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Electrical Engineering
Principles & Applications

Chapter 14
Operational Amplifiers
(op amps)
Slide 1

Outline
1
...
List the characteristics of ideal op amps
3
...

– There are three basic ways to do that:

Determining which feedback method is used will tell us in
what function the op-amp is being used
Slide 8

Summing-point Constraint
• Operational amplifiers are almost always used with
negative feedback, in which part of the output signal is
feedback
returned to the input in opposition to the source signal
As Vin increases, Vout will increase in accordance with the
differential gain
...
e
...


Verify that negative feedback is present

2
...
(This is the summing-point
constraint)
3
...

The Golden Rule that makes the analysis of negative feedback circuits
straightforward:
1
...
State that V+ = V3
...
Find:

and C = 0
...
The output of the integrator
2
...

The first (negative) peak amplitude occurs at t = 1 ms
1ms

Thus we can write
which yields
Slide 20

1ms

1
1
1
−1 = −
vindt = − 4 ∫ 5dt = − 4 ×5×10−3
10 C 0
10 C
RC ∫
0
C = 0

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