance: a sample of matter, single
element or compound, w/ chemical and physical
proprieties

Pressure: amount of force exerted per unit area
of a surface
Product: substance formed in a chemical
reaction
Radical: organic group that has one or more electrons available for
bonding
Reactant: substance or molecule that participates in a chemical reaction
COMMON ACIDS
Salt: an ionic compound that forms when a metal atom or positive radical
Hydrochloric
replaces the hydrogen of an acid
HCl
Strong
acid
Saturated solution: solution that can't dissolve any more solute under given
conditions
Sulfuric acid
H2SO4
Strong
Semiconductor: not as good as a metal
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Solubility: maximum amount of a solute that will dissolve in a given
Formic acid
HCOOH
Weak
amount of solvent at a certain temperature
Solute: in a solution, substance that dissolves on the solvent
Citric acid
H3C6H5O7
Weak
Solution: homogeneous mixture of two or more substances uniformly
dispersed thoroughly a single phase
COMMON BASES
Solvent: in a solution, substance in which the substance dissolves
...
Like spectators watching from the
Potassium
KOH
Strong
sideline, they don't change during reaction between H 3O+ and OH–
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Sodium
NaOH
Strong
Sublimation: solid changing directly to a gas (ex: dry ice to CO2)
hydroxide
Substrate: part, substance or element that lies beneath and supports
Calcium
Ca(OH)2
Strong
another part, substance or element, reactant in reaction s catalyzed by
hydroxide
enzymes
Ammonia
NH3
Weak
Supersaturated solution: solution that holds more dissolved solute than is
required to reach the equilibrium at a given temperature
Methylamine CH3NH2
Weak
Suspension: mixture in which particles of a material are more or less
evenly dispersed throughout a liquid or gas
...
Classified if
Aniline
C6H5NH2
Weak
particles can be filtered out or they settle out
Synthesis reaction: two or more substances combine to form a new
compound
COMMON SALTS
Thermal energy: the kinetic energy of a substance's atoms
Transition metal: groups 3-12
Aluminum sulfate
Al2 (SO4)3
Unsaturated solution: solution that contains less solute than a saturated
Ammonium sulfate
(NH4)2SO4
solution does, able to dissolve additional solute
Valence electron: electron found in the outermost shell of an atom
...
Amorphous solid: amorphous- without set shape
Magnetism: Nd- most powerful magnet
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Everything else is a mixture
When elements combine to form a compound, the resulting
properties may be very different from those of the elements that
make it
Chemical formulas- Metals are always positive
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Element to the left goes first
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