Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

20 – Pathogenic Gram‐Negative Cocci and Bacilli
Neisseria

1
...

a
...

i
...

2
...
What is PID?
a
...

b
...
(8====O  inflammation)
i
...
If left
untreated, it can spread to the prostate and epididymis, rendering that man
infertile
...
In women, the disease tends to have no symptoms
...

i
...

d
...

i
...

3
...
meningitidis? How is it transmitted? How does it cause most of its
damage?
a
...
meningitides
...
Transmission occurs via respiratory droplets (breathing, coughing, sneezing)
...
The polysaccharide capsule of N
...

Escherichia

1
...
coli O157:H7
...
Context: There are several strains of E
...

b
...
coli O157:H7 also have genes for fimbriae, adhesins, and a
variety of exotoxins, enabling these strains to colonize human tissue and cause disease
...
Gastroenteritis, is often caused by toxins released from the bacterium
...
The toxins bind to proteins on cells lining the intestinal tract and triggers a series
of chemical reactions that cause the loss of ions, and subsequently, loss of
water
...
E
...

i
...

a
...
coli can range from bloody diarrhea, to hemolytic uremic
syndrome
...


E
...


Truly Pathogenic Enteric Bacteria

1
...
Contrast the events in shigellosis and
salmonellosis
...
Most infections of humans with salmonellae result from the consumption of food
contaminated with animal feces, often from pet reptiles
...
The pathogen is also common in foods containing poultry or eggs
...
Larger infective doses can result in salmonellosis which is characterized by nonbloody
diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting, fever, myalgia (muscle pain), headache, and abdominal
cramps
...
The process of Salmonellosis is explained via the figure to the left
...
Humans are the sole hosts of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (S
...

d
...

i
...


2
...

a
...

b
...

c
...


d
...

e
...

i
...

f
...

Bordatella

1
...
pertussis
...
Adhesin that attaches to membrane lipids on tracheal cells are known as filamentous
hemagglutinin
...
This also allows the bacterium to bind to certain glycoproteins on the
membranes of neutrophils, allowing it to be engulfed through phagocytosis
(knocked on the wrong door lol)
...
There are also several toxins that add to B
...

i
...

ii
...
This helps protect the bacterium when it
becomes phagocytosed
...
Dermonecrotic toxin causes localized constriction and hemorrhaging of blood
vessels, causing cell and tissue death in that area
...
Tracheal cytotoxin inhibits cilia movement and expels cells from the tracheal
lining
...
Identify the four phases of pertussis
...
The first phase is the incubation phase
...

b
...
This can last one to two weeks, and is when the bacteria and
patient are most infectious
...
The third phase is the paroxysmal phase, and is characterized by the ciliary action of the
tracheal walls being impaired, with large amounts of mucus secretion
...
This phase can last two to four weeks,
and can become as severe as breaking a rib or death due to lack of oxygen from such
prolonged periods of coughing
...
The fourth phase is called the convalescent phase, where all of the symptoms diminish
...
This can lead to bacteremia, pneumonia, seizures, and
encephalopathy
...
Describe the symbiotic relationship that enables L
...

a
...

b
...

2
...
Legionnaire’s disease is a potentially fatal lung infection caused by the bacterium
Legionella pneumophilia
...
Predominately acquired by inhaling small contaminated droplets from large air
conditioning cooling systems, humidifiers, hot tubs or other environmental equipment
that produces contaminated aerosol water droplets
...
Symptoms include fever, chills, mild respiratory infection, occasional diarrhea, acute
respiratory distress, cough, and shortness of Breath
...
Why was L
...
Legionella pneumophila appears in moist environment samples, despite its demanding
nutritional requirements
...
But before 1976, it was largely unknown
...

c
...




---