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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
CENTRE OF STUDIES FOR CONSTRUCTION
FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND
SURVEYING

UNSAFE ACTS IN CONSTRUCTION SITE

MOHD DZULHANAFIE BIN NASRAN
2014240452

MAY 2016

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Assalamualaikum W
...
T…
First of all, thanks to Allah S
...
T
...

Firstly, thanks to All lecturer for giving opportunity in completing this research
...
Without her help, I might not able to overcome the problem on my
thesis
...

Lastly, thank to my family especially to my parents that understanding, tolerance and give
me supported to complete my research
...
Thank you very much
...

Mohd DzulHanafie bin Nasran

I

ABSTRACT

The unsafe acts among construction workers are considered as a major reason of work
related accident and injuries in construction sites
...
The aim
of this study therefore, is to investigate unsafe acts among construction site by review
unsafe acts accident cases, identify root cause of unsafe acts and to provides strategy to
overcome deficiencies
...
However, only 130 workers were responded from 5 (five) construction project in
Shah Alam
...
The
data were analyzed using statistical which are the mean, percentage and frequency
...
The finding also revealed that factors that influence of unsafe acts is
categorized into three major group
...
In addition, overload is also major influences factor in term of job factor and
for management factor, lack of safety practice the major influences of unsafe acts among
workers in construction site
...

Keywords: unsafe acts, accident, site construction, violation unsafe acts, individual factor,
job factor, and management factor
...
Walaubagaimanapun, tidak banyak tindakan yang diambil untuk menangani
sebab mengapa tindakan tidak selamat berlaku terutamanya ditapak bina
...
Kajian soal
selidik telah dijalankan terhadap 155 perkerja yang disasarkan
...
Kajian
untuk temu bual juga ada dijalankan dengan beberapa pegawai keselamatan and
profesional mengenai cadangan untuk mengatasi masalah yang mempengaruhi tindakan
tidak selamat
...
Hasil kajian
mendapati bahawa rutin pelanggaran adalah yang paling dilakukan oleh pekerja ditapak
bina
...
Bagi faktor individu, penggabaian dalam
pemakaian alat PPE kerana terlalu yakin dikalangan pekerja adalah faktor utama
berlakunya tindakan tidak selamat ditapak bina
...
Manakala, bagi
faktor pengurusan, kurangnya amalan keselamatan adalah punca utama yang
mempengaruhi tindakan tidak selamat ditapak bina
...


III

LIST OF CONTENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK

I
II
III

LIST OF TABLE
...
1
1
...
1

1
...
2

1
...
4

1
...
5

1
...
5

1
...
6

1
...
8

1
...
9

1
...
11

CHAPTER 2
...
1

INTRODUCTION
...
2

OVERVIEW ON STATICAL DATA
...
3

UNSAFE ACTS
...
4

TYPES OF UNSAFE ACTS
...
4
...
22

2
...
2

INTENDED ACTIONS
...
5

FACTOR INFLUENCE OF UNSAFE ACTS
...
5
...
28

2
...
2

JOB FACTOR
...
4
...
41

2
...
48

CHAPTER 3
...
1

INTRODUCTION
...
2

RESEARCH STRATEGY
...
3

DATA COLLECTION
...
3
...
51

3
...
2 TECHNIQUE
...
4

QUESTIONNAIRE
...
4
...
52

3
...
2

INTERVIEW
...
5

SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 3
...
55
4
...
55

4
...
55

4
...
56

4
...
1

PART A: PERSONAL INFORMATION
...
3
...
62

4
...
3

PART C: TO IDENTIFY ROOT CAUSE OF UNSAFE ACTS
...
4

INTERVIEW ANALYSIS
...
4
...
74

4
...
2

ACCIDENT IN CONSTRUCTION SITE
...
4
...
76
1
...
82

CHAPTER 5
...
83
5
...
83

5
...
83

5
...
1

OBJECTIVE 1
...
2
...
84

5
...
3

OBJECTIVE 3
...
3

FUTURE RECOMMENDATION
...
85

V

LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1
...
7
Figure 2
...
13
Figure 2
...
14
Figure 2
...
15
Figure 2
...
21
Figure 2
...
23
Figure 2
...
24
Figure 2
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25
Figure 2
...
28
Figure 2
...
28
Figure 2
...
37
Figure 2
...
41
Figure 3
...
52
Figure 3
...
53
Figure 4
...
57
Figure 4
...
60
Figure 4
...
61
Figure 4
...
64
Figure 4
...
67
Figure 4
...
70
Figure 4
...
72

VI

LIST OF TABLE
Table 1
...
5
Table 1
...
11
Table 2
...
16
Table 2
...
19
Table 2
...
20
Table 2
...
26
Table 2
...
32
Table 2
...
47
Table 2
...
48
Table 3
...
54
Table 4
...
57
Table 4
...
58
Table 4
...
60
Table 4
...
61
Table 4
...
62
Table 4
...
62
Table 4
...
63
Table 4
...
66
Table 4
...
67
Table 4
...
69
Table 4
...
69
Table 4
...
71
Table 4
...
72
Table 4
...
82

VII

VIII

CHAPTER 1

1
...
Safety at work is a complex phenomenon and a
subjective area of study
...
Therefore, appropriate action is need to shield workers from accidents
becomes a major consideration in any construction organization
...
However, not much preventive work has been done on the human aspects
...

In Malaysia, many construction activities have been carried out to meet the high demands
of the expansive market
...
There are
many evidences in representing construction industry as a hazardous and inconsistent
industry
...
The costs of injuries, which are direct and indirect, Workers’
compensation insurance, legal liability as well as legal prosecutions have pushed parties
involved to seek ways of mitigating these hazards
...
According to report by Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA) in 2012, 67 construction workers died at work, in year
2013, 69 construction workers died at work and worker died at construction work increased
at year 2014 by 72 number of worker
...
Therefore,
the importance of understanding the accident which caused by unsafe act will help to
understand how hazards in the construction project can be minimized
...
2

PROBLEM STATEMENT
Accidents in construction sites are unplanned occurrences involving movement of

persons, objects or materials which may result in injuries, damages and losses to properties
or people
...
According Abdul Hamid, Abd
Majid, and Bachan Sing (2008), 99 per cent of the accident are caused by unsafe act in
construction site
...
According to Health and Safety
Executive (2005) stated that human failure (unsafe acts) that may lead to major accident
can be categorized into two types either by errors or violations
...

Aksorn, and B
...
In the most accident databases, the
errors are major contributor to accidents
...


2

In order to clarify on this issue, it is important to review unsafe acts accident cases in
construction industry
...
According
to T
...
Hadikusumo (2007), the unsafe acts of workers are considered as
major contributors of work-related accidents and injuries on construction sites
...
Oladiran and O
...
This error could be due to failures on
the part of construction workers themselves while on site, as a result of unsafe attitude of
the workers, error in judgments, lack of concentration at work, lack of awareness on the
danger surrounding the activities and safety requirements
...
However, not
much work has been done to address the reasons why unsafe acts of workers occur
particularly in construction industry
...


3

According to report by OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) in 2012,
67 construction workers died at work, in year 2013, 69 construction workers died at work
and worker died at construction work increased at year 2014 by 72 number of worker
...
, 2008)
...


1
...
In order to achieve the aim of
this research, the following objective were identified:
i
...


ii
...


iii
...


4

1
...
Research question also designed based on the
objective of the research
...
1
...
1:Research question

Objective 1

To review unsafe acts
accident cases
...

What is the factor that causes of unsafe
acts?
What is the best solution on this problem?

Objective 3

To provides strategies to
overcome deficiencies

Who parties involve to prevent the
problem?

1
...


The research of construction site in Malaysia specified at Shah Alam construction
project
...


The research focuses to the contractor of class A and class B (PKK) or G6, G7
(CIDB)
...


The research also referred to construction worker and other parties who involve in
safety construction
...
6

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In this section would explain about the sequence or method that had been used to

complete the research
...

Quantitative Research Method
Quantitative Research options have been predetermined and a large number of respondents
are involved
...
Simply put, it’s about numbers, objective hard data
...

Interview

6

Data collection also conducted by having a formal conversations and interviews with a few
site safety officers and professionals to gain additional knowledge about appropriate action
to overcome deficiencies on safety behavior

Figure 1
...
7

SIGNIFICANT OF RESEARCH

This study is important to enhance understanding and awareness how hazard in
construction project happened by unsafe acts
...
Other than that, this study
also important in order to improve the overall safety performance at construction project
by an approach management in term of safety
...
Thus, it will help main contractor to develop appropriate actions in order to
improve the performance of safety operations at construction site
...
Therefore, study about unsafe
acts will develop awareness among them to be more careful during carry out the works
...
8

RESEARCH CONTENT

The research will cover:
Chapter 1:

Introduction

This chapter is including of an introduction of the study, problem statement, and objectives
of the study, scope and limitation of the study, significant of the study, methodology, and
arrangement of chapters
...


This chapter will outline the background of the study and the literature review from the
secondary sources that related to the study issue
...

Chapter 3:

Research Methodology

This chapter will briefly expose and explain the methodology and case work, which it will
generate the information and data required to support the study in order to achieve the study
objectives
...
The
result of the data obtain by questionnaire will be analyses and tabled from the data
collected, the summary produced
...


9

Chapter 5: Conclusion and recommendation for the problems and for future topics
...
From the study result, the suitable recommendation can be made to resolve
the problem study and for future research
...
8

SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 1

Table 1
...


The statistic of accidents at
construction sites give us a
picture
that
Malaysian
construction industry is one of
the critical sectors that need a
huge and fast overhaul from the
current site safety practices
...


Research Questions
What sector in Malaysia
that frequently reported
on accident at the
workplace?
What types of accident
due of unsafe acts that
mostly happened?
What is unsafe act?

Identifying root cause of
unsafe
acts
at
construction industry
...
1

INTRODUCTION
The construction worker is one of the most workers that are confronted with

hazards during their work and many researchers claimed that the construction industry has
been identified as one of the most hazardous industries in many parts of the world
...
It is being proved that the reasons of accident
happen in construction project is due of improper and unsafe action among worker and also
poor safety management during construction works
...

As a mentioned in chapter 1, the first objective of this study is to review unsafe acts
accident cases in construction projects
...
Other than that,
for second objective will achieved in this chapter 2 by focusing on what are unsafe acts
and the types of unsafe acts and also focus on the factor influence of unsafe acts
...


12

2
...


Figure 2
...
1 present that the accidents that occur in construction industry that are reported
exceed hundred cases
...
The same department also has made the same statistic in year 2013
...
2
below show the statistics of the occupational accidents by sector until December 2013 in
Malaysia
...
2: Occupational Accidents by sector until December 2013
Source: Department of Health and Safety (2015)

Figure 2
...
There are 69 from the total are died and 83 were in
non-permanent disability (NPC)
...


14

Figure 2
...
This shows the rate of accidents resulting in death
increased by three cases of death in the year and the rate of accidents resulting NPC were
become increased by 11 victims
...
However, death,
injuries can be avoided if the management of site make a proper preparations and apply
standard of safety work in site from the National Institutional for Occupational Safety and
Hazards (NIOSH)
...


15

Table 2
...


Date

Case 1

18-12-2015

Case 2

10-12-2015

Case 3

16-10-2015

Case 4

26-09-2015

Case 5

17-08-2015

Cases 6

26-07-2015

Cases 7

15-06-2015

Cases 8

03-06-2015

Cases 9

8-04-2015

Cases 10

10-03-2015

Cases 11

15-02-2015

Location

Accident result Fatality from year 2015
Summary case

Result

Factor of accident

Construction
site, Johor
Construction
site,
Sarawak

Died falling
from height

The victim fell as he walking through the opening between the
wooden boards
...
Victim was working inside the
machine
...
Truck driver ran the hole and caused the victim to
fall down
Victim fell down as he carrying out building the staircase formwork
The victim was died due to electrocution
...
Steel Reinforcement Cage
was put on designated place prepared for binding
...
As he went down, the cage
suddenly roll and caused the victim to fell down along with the cage
...
It is believed that victim has slipped and fell on the floor and
caused the Tunnel Form fell above him
The victim fell from the roof as the roof installation works is being
carried out
Victim fell off the ground as he performing cable pulling job

16

No
...
He is believed
drowned after falling into the mine along with bulldozer

Fatal

Unsafe acts

Victim was concreting the floor as support structure for formwork
fell onto him

Fatal

Unsafe acts

Cases 1

08-04-2014

Construction
site, Pahang
...


Cases 2

11-04-2014

Construction
site, Perak
...


Died was
buried under by
concrete
collapse

Cases 4

02-06-14

Construction
site, Johor
...


Victim was carrying out work of upgrading grill on a balcony at
level 4
...


Fatal

Unsafe acts

Cases 5

01-12-2014

Construction
site, Kuala
Lumpur
...


Fatal

Unsafe acts and unsafe
condition

Fatal

Unsafe condition and
unsafe acts

Fatal

Unsafe acts

Cases 6

09-12-2014

construction
site, Johor
...


Cases 7

24-12-2014

Construction
site,
Selangor

Died been
buried

Victim was struck by falling concrete gate due being hit by a lorry
...
As he was on the roof, he stepped on broken
down roof and fell down without a chance to wear a harness
...

The accident occurred during the floor concreting work where false
work used as a supporter
...
1 shows the several types of accident cases that cause fatality at
construction site during the year 2015 to 2014 reported by OSHA
...
Only several cases that caused by unsafe
condition
...
Thus, this statistic
directly supporting the statement that stated by Abdul Hamid, Abd Majid, and Bachan Sing
(2008), 99 per cent of the accident are caused by unsafe act in construction site
...
The primary cause of fall fatalities in construction was falling from
roof and from the high level of building
...
From the result, it is worth to understand the unsafe acts by investigating
the types of unsafe acts
...

As conclusion, from the fatality cases that reported by OSHA, it is clearly seem that unsafe
acts have greater impacts on accident at construction site
...


18

2
...
The term of unsafe
acts has no clear and no general agreement on definition of an unsafe act that applicable
for the subject of the research
...
2)
Table 2
...


Legal activities

2

(Abdul Hamid, Abd Majid,
2008)
...
al, 2010)

5

(Health and Safety
Executive, 2012)

6

(Zakaria, et
...


human action

7

Fröderberg (2014)

Unsafe acts can defined as a deviation of acts from
what is considered acceptable or intended to perform a
task
...

An unsafe act is any act which an unintentional action
or inappropriate of decision making
...


19

2
...
It is worth knowing about the different types of failure because they
have different causes and influencing factors and as the ways of preventing or reducing the
unsafe acts (Toolkit, 2005)
...
It
is important to remember that when errors or unsafe acts occur in hazardous environments,
there is a greater potential to go wrong
...
3:
Table 2
...


Decision, skill based,
perceptual and
violation

2

(Toolkit,
2005)

There are three types of unsafe acts that may lead to
major accident which are Unintentional represent as an
error and mistakes and for intentional represent as a
violation
...

it is different compared to other types of unsafe acts
such as slips, lapses, and mistakes which are committed
without intention, either the violations is committed
intentionally
...
These types of unsafe acts can happen to
even the most experienced and well-trained of person
...
3, many similarities between them in order to classify the
types of unsafe acts
...
It is important to understand
that there are different types of unsafe acts, because there are slightly different ways of
preventing each type (Health and Safety Exective, 2005)
...
Unintended Action can be divided into three elements such as slip, lapses,
and mistakes and for Intended Action is represented of violation
...
4)

Figure 2
...
4
...


2
...
1
...
Whittingham
(2004) defined an error as an action which fails to produce the expected result and gives
rise to an unwanted consequence
...

According to Trepess (2003) claims that, Slip can defined as failure in the execution of a
task where the intention is correct and accurate whereas lapse is failure in the cognitive
storage of task information where intention is correct
...
While, lapse
is referring as short-term memory fail where forget to perform particular actions
...

Therefore, it can be concluded that slips occur when workers decide not to follow the
correct working procedure whereas lapses happened when workers forget to follow the
correct procedure of works during performing a task
...
4
...
2Mistakes
According to Trepess (2003) states that, mistakes can be defined as a failure in the
selection of plans conducted for an action where the actions performed are correct
...
Besides that, mistakes also defined as a decision making failure
which divided into two types which mistake of rule-based mistakes and knowledge-based
mistakes (Health and Safety Executive, 2012), See figure 2
...


Figure 2
...
Mistake can occur when
many task conducted at the same time, when many complex tasks conducted at once and
pressure of time
...
6
...
6: Factor influence of workers making mistake
Source: Health and Safety Executive, (2012)

2
...
2 INTENDED ACTIONS

Intended Actions is something intentional actions were are planned to do by worker

2
...
2
...
According Whittingham (2004) claims that
violations can be defined as intentional deviations from those practices deemed necessary
to maintain the safe operation of a potentially hazardous system
...
The main difference between a violation and an error is that a violation is often
conducted with conscious intent
...
Routine violations are related with the two habitual violations:
(1) a natural human tendency to take the path of least effort, and (2) a relatively indifferent
environment where, for example, violations are rarely punished
...
This type of violation seems to be related to tasks or operating
circumstances that make violation inevitable
...
See figure 2
...


Figure 2
...
Violation can be defined as intentional performance among
worker with conscious intent during task is conducted at construction project
...


Table 2
...
5

FACTOR INFLUENCE OF UNSAFE ACTS
In accordance with Khosravi et, al
...
Methodological method for conducting the
research is more accurate result because can give clear picture on what happened at
construction projects
...
The majority of these accidents almost 99 percent are brought on
due to unsafe act
...
al, 2012)
...
Khosravi et al
...

Therefore, unsafe acts can be grouped into four major factor that high influence such as
individual factor, job factor and management factor
...
8)

27

Figure 2
...
5
...
In short, there have been many studies of human error
...
Therefore, after research
had been made, various major factors have been highlight as potentially contributing to
unsafe acts safety issues (See figure 2
...


Figure 2
...
5
...
1 Drug and Alcohol

Aksorn & Hadikusumo (2007) stated that workers who use drugs and alcohol tend
to distort or block their decision-making capability
...
Drugs users and drinkers regularly experience reduced levels
unawareness, a circumstance which could prompt to decision errors and unsafe acts
...
It was supported by Makalo, Emuze and Monyane (2015) claims that, the risk of use
alcohol and drugs among worker on construction site, will resulting in worst injury or will
lead to other hazards
...

OSHA stated that, all employer has a legal obligation to address alcohol and other drug
issues in the construction site through the “duty of care” provision in the OSHA Act
...

Therefore, the use of drug and alcohol at construction site will bring negative impact among
worker at construction site
...
All parties shall take responsible to address this
problem
...
5
...
3 Fatigue
Earlier investigation on the relationship between fatigue and prolonged driving
was discovered by Hakkanen and Summala (2011), found that heavy-vehicle drivers could
experience difficulties in staying alert whilst driving, could fall asleep at the wheel, or
could experience a near miss situation on the road that contributes to the accident during
performing their daily work
...
and Wilks D
...

According Health and Safety Executive (2006) states that, “fatigue causes an increased
likelihood (risk) of incidents because of tiredness and lack of alertness
...
Consequently, the human
error component of incidents is increased along with the risks to health and safety
...
2011)
...
Zhang, L
...

Murphy, and D
...


30

2
...
1
...
It can include items such as safety helmets, gloves, eye protection, high-visibility
clothing, safety footwear and safety harnesses
...
T
...
Keng and N
...
Razak (2014) explained PPE as any equipment worn by
a person at work to protect him against risk to safety and health and any additional
accessory designed to protect him while performing task
...
Similarly, Paringga (2010) agreed that in order to have
a safe and healthy condition at construction sites, it is essential to PPE to the workers
...
According to Clarke (2014) claim that,
89 percent of safety professionals said they had observed workers not wearing safety
equipment when they should have been
...
There are several types of PPE that workers need at the construction
site such as head protection equipment, face and eyes protection equipment, ear protection
equipment, hand protection equipment, foot protection equipment, respiratory equipment
and body protection
...
5
...
5 Several studies about the ignoring to wear Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE) among worker in construction project
No

Authors

3

(A
...
C
...
A
...

A lot of workers felt that training is favorable but none of them
will allocate 30 minutes to an hour for the training as their
focus is to get job done at a faster rate
...
This shows that
the workers have a lack of awareness on safety and health
culture
...
Some workers for instance, reject the wearing
of earmuff because it makes them feel hot, especially when it
is used in hot regions
...
It was supported by Burton
(2014) claims that confidence is a good thing, but
overconfidence attitude could lead to improper procedures or
methods that could cause injury

keywords
Neglects

Lack of awareness

Feel uncomfortable

Overconfident

From table 2
...
Therefore,
investigation the reason on why workers ignore to using PPE tools should be implemented
so that better action can be designed in order to overcome the problem
...
5
...
5 Lack of Experience
According to Fang et al
...
In the modern age only trained individuals are employed to perform
complex tasks because lack of experience is another factor causing accident in construction
site (Kadiri Z
...
New workers need to be trained to perform their task safely,
to recognize, understand, and avoid potential hazards to themselves and others
...
Zhang et al, 2015)
Driscoll (2011) did a study on construction workers perspective regarding the factors that
impact work site safety and risk and he found that a lot of workers felt that training is
favorable but none of them will allocate 30 minutes to an hour for the training as their focus
is to get job done at a faster rate
...
This
shows that the workers have a lack of awareness on safety and health culture
...
5
...
2 Laziness
According to marc (2009) suggest that laziness means doing a task in the way that
takes the least amount of time or the least amount of physical effort
...
It was supported by Burton
(2014) which claims that most workers prefer to take shortcuts to save time because they
want to avoid supportive activities
...
Someone who have experience on that particular task will be lazier to make it
proper execution
...
g
...
In addition, past experience
could lead a worker being lazy due having performed a job in a familiar way for many
years are very reluctant to give up their old way of doing things
...


34

2
...
2 JOB FACTOR
According to Simin et al, (2013) noted that numerous studies found that stress
influences the employees’ job satisfaction and their overall performance in their work
...

According to survey by OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) in 2014,
as contributing to stress were: ‘too much work’ (reported by 64
...
9% of the sample) ‘ambitious deadlines’ (reported by 59
...
2% of the sample)
...


2
...
2
...
These pressures or demands at work
include working long hours, workload demands, and supervisory pressures
...
The Australian Government
Comcare (2010) defined work-related stress as “a form of strain, a state of negative
emotions, and arousal experienced in relation to the work role
...
It is also believed to be a major contributor

35

to absenteeism, low employee morale, high accident and turnover rates as well as
increasing medical expenses of many organizations (Wahab, 2010)
...

Stress is not limited to any particular profession (Lath, 2010)
...
Linda et al
...
This goes to suggest that
work stress is a major threat to the attainment of sustainable growth in the construction
industry in particular and economic development of any nation in general
...
Work
overloads, working long hours and role ambiguity are known to be leading causes of stress
among workers in construction projects (Lath, 2010)
...

Therefore, stress among construction worker can divided into four elements include time
pressure, workload, poor communication and poor working environment, (See figure 2
...


36

Figure 2
...
5
...
2 Time Pressure
According to Aksorn & Hadikusumo (2007) stated that, when workers are unable
to meet deadlines, they instantly get overwhelmed and begin to worry
...

The National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety (2008) stated that time pressure
tends to workers to be rushing in completing the task
...
Rushing reduces the quality of work and increases the chances of
not following the correct safety steps to complete tasks
...


2
...
2
...

They are bound to face emotional stress such as mental strain, tension and pressure
...
(Lawson
et al, 2001)
...

In addition, overload of work can cause physical injured among worker during completing
the task given
...


38

2
...
2
...
In addition,
many accidents are caused by worker not communicating well
...
It supported by Jian Ai Yeow
(2014), which poor communication within work teams contributed to incidents
...

To perform a job effectively, individuals need to feel that they are adequately informed and
that they are valued
...

Therefore, poor communication tends to people working under stress during works
...
5
...
5 Poor working condition
According to Enshassi, (2015) stated that Poor working conditions promote stress
and affect the working performance of an individual
...
It is supported by Wahab (2010) which claimed that, unsafe physical conditions
can be a potential source of work stress, particularly when individuals must confront the
threat of injury
...
They noted that physically
overloaded construction workers were among the most vulnerable to the negative impact
of temperature on their health and productivity
...

Therefore, poor working condition is one of the influence elements of stress among
construction workers
...


40

2
...
3 MANAGEMENT FACTOR

Several studies revealed that management commitment played a significant role
in safety performance and accident reduction (Khosravi et al
...
However, Shim
(2006) claimed that even though Malaysia has a very good law on safety policies but it
lacks of enforcement from the authorities
...
, 2014)
...
Figure
2
...


Figure 2
...
, 2014),
(Tan et al
...


41

2
...
3
...
The safety policy must define the organization’s corporate philosophy
towards health and safety matters, in the context of its business activities
...
Furthermore, Kin and Bonaventura (2006) did a study on safety
management practices in Buthanese construction industry explained that safety policy is a
written statement of principles and goals which can demonstrate top management’s
commitment to ensure safe working methods and environment at the construction sites
...
, (2006) stated that safety policy is a requirement of the
safety and health policy that reflects the management commitment towards the
organization’s safety and health
...

It should involve the repetitive performance of the task until it becomes automatic
...
, (2011) stated that safety training is the most effective tool to mitigate hazard since
training helps to improve workers’ skills and abilities to identify hazards
...
It is supported by Shim (2006)
which it is important that management and supervision are involved in the development of
safe work practices and that they provide adequate training for workers likely to follow
these practices
...
The purpose of safety meeting is to
ensure that all the construction team is aware about the safety matters (Holt, 2001)
...


2
...
3
...

According to Lee and Halpin (2003) suggest that supervision was related to safety
performance
...
(2011) stressed that a supervisors play a critical
role in setting the expectations for safety on sites
...
LaDou (2010) stated that it is very obvious that any successful safety program
must necessary involve the supervisors
...
If supervisors could convince workers that safety has to be considered all the
time, then the workers will do everything to prevent accidents
...
g
...
However, it was revealed
that effective enforcement, worker–supervision communication, and good supervision
43

style had moderate evidence of negative association with unsafe behaviors and accidents
(Khosravi et al
...

Therefore, role and responsibility of Supervision at construction project also need to take
into account in order to provide excellent performance of safety and health and also
monitoring among worker to perform safety work at construction site
...
4
...
3 Lack of Management Support
Safety and health training plays a significant role in the enhancement of safety in
construction industry
...
They often believe that their money is better spent on meeting
necessities than to allocate it for training (Mohd Khairolden et al
...
Kin and
Bonaventura (2006) found that many contractors indicated that it was not within their
capacity to provide safety and health trainings to their workers
...
As a result, no training programs exist for
supervisors and workers at construction sites concerning safety problems
...
However, most
industry players only provide a tiny allocation and in some case none at all for site safety
implementation
...
Patrick (2008) highlighted that there is an urgency to allocate a fraction of budget
on the safety and health cost in the contract for both the public and private projects
...
However, it is not a mandatory practice for private projects
...

Therefore, by provide safety training and safety tools is one of the consideration that need
to be taken into management by contractor to minimize the percentage of accident occurred
in construction project
...
4
...
4 Lack of Safety Culture

Misnan and Mohammed (2007) stressed on the involvement of all management
team in safety and health culture are important to cultivate the positive beliefs, practices,
norms and attitudes between all the key players
...
, (2006)
underlined that safety should not only be viewed as Occupational Safety and Health
Administration regulations that need to be adhered to, but it should be treated as values and
a cultures with clear commitment from all levels of management
...
, (2008)
discovered that one of the good practices by team management to promote safety and health
is by displaying safety materials on safety bulletin boards so that workers can read and
understand them
...
This is one of the efforts that can be done by the managers to
promote safety and health to their workers
...
As a result, workers will always be aware by looking at the safety board
...
, (2008) highlighted that the contractor and authorities need to
collaborate to find the solution in reducing the hazards
...
In order to achieve the safety culture among
workers, proper management should be implemented by contractor and any parties that
responsible
...
6: List of Coding and List of Factor
CODING
IF-01
IF-02
IF-03
IF-04
IF-05
JF-01
JF-02
JF-03
JF-04
MF-01
MF-02
MF-03
MF-04

LIST OF FACTOR
Individual Factor
Drug & Alcohol
Fatigue
Ignorance
Lack of experiment/Training
Laziness
Job Factor
Time Pressure
Workload
Poor Communication
Poor Working Condition
Management Factor
Lack of Safety Practice
Lack Performance of Supervision
Lack of Management Support
Lack of Safety Culture

47

2
...
7: Summary of Chapter 2

No

List of Content

1

Overview on
Statically Data

2

Definition of unsafe
Acts

3

Types of Unsafe Acts

Description
Accident until 2012 reported = 67 died
Accident until 2013 reported = 69 died
Accident until 2014 reported = 72 died
From the result, the construction industry the most hazard sector
...
The
statistic show that unsafe acts is the major factor of accident happen
in construction site
...

Unsafe acts can be defined as inappropriate action taken by
individuals to perform task given that can lead negative impacts which
can affect health and safety at construction site
...

2
...

2
...
Routine
2
...
Situational

4

Factor influence of
Unsafe Acts

Individual factor
1
...
Fatigue
3
...
Lack experience/ Training
5
...
Time pressure
2
...
Poor communication
4
...
Lack safety practice
2
...
Lack of management support
4
...
1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses all of the methodology that is used in this research to gain
in-depth information on unsafe acts in construction projects
...


3
...

Quantitative research uses traditional statistical and mathematical methods for measuring
results conclusively
...

Quantitative research also allows for greater accuracy of results gotten and Quantitative
research also totally eliminate bias
...


49

3
...
Data collection for
the research will obtain by questionnaire
...
The questionnaire that will give
is list of a research or survey questions and designed to extract specific information
...

The types of the questionnaire are use open ended
...
The answerer of the questionnaire is
unskilled worker, semi-skilled worker and unskilled worker and also site supervisor
...

The minimum of copy is around 175 set of questionnaire will be distribute to the related
answerer at the ongoing construction site
...

Interviews also will be conducted by having formal conversations and interviews with a
few site safety officers and professionals to gain additional knowledge to obtain the
objective of strategies to overcome deficiencies
...


50

3
...
1 SAMPLING
For this research, systematic random sampling been chosen to distribute the
questionnaire and collect the data
...
Five ongoing
construction sites will be choosing and every construction site will give 35 set of
questionnaire
...
Each of them will give
two set of questionnaire
...
The
selection of interviewee is made through the same site where the questionnaire has been
given according to the mutual agreement
...
3
...
Certain date will be made for collecting the questionnaire reply or it
could be collected as soon as respondents finish answering the questionnaire
...
The date and time of appointment
with them will be set up according to the mutual agreement
...
4

QUESTIONNAIRE
The questions designated for the questionnaires are related to the study and mainly

to help in obtaining the objectives of this study
...
2 will be
followed to obtain the questionnaire from respondents
...
4
...
Specifically, the form of question is based on the Likert questions which
respondents are asked to indicate the level of respondents agree to a particular statement
...


52

Figure 13
...
Other than that, respondents also are
easy to code and interpret and lastly ideal for quantitative types of research
...
4
...
According to the purposes of doing an interview
are relevant information based on the person experience may be collected by directly
questioning or talking to people, some research questions are better answered by
interviewing the person and it can offer flexibility to researcher (M
...

Therefore, to have a better knowledge about strategies to overcome deficiencies of unsafe
acts, some interview on this research is required
...
Besides, this method helps the researcher
to gain more knowledge in related to the topic of the research and outcomes can be utilized
to for the researcher to make a remark or testimony
...

53

3
...
3: Summary of chapter 3
No

1

Objective
To review
unsafe acts
accident cases

Research Question
What sector in Malaysia that
frequently reported on accident
at the workplace?

Research Technique

Reference

3

OSHA

What types of accident due of
unsafe acts that mostly
happened?
What is unsafe act?

2

Sample

What are the types of unsafe
act?

To provides
strategies to
overcome
deficiencies

Questionnaire

Unskilled worker
Semi-skilled
worker
Skilled worker
Supervisor

Interview

To identify root
cause of unsafe
acts

Safety officer and
other
professionals

What is the best solution on
this problem?

What is the factor that causes
of unsafe acts?

Who parties involve to prevent
the problem?

54

CHAPTER 4
RESEARCH FINDING AND ANALYSIS

4
...
There were about 175 copies of questionnaires
from the total of 5 sites in area Shah Alam, Selangor
...
The questionnaires were distributed directly from the researcher to the
respondents on construction site
...
Therefore, it is only representing 74%
from the overall of the targeted respondents
...
At the second section it will represent on
investigation about the types of unsafe acts
...


4
...
The
questionnaires are design in English and Malay language, some of the respondents cannot
55

understand and unable to read the questions
...
During the data collection, what are the researcher did was the researcher
need to read the question to the respondent and explain the question to them
...
Perhaps they don’t want the researcher to disturb their worker because
the workers were tired and cannot answer the question
...
That is why, out of 175 questionnaires distributed only
130 were returned or it is only representing 74 % from the overall of the targeted
respondents
...
3

QUESTIONNAIRES ANALYSIS

The questionnaires survey consists of three parts which are Part A, Part B and Part C
...


4
...
1 PART A: PERSONAL INFORMATION
In this part, data personal information such as age, position, experience and accident’s
experience is required
...


56

Respondent’s Age

4
...
1
...

(shown on table 4
...
The differentiation between respondent’s age is important on this
research
...

Table 4
...
08%

20-30

43

33
...
38%

40 and above

24

18
...
1: Percentage chart of Age

Table 4
...
It shows that 13
...
08% are between the ages of

57

20-30 years old, 35
...
46% of the
respondents are the age of 40 years old and above
...


4
...
1
...
Different position will
come out with different result that help researcher on the topic of unsafe acts in construction
site
...
2: Table of Job Position
Position

Frequency

Percentage

20
44
46
20
130

15
...
85%
35
...
38%
100%

Unskilled labor
Semi-skilled labor
Skilled labor
Supervisor
Total

Supervisor
15%

Unskilled labor
15%

Semi-skilled
labor
34%

Skilled labor
36%

Figure 4
...
2 shows the job position of the workers
...

According to the data in table 4
...
38% of respondents are unskilled workers, 33
...
38% of respondents are skilled workers
and 15
...
This result mean that, the most of the
respondents are semi-skilled and skilled workers
...
Unskilled workers usually cannot understand the questions and the researcher
need to read and explain the question to them
...


4
...
1
...
3
...
It will
help researchers to understand the result and come out with reason
...
3: Table of Working Experience
Experience

Frequency

Percentage

25
36
48
21
130

15
...
85%
35
...
38%
100%

Less than 3 years
3 – 5 years
5 – 10 years
More than 10 years
Total

More than 10
years
15%

Less than 3
years
15%

3 – 5 years
34%

5 – 10 years
36%

Figure 4
...
3 shows the frequency of working experience among workers
...
38% respondents have a working experience of Less than 3 years, 33
...
38% of respondents have
working experiences of 5 – 10 years and 15
...
This result indicates that the most of the respondents
has working experience of 5 – 10 years
...


60

4
...
1
...
4: Table of Experience on Accidents at Construction Site
Accident’s Experience

Frequency

Percentage

Yes

24

18
...
54%

Total

130

100%

Yes
18
...
54%

Figure 4
...
4 shows about experience on accident in construction site
...
46% of the workers has experience of accident at construction
site and 81
...
From
the data, mostly the workers have no experience on accidents in site
...
Perhaps, this is because most of the workers
are skilled worker which is they are more alert on hazard in site
...
3
...
Unsafe acts defined as a legal action
that performed by workers either before, during or after carry out the task
...

Each types of unsafe acts represent by own coding as guideline to easier identified as shown
in table 4
...

Table 4
...
In order to analyze the mean
score value, several category of performance was shown at table 4
...

Table 4
...
00– 1
...
51– 2
...
51– 3
...
51– 4
...
51– 5
...
3
...
1

Unintended Action and Intended Action

Unintended actions and intended action for unsafe acts among worker at construction site
where indicated in term of mean score
...
All the data will be
analyzing at the table 4
...
5
...
7: Mean Score and Ranking of Unsafe Action
Code

Total Respondents

Mean

Ranking

E-001

130

1
...
34

6

M-001

130

2
...
35

5

V-001

130

3
...
18

3

V-003

130

3
...
00
3
...
50
2
...
00

MEAN

2
...
34

2
...
00

3
...
18

1
...
50
1
...
50
0
...
5: Mean Score for types of Unsafe Act

Based on Table 4
...
5, routine violation with the mean score about 3
...
The
second ranking for types of unsafe acts represented by situational violation (3
...
18), Rule based mistake (2
...
35), Lapse (2
...
88)
...
According to the data, most of
respondents believes and very confident that they can complete the task without follow the
safety procedure
...
According to Reason (1993), the
tendency of workers to performs the routine violation increased when workers are rarely
punished
...
The result is similar to the statistic that
released by Department of Health and Safety (2015) that most of the fatality accident report
is cause by violation
...
Therefore, appropriate action need to take
into consideration in safety management because It is important to remember that when
unsafe acts occur in hazardous environments, there is a greater potential to go wrong
...
3
...
According to Union (2013) suggests
that the contributory factors of unsafe acts refer to individual, job factor and organizational
characteristics, which influence behavior at work in a way which can give impact in term
of health and safety
...


4
...
3
...
Each element of individual factor represents
by own coding as guideline to easier identified as shown in table 4
...

Table 4
...
9: Mean Score and Ranking of Individual Factor
Code

Total respondents

Mean

Ranking

IF-01

130

1
...
85

3

IF-03

130

3
...
29

4

IF-05

130

2
...
50
3
...
50
2
...
50
1
...
50
0
...
6: Mean Score of Individual factor

Table 4
...
Figure 4
...


67

According to the table 4
...
25)
...
98) and
the third is fatigue (2
...
Then followed by lack of experience (2
...
39)
...
The result is similar to a study conducted by T
...

Hadikusumo (2007) who has reported that construction worker in Thailand are rarely wear
PPE
...
From the
questionnaire, it was discovered that most of the worker feel confident to carry out the
work without wear PPE tools
...
Form the survey conducted, many
of them is skilled workers and have experience around 5-10 years
...
Therefore, the ignorance of workers to wear
PPE tools due of confident is the reason of unsafe acts occurs in construction site
...
3
...
1 Job Factor
Job factor represents into several elements such as time pressure, workload, poor
communication and poor working condition
...
10
...
10: Coding of Job Factor
Coding
JF-01

Job factor
Time Pressure

JF-02

Workload

JF-03

Poor Communication

JF-04

Poor Working Condition

Table 4
...
11: Mean Score and Ranking of Job Factor
Code

Total Respondents

Mean

Ranking

JF-01

130

2
...
16

1

JF-03

130

2
...
96

2

69

3
...
10
3
...
90
2
...
70
2
...
50
2
...
7: Mean Score of Job factor

Table 4
...
Figure 4
...

According to Table 4
...
16
...
96 mean was rated as the second ranking
...
75
...
66
...
Other study claims that, accident is more likely to occur when
workers have high levels of over demanding work schedules
...
Therefore, a
lot of task need completed through their skill and experience
...
Overload of work can cause
physical injured among worker during completing the task given
...


4
...
3
...
Each
element of Management factor represents by own coding as guideline to easier identified
as shown in table 4
...

Table 4
...
13: Mean Score and Ranking of Management Factor

Code

Total Respondents

Mean

Ranking

IF-01

130

3
...
81

2

IF-03

130

2
...
66

3

3
...
00
2
...
00
1
...
00
0
...
00
JF-01

JF-02

JF-03

JF-04

Figure 4
...
13 shows the element of Management factor where represent in percentage
scale and mean score of each element
...
6 shows each element of Lack of Safety
Practice (MF-01), Lack Performance of Supervisor (MF-02), Lack of Management Support
(MF-03), Lack of Safety Culture (MF-04) where presenting in mean score
...
13, the highest mean score of Management factor is represented
by Lack of Safety practice with mean score is about 3
...
The second higher ranking is
referring to the lack performance of supervisor (2
...
Then it was by Lack of safety culture
(2
...
The last ranking of management factor is lack management support (2
...
From
the result, lack of safety practice is the most influence of worker as a factor influence of
respondent to workers to perform unsafe acts
...
It is because other study on safety practices in Batam,
Indonesia and through his findings; he discovered that one of the safety practices is
education and training
...
4

INTERVIEW ANALYSIS

The interview question consists of 3 section
...
Section C is about
strategies to overcomes deficiencies of safety performance
...
4
...

2)

Years of Interviewee’s Experience
On this part, one of the interviewee is involved in construction industry is about 22

years and the other interviewee has experience 8 years
...
For the Safety
Coordinator is about 3 years of experience
...
Besides that,

74

commercial building projects also is the famous projects that the Interviewee’s Company
Involved
...
4
...
The first interviewee said that

Safety in construction is a condition of avoiding injury and loss
...
However, it can be said that safety in construction site is one of the
important thing that need to be considered in order to eliminate any risks of accidental from
happen
...
These accidents usually not required to report to the higher management
because these accidents are easily controlled
...
Construction worker required works at the height level,
either by using scaffolding or ladder
...

The other types are electrical incident
...
Coming contact with these could lead to electrocution or shock
...
In fact, most of them only use PPE
tools just to avoiding from fined
...


1
...
3 STRATEGIES TO OVERCOMES DEFICIENCIES OF
SAFETY PERFORMANCE
An interview had been conducted in this research with a Safety Officer on how to
overcome deficiencies of safety performance
...


1)

Laziness problem among workers
laziness is uncontrollable problem behavior by safety team because the laziness is

come from the workers itself
...

Therefore, to overcome laziness, motivated them before start the work is the best ways
...

Educate them through their understanding level
...
In this situation, it will also motivate other workers
about how importance of working safely with the right safety procedure
...
Fatigue is a message to

the body to rest
...
The most effective method to reduce worker fatigue is through a comprehensive
FRMS (Fatigue Risk Management System)
...
Besides that, management of working time
schedule is also important to controlling risks of fatigue among workers
...
Working shift longer than 8 hours will result
productivity and alertness
...
Any employees showing such
signs should be directed to leave that task and seek rest
...
Therefore, in order
to overcome this problem, several methods where more effective is designed
...
When workers the reason
behind the certain policy, there are much more likely to adhere on it
...
Management also should be
practicing to wear PPE tools and make the PPE tools as a compulsory element that must
have while on the construction site
...
The successful result

77

on this matter also depending on the corporation from management team
...
In
these cases, good communication, and effective consultation should be practiced to head
off the problem and give the best effort to provide the most comfortable tools
...
From interview session, there have several solutions for the
new starters
...
It is better for the new employees starting from the basic works
...
Besides that,
provide adequate training is and provide adequate supervision
...
Make sure the supervisor understands the possible problems that
can arise by new workers due to unfamiliarity or inexperienced
...
For job related stress, every industry will be facing the same problem
about stress
...

Other interviewee mentioned that, safety group and top management should be corporate
together in reducing stress
...


6)

Safety Practice
In order to make sure safety is practiced and implemented smoothly in construction

site all parties from top management, safety organization until to the workers itself should
give 100% commitment towards safety in site
...

In addition, they are advised to conduct weekly meeting about progress of safety
performance in construction site and also provide safety and health guidelines for the
contractor that must follow
...
Therefore, in order to make sure
the successful of safety practice in site, all organization should work as a team to achieve
an objective of safety performance
...

It is because, not only for safety at all but it is also help the project production run smoothly
...

Besides that, training also is the best option to enhance the performance of supervisor
...

Other than that, provision of the supervision checklist is also good practiced to evaluate
the performance of supervisor
...


8)

Safety Culture
According to the interview seasons, in order to instill safety culture in construction

site, it should start with the upper management
...
In addition, top management shall lead the workers to practice
safety and health as everyday conversation
...
For
the employees, management should make sure that their subordinates also are trained well
...

Management can educate the workers to follow safety rule and remind them when the
forget to follow the rule
...


11)

Management support
Negative impacts on safety performance arise from lack of management support

such as PPE tools, safety training and safety signboard
...
Thus, it is obligation for the safety team to promote and
advice the upper management to provide safety requirement in site by tell them the
80

importance of safety tools and the negative impact that will happened if not providing such
requirement to workers, the operation will be terminated
...
Safety team also need to educate workers
to be more closely with management to report any damage on their PPE and report any
hazard place
...


81

1
...
14: Summary of Chapter 4

No

List of content

Element
Respondent
Information

Types of unsafe acts
1

Questionnaire
Analysis

Root cause of unsafe
acts

List of Problem
Overcome Laziness
Overcome fatigue
Overcome of
ignoring to wear PPE
Lack experience
problem
2

Interview
Analysis

Job related stress
Problem of Safety
practice
Lack performance of
supervisor
Lack of safety
culture
Lack of management
support
Parties responsible
on safety

Description
Age = mostly age is around 30-40
Position = mostly are skilled labor
Experience = mostly 5-10 years
Accident’s Experience = only 18
...
55)
...

The result then, followed by situation violation (3
...
18), Rule Based Mistake (2
...
35), Lapse (2
...
88)
Individual Factor
Ignorance to wear PPE due of overconfident is the most
influential factor to influence the unsafe acts among
workers with mean score is about 3
...
The mean score is about 3
...
Mean score is about
3
...
similar with workload mean score
...

Management should lead the worker to practice the PPE
tools as compulsory element in site
...

Proper management to controlling workload, time
pressure and other element related stress
...

Provide sufficient financial investment for supervision
...

Corporation between upper management, safety team
and workers shall always participate on safety in site
...

All project team, safety team and workers is participate
on safety in construction site
...
1

INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, all data that have been analyzed will be summarized
...


5
...
The data will

be summarized based on the objective for this research
...
2
...
By referring the statistic of
accident cases that cause fatality among construction worker during the year 2015 reported
by OSHA
...
However, unsafe acts consist by several types and factor that
influencing of unsafe acts has not mentioned on the statistic
...


83

5
...
2 OBJECTIVE 2
This objective is to identify root cause of unsafe acts
...
From data analysis that have been done, the result
indicates that routine violation is mostly performed among workers at construction site
...
For
the individual factor that influence of unsafe acts, the result shows that ignoring to wear
PPE tools due of over confident is the highest factor that influence unsafe acts in
construction site
...
For the job factor, overload is the major influential
factor among workers
...
Therefore, skilled
and experience worker usually are more trusted by top management to carry out a lot of
task
...
No training provided by top Management towards their
workers about safety
...
2
...
In this part, data
collection is conducted by interview session
...

However, researchers realize that most of the interviewee have mentioned that corporation
between parties is the key of safety to be successful implemented in construction site
...
3

FUTURE RECOMMENDATION

The research has the following recommendation for further research that should be done
...


In order to eliminate unsafe acts among worker, better investigation planning on
unsafe acts should be designed by safety expert

2
...
Ensure the workers understand about safety at least equally
...


Provide adequate resources for workers to prevent hazards
...


Providing adequate safety tools or equipment at particular area during works in
order to minimize the hazard for workers, who are not wear PPE tools
...
o
...
accident cases that result fatality in construction site reported from
year 2015 and 2014
...

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...
(2015)
...
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Report, 1-2
...
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...
Occupational Accidents by Sector until December 2012
...

Abdul Rahim Abdul Hamid, Muhd Zaimi Abd Majid
...
CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS
AT CONSTRUCTION SITES
...

Abdul Rahim Abdul Hamid, Muhd Zaimi Abd Majid,
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CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS
AT CONSTRUCTION SITES
...

Administration(OSHA), O
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(2013)
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FATALITY CASES, Vol
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Advances in Engineering & Technology, Vol
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International Journal of
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(2014)
...
HR & Organizational Behaviour, 35,
413 - 430
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Wiegmann and Esa Rantanen
...
Defining the Relationship Between
Human Error Classes and Technology Intervention Strategies
...

Driscoll, L
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Interviews Introduction to Primary Research
...

Engineering, A
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Safety Integration, 9-19
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Humans and Risk Case study HSE concerns Learning more about
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86

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Makalo Ntili, Fidelis Emuze and Thabiso Monyane
...
The Impact of Substance
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...

Michael Sharpe, David Wilks
...
Fatigue
...

Murata, S
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Unsafe acts and risk valuation
...

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Poor Workmanship in Construction of Low
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89

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING
SHAH ALAM

UNSAFE ACTS IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

QUESTIONNAIRE FORM

Prepared by:

MOHD DZULHANAFIE BIN NASRAN
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (Hons) IN CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CENTER OF STUDY FOR CONSTRUCTION
SEMESTER 7/YEAR 2016

This questionnaire consists of four (4) sections
...
Your kind corporation is highly appreciated

PART A: RESPONDENT’S PROFILE
Please tick your () answer in appropriate box below

1
...


30-40
> 40

Position
Unskilled workers

Skilled workers

Semi-skilled workers

Supervisor

Other’s: Please Specify____________________

3
...


5-10 years
More than 10 years

Do you have experience on accident in construction site?
Yes
No

PART B: TO INVESTIGATE THE TYPES OF UNSAFE ACTS
Please tick your () answer in appropriate box below
1
Strongly
Disagree

2

3
Moderately
Disagree
Agree

4
Agree

5
Strongly
Agree

In your experience, please rate the major types of unsafe acts that you ever made and
experienced with

Code
E-001
E-002

Types of Unsafe acts
Unintended Action
I often fail to execute work correctly
I often forget to do certain task while perform my
job

M-001

Safety rules are too restrictive and complicated

M-002

I was assigned to unfamiliar jobs

V-001
V-002
V-003

Intended Action
I am confident in doing my job regardless of safety
procedure
I will continue with my job even with minimal
safety tools
I will try to complete the task even I am not
familiar with it

1

2

3

4

5

PART C: TO IDENTIFY THE ROOT CAUSE OF UNSAFE ACTS
Please tick your () answer in appropriate box below

1
2
3
Strongly
Moderately
Disagree
Disagree
Agree

4
Agree

5
Strongly
Agree

Please indicate based on your experience with the following statement

Code

IF-01

Factor influence of unsafe acts

Individual Factor
I am taking drug or alcohol before, during and after
performing my task

IF-02

I still complete my task evenly I feel tired

IF-03

I am confident to doing my job without using PPE tools

IF-04

I have no knowledge to doing my job safely

IF-05

I am feel lazy to complete my job safely
Job Factor

JF-01

I am not given enough time to complete my task

JF-02

I often have to complete a lot of work at the same time
Every task that given to me not have detail explanation
before I start performs a task
I am not satisfied with my workplace at the construction
site
Management Factor

JF-03
JF-04

MF-01

The management has provided training to me about safety

MF-02

I was supervised by site supervisor during performing the
task

MF-03

The management has provided safety tools for all worker

MF-04

Supervisors always remind me to follow the safety rule
when I forget

1 2 3 4 5

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING
SHAH ALAM

UNSAFE ACTS IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

INTERVIEW FORM

Prepared by:

MOHD DZULHANAFIE BIN NASRAN
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (Hons) IN CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CENTER OF STUDY FOR CONSTRUCTION
SEMESTER 7/YEAR 2016

Interview Question
1
...


What are the common types of accident on site?

3
...


Do you think laziness is a common cause of accidents? Is there any way to address
such matter?

5
...


Some of workers ignore to use PPE
...


Since of lack experience and training among worker have potential of accident
happen in construction site
...


Job and stress have strong relationship which causes unsafe acts among worker in
construction project
...
Is there any way to create a stress
free environment for the workers?

9
...


Supervision is known to be one of the ways to enhance safety implementation, is
there any specific ways to conduct a successful supervision on site? (What are the
things to be look into in safety supervision)

11
...


Lack of management support on PPE, safety sign and training will bring negative
impacts on safety performance
...


Which parties involve and responsible in order to make sure zero accident happened
in construction?

97



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