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Lab 14: Intro
• Waves of life – frequency (Hz)
o Human heart: ~1Hz, human speech ~1000hz, hummingbird heart ~100Hz
• Sampling:
o S > 2F: sampling rate should be more than twice the signals frequency (greater
than but not equal to)
o Aliasing: the distortion of data caused by improper sampling
...
For a slowly-changing signal (breathing, for example), a sample rate of 200
samples per second is more appropriate
...

o Low-pass: passes signals with a frequency lower than a certain cutoff frequency
and attenuates signals with frequencies higher than
the cutoff frequency
...

o Notch: passes all frequencies above and below a
particular range set by the component values
...

Lab 15: Cardio
• Human heart:
o has 4 chambers: two atria and two ventricles
...
The right ventricle
pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs
...

o AV values: “lub” sound; during ventricular contraction they remain closed to
prevent blood flow backward into the atria
...

o Valves are controlled by pressure gradient:
§ atrium > ventricle av open … vice versa
...

• ECG:
o P wave: generated by atrial depolarization, first short upward movement on the
ECG
...


o QRS complex: begins with a
downward deflection Q, a
larger upward deflection, a
peak (R), and downward S
wave
...

o PR interval: indicates transit
time for the signal to travel from the sinus node to the ventricles
...

• Blood pressure:
o (Systolic pressure -when heart beats) 120/80 (diastolic pressure –when heart
relaxes) mmHg
o Dicrotic notch (a small plateau or dip in the pressure wave) is caused by the
closure of the aortic valve
...

• Actin (thin filament):
o G-actin: globular protein; àF-actin: filament; polymerization of G actin subunits,
forms a double helix to double string of pearls; associated with regulatory
proteins: troponin and tropmyosin
...
Binds to actin
...
(tail form thick filament, heads point towards thin filaments)
...
Ex: bicep curls, freestyle
• Isomeric: muscle contraction, but no change in muscle length
...
Inc
...
force
• Summation: increase in the frequency with which a muscle is stimulated increases the
strength of contraction
...
freq stimulation= incr
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•

Termination:
o reduction of Ca++ from 1000 nM to 100 nM (resting level)
o Mediated by repolarization of t-tubule membrane – DHP receptor “blocks”
ryanodine-receptor channel Ca++ pumped back into SR via Ca++-ATPase (pump)
Cross Bridge cycle

Lab 17 & 18: Design experiment
• Means and variability
o t-test values are used to quantify the probability that 2 samples come from the
same or from different populations
...

§ Single factor ANOVAs are used to compare the level of difference among
2 or more columns of data
§ Two-way ANOVAs are used to compare differences among columns and
rows of data
...

• Dipeptide bonds: two amino acids joined by a peptide bond
...

• 3°: tertiary, salt group, disulfide bridges
...
Multi polypeptides
...

o IgG heavy and light
chain are connected by
a disulfide bond
creating a Y shape
...

Lab 21: ELSA
• Complement-independent antibodies are capable of attacking antigens themselves
(instead of binding to them and blocking/ tagging them)
...
They are a collection of immunoglobulin molecules that react against a
specific antigen, each identifying a different epitope
...

• Monoclonal antibodies: antibodies that come from a single cell lineage, all epitopes
bond to the same position/ site
...

o For Borrelia bacteria, the
monoclonal CB2antibody binds
an epitope on OspB, an exposed
lipoproteins on the bacteria’s
surface
...

However, mutations occurring at
this epitope are common and
allow mutant Borrelia to escape
...

o Borrelia that survive after growth in the absence of CB2 Ab will have an OspB
that is recognized by the CB2 Ab in the ELISA
...

o Borrelia that survive after growth in the presence of CB2 Ab will have an OspB
that has mutated such that the CB2 will no longer bind its epitope (ie: CB2 will
not bind or it will have a lower level of binding in the ELISA)
...
e
...

o Borrelia that survive after growth in the presence of CB2 will have a mutated
OspB not recognized by CB2 but it will be recognized by a different anti-OspB
antibody (polyclonal) - demonstrating that the CB2 epitope in OspB was mutated
and these Borrelia have grown by being naturally selected for by CB2
...

Lab 22: Protein Crystallization
• Gel Filtration:
o Gel filtration column: separate molecules based on size (larger drip out of
bottom faster)
...

• Crystallization:
o Hanging drop vapor diffusion method:
§ A “drop” of the desired protein and a mixture of different solutions sits on
the underside of a cover slip, (thus “hanging”)
...

§ Over time, water will vaporize from the drop into the well due to the
differing concentrations of solution
...
The drop
will lose enough water, supersaturate, and then crystallize
...
Areas where the rays are
diffracted are recorded as points by a screen or a detector àspot patterns
...

o

Lab 23: Competency Exam stuff
• % sol = [w(s)/v(s)]*100
o ex: 6
...
6g
• C1V1=C2V2
o Ex: (1)(x)=(0
...
5mL à 1500-1
...
5 mL
• Heart rate formula: 60*(# pulses/ delta T)
Lab 24: Hydrogen bonds and Amino acid structures
• Hydrogen bonds
o Intramolecular
o Intermolecular
o Hold secondary structures
• R groups are found pointing to the outside of a helix
• Membranes are hydrophobic on the inside
...

o Elongates the mycolic fatty acid chains, attaches with hydrophobic domain
§ If its not there à thin cell wall for TB and it can get attacked by
o Alpha helix 6,7,10 à blocks TLM (antibacterial) from binding (only in TB not
other bacteria like Ecoli
...

• LipB
o Required for successful cell survivalà plays a role in cell metabolism
o Enzyme functions solely to transfer an acyl group: Octanoic acid (TB)

§

•

•

•

After octanoyl is passed to an acceptor domain by LipB, it is altered to
form lipoic acid, a fatty acid essential to the metabolism of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
...

Fts Z
o Dimer à subunit a has important stuff (not b)
...

§ Interactions with the T7 loop at the GTPase site on neighboring subunit B
causes GTP hydrolysis, which creates a bent longitudinal dimer form
§ This generates the contraction force necessary for cytokinesis
Ddl
o
o
o
o

Composed by two amino acid chains
Joins 2 molecules of D-al together à helps bacteria make cell wall
...

§ Cys attacks the peptide bond of the protein to be broken
...
The
N-terminal side gets released
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