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CELL BIOLOGY STUDY TOPICS
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Define cytology, biochemistry, and genetics, and explain how each contributes to the study of
cells
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Define resolution and magnification
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Explain the Cell Theory
Explain what limits cell size and why, and explain why neurons can be a meter or more in
length
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Know table 1
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Eukarya - human beings, yeast cells, most fungi and plants Bacteria, Archaea - both prokarya older in evolutionary history they have DNA but not the organelle of Eukarya at a certain point
a prokaryote absorbed a bacteria that developed a endosymbiont relationship where the
bacteria produced energy that was used beneficially by the host cell
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one primordial cell that turned into pros and euks - animalia,
plantae, fungi One of the broadest similarities are of translation and transcription across all
three groups - all three started as microbes - all living organisms use the same basic 20 amino
acids
Explain the Endosymbiont Theory
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• Compare and contrast covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals interactions
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• Explain the functions that can be achieved by each of the structures listed in the previous
point
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• Explain protein denaturation in terms of causes and consequences - destruction of second and
third structure - disrupts the alpha and beta helix making it into a random shape
• proteins are enzymes ex sucrase, structural tissue ex collagen fibers - arteries, skin, tendons
and bone, motor-related, transport ex hemoglobin
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Explain the four levels of protein structure, including how each forms, and what each
contributes to overall protein structure and function
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Explain the catalytic cycle of an enzyme - sucrase splits a sucrose sugar molecule into glucose
and fructose - draw the 3 step circle
Compare and contrast the lock-and-key model vs the hand-in-glove (induced fit) model The
lock and key model of enzyme activation is a more simplistic model of the way that the
substrate and the enzyme interact
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The enzyme in connecting with
the substrate changes shape and in turn the substrate changes so that the two make a good fit
and proper surface for reaction to occur refer to the 3 stop sucrase process

Explain the Cell Theory
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Jansen and Galileo late 1590s early 1600s - first recognizable microscope 2 lens
Hooke - 50 x microscope - prolific natural scientist - cork 1665 - Hooke's law fame Tension
in a Spring - Boyle
Micrographia - rudimentary microscope - first to coin the word cell which came from the
Latin cella meaning small room
Leeuwenhok - 250x microscope - although were not the greatest - technology evolved
slowly
Schleiden and Schwann 1838 - 2 tenets: cells are the basic structural unit of life 2
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nerve cells get around this by being very long and thin - microvilli of
the small intestine increase absorption to maximize surface area to volume ratio

List and explain the six major characteristics of life
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Golgis help to package the proteins
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ER are tubular passage for storage and transport ribosomes
The nucleus for eukaryotes houses all the cell's basic information about reproduction and
metabolism, growth, and protein synthesizing
Each organelle has a distinct shape and geometry that reflects it's specialized function

Compare and contrast covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals
interactions and Explain how these bonds influence inter- and intramolecular interactions
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They are
the primary and equal sharing bond of two atoms of organic material mainly hydrocarbons
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Then
make large and structurally stable macromolecules
Ionic bond is second strongest are an unequal sharing of electrons which are strong but not
quite as covalent
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This
makes for a transient interaction
Hydrogen bonds are almost as strong as ionic bonds but they are ways to achieve a velcro
like bond that can stick and unstick and they occur between H and F, O, N
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Water molecules are held together by the polar attractions of H and O
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Because water is so prevalent molecule in the cell it key to know what is a polar molecule water is a effective polar solvent and because of it's strong cohesive it has a high specific
heat meaning that it is slow to heat which is critical to the body's homeostasis
Van der Waals are momentary attractions that take place spontaneously when the
electrons of a molecule move around
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Compare and contrast the lock-and-key model vs the hand-in-glove (induced fit) model
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The hand-in-glove more accurately describes in a
symbiotic relationship to facilitate a given chemical reaction
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pombe yeast
cells have been shown to contain common proteins that have as much as 63% amino acids
in common - this proves that proteins from very outwardly different eukaryotes can be
almost functionally interchangeable
a yeast cell can actually make a human protein from a human gene using equipment - use
an encoded human gene to direct the production of a fully functional human protein
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Eukaryotes
contain a true nucleus
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5%
20 common amino acids that are shared by living things

Compare and contrast light and electron microscopes, and the limits in magnification of
each
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model organisms are useful because they share some basic cellular building blocks with
humans and allow us to do high level research on a relatively simple thing - all living things
share same 20 amino acids most common in nature
for example yeast cells contain a comparable protein to humans cdc2 that actually
contains 63% of the same amino acids that humans do - disadvantage is that are not
complicated sim with the mustard weed 25000 - inexpensive, easily engineering - but not comparable
in complex
mice has 25000 genes in their genome - approximately the same as humans - mice good
organs including study of cancer and immunodeficits because organ building genes are
90% identical
they are a convenient size for studying and engineering
mustard weed and yeast cells may be good for studying cell cycle but nothing else
but mice generally only live 2 year
you cannot study alzheimers for and do not experience behavioral disorders like
depression because they have no self-consciousness and no neurodegenerative
research mice inbred with more limited generic variation than people

Explain the Endo-sym-biont Theory - long and complicated name
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first published in 1905 author Mereschkowski (russian)
means within - together - living
this is a theory that explains that the organelles of eurkaryotes were originally bacterial
endosymbionts
At some point the nucleoid in some prokaryote evolves to nucleus and prokaryote
becomes eukaryote

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Protobacterium enters the cell either as prey or parasite and somehow avoids digestion
It becomes a living cell inside another cell (endosymbiont)
It's ability to make energy makes it beneficial to the host cell
after time it is eventually assimilated and becomes a mitochondria
Some eukaryotes can actually also acquire cyanobacteria (capable of photosyn) which
eventually become chloroplasts
this process is also called symbiogenesis

Explain how enzymes work
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Primary - amino acid sequence produced by a polypeptide chain - hydrolysis will break
Secondary - Coiling and folding produced by Hydrogen bonding between nonadjacent amino and
carboxyl groups - leads to alpha helix and BETA pleat sheet configurations
Tertiary - shapes by distant interaction of R groups - very sensitive to environmental changes of
pH or temperature - makes a glob - irregular folding - variety of bonds VDW and Hydrogen and
Hydrophobic and Disulfide - pseudo bonding - everything but covalent and ionic
Quaternary - shapes created by multiple polypeptides (subunits ex tetramer - hemoglobin perfect
example) - bonding is non-covalent interactions
All levels together form: proper conformation of a protein - denaturing breaks down to primary



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