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Muscular System
2
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and myosin: this is the main contractile protein, uses actin to help
perform muscle contraction
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All the cells are organised in adjacent
fascicles* this allows for strength
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An example of a voluntary muscle is the Bicep, the Bicep will only
move when instructed to by a muscular neuron
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Smooth (Visceral) Muscles
The smooth muscles are constructed of long cells, a long nucleus
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They link to make sheets that then slide over one-another instead
of having bunches of muscles
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All smooth muscles are controlled by the
Automatic Nervous System (ANS)
Cardiac Muscle
The Cardiac muscle is also controlled by the ANS, this muscle has big cells
but not as large as the skeletal muscle cells
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In the same way as the voluntary muscles,
the contractile protein myosin and action filaments are organised into
sarcomeres
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To prevent the heart from ripping its muscle fibres from constant

muscle contractions it has spaces for impulse conduction
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This type of muscle has the highest
amount of mitochondria
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Compare and Contrast
It is only the Striated muscles that do not contract automatically and this is because they are
not needed 24/7 during our life-time
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We use motor neurons to
transmit impulses to make the muscle contract, for example, if we are going to do a bicep
curl our bicep would then need to contract
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However, the voluntary muscles can use glycogen as an
energy supply for fast and powerful movements, for example a sprint
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The aerobic system also uses glucose as energy but also
uses oxygen as well
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All the muscle types have contractile proteins (actin and myosin) because without them the
muscles would be unable to perform contractions, the heart would not be able to pump the
blood around the body, the visceral muscles e
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the arteries and veins would not be able to
assist with venous return and the striated muscles e
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the quadriceps would mean that we
would be unable to walk
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The ANS automatically controls the contractions of the muscles, for example,
our heart is controlled by the ANS because otherwise we would have to think about telling
our heart to contract and that will take a considerable amount of thinking because the heart
beats for an average of 1 beat a second
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The other two have the contractile proteins organised into
sarcomeres
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2 identify the location of the major muscles and the origins and insertion points
Muscle
Biceps

Origins
Scapula

Insertions
Radius

Triceps

Scapula

Ulna

Location

Deltoids

Clavicle and
Scapula

Humerus

Pectorals Major

Sternal part of
Clavicle and Ribs

Humerus

Rectus Abdominis

Pubic Crest

Ribs

Rectus Femoris

Anterior Inferior
iliac Spine

Patella and Tibia l
Tuberosity

Vastus Lateralis

Top and Bottom of
Femur

Patella and Tibial
Tuberosity


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3 describe and explain the different muscle fibre types and compare and contrast
There are two types of muscle fibres, Type 1 and Type 2
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Without these fibres we would not be able to do everyday
things without getting tired, such as standing up
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Type 1
Type 1 muscle fibres are the slow twitch fibres
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The slow twitch fibres use the aerobic
system to supply them with sufficient energy they need to enable an
athlete or non-athlete to get through low intensity but long duration of
exercise
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Due
to a high volume of Myoglobin (myoglobin has a high infinity for oxygen
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Because these muscle fibres have a high

resistance to fatigue, they are used for posture, there are large quantities located in the
vertebrae to help us stand up straight
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An example of an athlete with a lot of slow twitch fibres is Mo Farah
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Without the slow twitch fibres Mo Farah would not be able to complete his race as he
will not have the sufficient energy and would become fatigued
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During extreme endurance races
such as the Tour De France, the athletes are provided with a bag that contains food and
drink (nutrition bars, protein bars, protein gels and sometimes even cans of coke) if the
athletes did not have this food and drink bag they will completely run out of glucose to
supply the muscles and will collapse
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These muscle fibres are similar in the fact that they both use the
anaerobic system and they both can get fatigued easily
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This means that an athlete
can work for high intensity producing a lot of power for a short amount of
time because these muscle fibres will contract non-stop producing a lot of
power
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It is
only this type of muscle fibre that uses the aerobic and anaerobic in conjunction with each
other to be able to produce a lot of force for a short period of time
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Examples of a sport where the athletes will use Type 2a muscle fibres are: 100m and 200m
sprints
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He has been able to win and also be the world record holder
because of he has the ability to utilise all of his Type 2a muscle fibres
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Due to lack of oxygen as the fuel

source, these fibres must use glycogen
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An example of a sport that primarily uses the Type 2b muscle fibres are the Olympic Weight
Lifting, this competition is designed to get the athletes to perform the one rep max
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Compare and Contrast
The Type 2a fast twitch fibres are the only type of muscle fibres that use both of the energy
systems (aerobic and anaerobic
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Because
the Type 1 slow twitch and Type 2a fast twitch oxidative fibres both use the aerobic system
as an energy source, they both contain high numbers of myoglobin and mitochondria which
gives the muscle their red/pink colour
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This means that we are able to lift
a lot of weight or perform at extremely high intensities for a short period of time, because,
this muscle fibre type is subject to fatigue at a very early stage
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The Type 1 slow twitch oxidative can be trained for muscular
endurance, the Type 2a fast twitch fibres can be trained for strength and also muscular
endurance, the Type 2b superfast twitch glycolytic fibres can only be trained for power and
strength
2
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(also
explained through video format with my partner Rowan Burr)
Huxley’s sliding filament theory of muscular contraction
This theory about muscle contraction has 10 stages
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Stage 2: the will end up at the motor unit and also the
neuromuscular junction, the neuromuscular junction occurs when there is no contact
between the nerves and/or the motor end plate and the muscle
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Stage 3: for the impulse to travel across the synapse,
acetylcholine* is released
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Stage 5: from the sarcolemma, it will the go down the T-Tubules*, this will stimulate the
release of calcium
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Stage 7:

from this, Actin will start to show its “binding states”
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Stage 9: ATP provides the cross bridge to allow the contractile
proteins to attach and detach
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The process of the actin and myosin to slide past each other, this is called a power stroke
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To finish off the contraction (allowing the muscle to lengthen again) the actin and myosin
have to return back to the original state, this is done by the myosin joining together with
another actin site that is further down the actin filament
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Antagonistic Pairs (with examples of movement)
The agonist is the main muscle which performs the movement around a
joint, this is also known as the active muscle
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Agonist
Gluteus Maximus
Quadriceps
Pectoralis major
Bicep
Tricep

Antagonist
Hip Flexors
Hamstrings
Deltoids and Trapezius
Tricep
Bicep

Movement Example
Upwards Phase of Squat
Downwards Phase of Squat
Upwards Phase of Push-up
Bicep Curl
Overhead Tricep Extensions

The agonistic pairs work together to perform movement
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The bicep performs the movement to allow us the
lift the dumbbell to perform the curl
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During the downwards phase the bicep curl, the bicep will continue to
contract this time eccentrically and therefore it is the agonist and the tricep will still be the
antagonist
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Fixators and Synergists
The fixator during a movement is the muscle that steadies the origin point (where the
muscle starts, e
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the biceps origin point is the scapula) of the agonist muscle
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Because the origin point of the bicep
is the Scapula, then the fixator are the deltoids
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The synergists are the muscle that works in conjunction with the agonist muscle to provide
movement and keeps stability at the point of insertion where the muscle attaches to the
bone that moves
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An example of this is the brachioradialis and the bicep that
are found in elbow, these work together to flex and extend the arm
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We are
either using a resistance to make our muscles lengthen and shorten to perform contractions
or performing a muscle contraction when the length of the muscle doesn’t change
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Isotonic
contractions are performed by the length of muscle changing through concentric and
eccentric contractions
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During an isotonic contraction the
muscle has to change length
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Concentric
Concentric contraction occurs when the muscle shortens
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These contractions also change the angle of a joint
through flexion and extension
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It is a concentric contraction because the muscle
shortens and the angle of the knee changes because of extension
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Eccentric contractions
happen because a muscle will lengthen under tension because of an opposite force which is
bigger than the force created by the muscle
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It is
proven that performing strength training with eccentric and concentric muscle contraction
is better than performing strength training with just concentric contractions
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Involuntary eccentric contraction will only
occur when we try to move a weight that is more weight than the muscle can handle
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Example: the quadriceps lengthens during the downwards phase of a squat
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The muscles generate enough force that joints and muscles do not need to move
when under tension
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When we
grip something with our hands we generate enough force that we do not move our wrists
and then length of the muscle does not change
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Isokinetic
Similar to isotonic contractions, isokinetic contractions require the muscle to lengthen and
shorten at a constant rate of speed
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The best
example is the breast stroke in swimming, where the water provides a constant, even
resistance to the movement of adduction
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 Myosin: this is the main contractile protein, uses actin to help perform muscle
contraction
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 Fascicles: small bunch of nerves and muscle fibres
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 Acetylcholine: acetic acid of chlorine that is released when nerve conduction occurs
creating muscle action by sending nerve impulses across synapses
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 T-Tubules: small tubes that run through muscles fibres
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References:
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Types of muscle PowerPoint (2
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thefreedictionary
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colorado
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pdf (2
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doc (2
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pdf (2
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teachpe
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php (2
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4)
Muscle contractions Word Document (2
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ptdirect
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4)
 https://www
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com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-andphysiology-textbook/muscle-tissue-9/control-of-muscle-tension-97/types-of-musclecontractions-isotonic-and-isometric-546-8434/ (2
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teachpe
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php (2
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google
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uk (for all pictures that are not in the muscle origins and insertions table)

 www
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com (for the word definitions)



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