Notesale: Turn your study into money

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Reasons for treating:
Protect public health
Protect surface-water quality
Meet legal requirements

Lecture 2
Why treat water and
wastewater?

Specific concern: Pathogenic organisms
Pathogen = specific agent causing disease
Pathogenic = capable of causing disease

Pathogenic microorganisms

Biological pathogens

~ 4billion years ago
~ 3billion years ago

Pathogen

Size, µm

Bacteria
Chlorobi

Cyanobacteria

Viruses

Halophiles Methanogens

10-1 – 10
10-2 – 10-1

Gram-positive
bacteria

Proteo-bacteria

10 – 102

Nematode helminth worms

{

{

Protozoa
Protozoa

1 – 105

Trematode helminth worms

1 – 105

Green algae

Plantae

{

Bacteriodetes
Gram-positive bacteria

BACTERIA

Animalia

ARCHAEA

Fungi

EUKARYA

Tapeworms

~40 (egg)
up 6 m (worm)

Note: filter sand is 100 to 103 µm, can strain particles to ~30 µm

Figure by MIT OCW
...
Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Developing Countries
...
23
...
1
...
coli
Resides in lower intestines
of warm-blooded
animals
Usually non-pathogenic
Used as indicator of fecal
contamination

The images for this and subsequent slides, except where noted, are
available from Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc
...

The images for this and subsequent slides, ex Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc
...

http://www
...
com/PublicHtml/Edu-Splash
...
denniskunkel
...
asp
...
January 29, 2005

Fecal streptococci
Includes
enterococci
Also used as
indicator of
fecal
contamination

Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc
...

http://www
...
com/PublicHtml/Edu-Splash
...
Accessed January
29, 2005
...
coli (0157:H7) hemorrhagic type
...
Potentially fatal to humans, contracted when
contaminated meat is cooked inadequately
...
File Name: 96540E

File Name: 96444C

Type of Image: SEM

Category: Bacteria

Magnification: x4,390-- (Based on a 35mm slide image of 24mm in the narrow
dimension)

Type of Image: SEM
Magnification: x3,000-- (Based on a 35mm slide image of 24mm in the narrow
dimension)
Keywords 96444C
...
coli Escherichia coli facultatively anaerobic Gramnegative hemorrhagic human disease infection prokaryote rod enteric bacterial
pathogen intestinal tract infection enterohemorrhagic EHEC strain zoonoses
zoonotic microorganism 0157
Non-copyright images at: http://www
...
gov/Publications/Currents/Archive/Mar-052004
...
niaid
...
gov/biodefense/images/e_coli
...
TIF bacteria bacterial pathogen bacterium cocci coccoid coccus
division Enterococcus faecium Gram-positive human disease infection prokaryote
skin infection vancomycin resistant Enterococci VRE wound infection

Salmonella typhi
Causes typhoid
fever
Other salmonella
species cause
gastroenteritis

Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc
...

http://www
...
com/PublicHtml/Edu-Splash
...
Accessed January
29, 2005
...

File Name: 96430B
Category: Bacteria
Type of Image: SEM
Magnification: x5,530-- (Based on a 35mm slide image of 24mm in the narrow
dimension)
Keywords 96430B
...

Cause campylobacteriosis
(diarrhea, cramping,
abdominal pain, fever)

Source: Lethbridge Centre for Research, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2003
...
agr
...
htm
...

Accessed January 29, 2004

Legionella spp
...
, 2004
...
denniskunkel
...
asp
...


Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc
...

http://www
...
com/PublicHtml/Edu-Splash
...
Accessed January
29, 2005
...


Caption Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Gram-negative, aerobic, enteric, rod
prokaryote (dividing)
...
This bacterium produces a blue-green
pigment, pyocyanin, which characterizes the bluish pus produced by the infection
...
TIF aerobic bacilli bacillus bacteria bacterial pathogen bacterium
Gram-negative human disease infection Legionella pneumophila legionellosis
Legionnaire's disease pneumonia prokaryote rod

File Name: 97270A
Category: Bacteria
Type of Image: SEM
Magnification: x3,000-- (Based on a 35mm slide image of 24mm in the narrow
dimension)
Keywords 97270A
...

Causes bacillary dysentery

Vibrio cholera
Causes cholera

Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc
...

http://www
...
com/PublicHtml/Edu-Splash
...
Accessed January
29, 2005
...
, 2004
...
denniskunkel
...
asp
...


Caption: Shigella dysenteriae - Gram-negative, enteric, facultatively anaerobic, rod
prokaryote; causes bacterial dysentery
...

File Name: 21200C
Category: Medical
Type of Image: SEM
Magnification: x2,200-- (Based on a 35mm slide image of 24mm in the narrow
dimension)
Keywords 21200C
...

File Name: 96436B
Category: Bacteria
Type of Image: SEM
Magnification: x2,130-- (Based on a 35mm slide image of 24mm in the narrow
dimension)
Keywords 96436B
...
Vibrio vulnificus
...
February 17, 2004
...
cdc
...
htm
...

Figure from: National Microbial Pathogen Data Resource Center, 2005
...
http://www
...
org/index
...
Accessed September 8, 2005
...
, 2004
...
denniskunkel
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asp
...

Caption Polio virus; RNA virus, Picornaviridae Family
...
TIF human human disease infection Family Picornaviridae polio
RNA virus viral pathogen virion virus viruses

Other viruses
Enteric viruses – gastrointestinal illness
Adenoviruses – respiratory and eye infections
Noroviruses – Norwalk viruses – gastrointestinal
illness (“cruise ship disease”)
Hepatitus A virus – infectious hepatitis

Cryptosporidium parvum
Causes gastrointestinal
illness
Picture shows cyst stage

Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc
...

http://www
...
com/PublicHtml/Edu-Splash
...
Accessed January
29, 2005
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A zoonotic microorganism, it passes in water to humans
causing the microsporidial intestinal infection known as cryptosporidiosis
...
TIF AIDS animal disease aquatic calf feces contaminated fresh
water cryptosporidiosis Cryptosporidium parvum cyst eukaryote human disease
immunodeficiency intestine microsporidia microsporidial infection parasite parasitic
plankton polluted pollution protozoa protozoal pathogen protozoan secondary
infection zoonotic microorganism zooplankton

Entamoeba histolytica
Causes amoebic dysentery

Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc
...

http://www
...
com/PublicHtml/Edu-Splash
...
Accessed January
29, 2005
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A
parasitic amoeba that causes amebic dysentery & ulcers (vegetative trophozoite
stage)
...

They invade the intestine but may spread to the liver, lungs and other tissues,
causing abscesses to develop
...
The cysts develop into the pathogenic trophozoite
forms seen here
...
Entamoeba
histolytica occurs worldwide, with up to 50% of the population being infected with it
primarily in warmer climates
...
File Name: 21063B
Category: Medical
Type of Image: SEM
Magnification: x700-- (Based on a 35mm slide image of 24mm in the narrow
dimension)
Keywords 21063B
...
01
...
, 2004
...
denniskunkel
...
asp
...

Caption Giardia lamblia - a human parasite of the gastrointestinal tract
...

Giardia spp
...
They cause the
disease giardiasis (or lambliasis), an infection of the small intestine most common in
tropical areas
...
attaches by means of sucking discs to microvilli in the
human intestine
...

File Name: 21071B
Category: Protozoa
Type of Image: SEM
Magnification: x1,000-- (Based on a 35mm slide image of 24mm in the narrow
dimension)
Keywords 21071B
...
, 2004
...
denniskunkel
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asp
...

Right picture Caption Giardia lamblia - a protozoan (cyst stage) found in water
contaminated by animal feces
...

File Name: 96051F
Category: Protozoa
Type of Image: SEM
Magnification: x1,435-- (Based on a 35mm slide image of 24mm in the narrow
dimension)
Keywords 96051F
...

File Name: 30005B
Category: Medical
Type of Image: TEM
Magnification: x1,820-- (Based on a 35mm slide image of 24mm in the narrow
dimension)
Keywords 30005B
...
Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern,
Parasites and Health, Giardiasis, Public Information Fact Sheet
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dpd
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gov/dpdx/HTML/Giardiasis
...
htm
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Accessed January
30, 2005
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, Alexandre J
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Lilley, and Norman
J
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Morphologic and Molecular Characterization of New Cyclospora
Species from Ethiopian Monkeys: C
...
n
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colobi sp
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, and C
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n
...
Vol
...
5
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http://www
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gov/ncidod/eid/vol5no5/eberhard
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Accessed January 30,
2005
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–
schistosomiasis (bilharzia or
snail fever)
Clonorchis sinensis – liver fluke
in East Asia
Fascukopis buski – liver fluke in
East Asia
Infection rates approach 100%
in developing countries

Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc
...

http://www
...
com/PublicHtml/Edu-Splash
...
Accessed January
29, 2005
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The adult parasites
are small cylindrical worms 0
...
5mm long
...
The posterior end of the male
worm is equiped with a characteristic copulatory bursa, used to catch and hold the
female nematode during mating
...
When
mature they hatch to liberate a rhabditiform larvae
...
After migrating through the lungs they settle in the gut and become sexually
mature
...

File Name: 23020A
Category: Misc
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TIF 01
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03 animal disease buccal capsule buccal cavity
copulatory bursa dog hookworm hookworm hookworm teeth human disease
intestine invertebrate invertebrates misc
...
ips
...
html

Schistosoma life cycle

Taeniases
Tapeworms
Attach to intestine wall

Source: CDC, 2004
...

http://www
...
cdc
...
htm
...
Accessed
January 30, 2005
...
, 2004
...
denniskunkel
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asp
...

Caption Mammal intestine tapeworm (Taenia taeniformis)
...
Note the
predominant hooks used for attachment to the intestinal wall
...
In some instances the tapeworm can be
transmitted to humans
...
Body segments called proglottids are budded off from the
head and neck region of the tapeworm while the tapeworm grows in the intestine
...
Three well known species are:
Taenia solium, the pork tapeworm; Taenia pisiformis, the dog tapeworm; Taenia
saginata, the human tapeworm
...
Adult tapeworms may grow 5-10 meters in length
...
Invertebrates
Type of Image: SEM
Magnification: x22-- (Based on a 35mm slide image of 24mm in the narrow
dimension)
Keywords 23312bw
...
01
...
invertebrates parasite parasitic Taenia Taenia taeniformis tapeworm
zoonoses zoonosis zoonotic

Useful resources
Supplemental reading on Stellar web site for course 1
...
cdc
...
htm
http://www
...
gov/ncidod/diseases/index
...
cdc
...
htm
Pronunciation guide:
http://www
...
edu/faculty/chamberlain/Website/studio
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denniskunkel
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epa
...
html#organic
Chemical classes:
Pesticides and herbicides
Organic solvents
Fuel components
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons

Chemical contaminants in drinking water
Organic chemicals

Disinfection byproducts

Inorganic chemicals

Radionuclides

Physical and aesthetic characteristics

“Emerging pollutants”


Organic chemical
Health effect of organic chemicals:
Carcinogenicity – cause or suspected to cause
cancer
Teratogenicity (terra-tau-genicity) – cause birth
defects

Nervous system impairment

Liver and other organ impairment

Reproductive impairment


Disinfection byproducts

Trihalomethanes
Chloroform

Disinfection with chlorine causes reaction
byproducts with organic matter in water

Bromodichloromethane
Cl

Cl
Cl

Main classes of chemicals:
TTHMs – Total trihalomethanes
HAA5 – Five haloacetic acids

C

Br

Cl

Chlorodibromomethane

Bromoform
Br

Cl
Br

C

Br

Br

Monochloroacetic acid

Dichloroacetic acid

H
Cl

C

C

Br

H

H

Five haloacetic acids

Cl

H

H

All are suspected human carcinogens

C

Inorganic chemicals

Trichloroacetic acid
Cl

Chemical

Adverse effect

COOH

H

H

C

COOH

C
H


Br
COOH


H

C
Br

COOH

COOH

Blood disorders

Arsenic

Skin damage, cancer

Barium

Increased blood pressure
Intestinal lesions

Cadmium

Kidney damage

Chromium

Dibromoacetic acid

H

Br

C
Cl

Cl
Bromoacetic acid


Cl

Antimony

Beryllium

Cl

Dermatitis

Copper

Gastrointestinal, liver or kidney damage

Inorganic chemicals
Chemical

Adverse effect

Cyanide

Nervous system impairment

Fluoride

Impaired mental development

Mercury

Kidney damage, birth defects

Nitrate

Methemoglobinemia (blue-baby syndrome)

Selenium

Hair loss, circulatory problems

Sodium

High blood pressure

Thallium

Blood, kidney, liver, intestinal effects

Radioactive decay releases ionizing radiation
which can cause cancer:

Dental fluorosis (staining), bone disease

Lead

Radionuclides

Physical and aesthetic characteristics
Property

Adverse effect

Alpha particles – two protons and two neutrons
Beta particles – electrons

Radium-226, Radium-228 – can cause cancer
Uranium – kidney damage, can cause cancer
Alpha radiation, radium and uranium all occur
naturally

Physical and aesthetic characteristics
Property

Adverse effect

Turbidity

Harbors bacteria, interferes with treatment

Iron

Stains laundry and fixtures

Color, odor

Aesthetic

Manganese Stains laundry and fixtures

Silver

Cause argyria (turns skin blue)

Copper

Stains laundry and fixtures

Sulfate

Laxative effect

Detergents

Causes water to foam

Chloride

Salty taste

pH

Pipe corrosion, impaired taste

TDS

Salty taste, scaling of pipes

Phenols

Taste and odor

Hardness

Cause deposits on bathroom fixtures

Emerging pollutants
MTBE
Methyl tertiary butyl ether

Perchlorate
ClO4–

O

C
CH3

CH3

O

Cl
O

For regulated compounds:
http://www
...
gov/safewater/mcl
...
epa
...
html
http://www
...
gov/safewater/ccl/perchlorate/perchlorate
...
epa
...
htm

U
...
Safe Drinking Water Act
Primary Drinking Water
Standards:
legally enforceable
standards
apply to public water
systems
protect public health by
limiting the levels of
contaminants in drinking
water

Secondary Drinking Water
Standards:
non-enforceable guidelines
regulate contaminants that
may cause cosmetic
effects or aesthetic effects
recommended to water
systems but compliance
not required by EPA

40

Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs)

http://www
...
gov/safewater/mcl
...
Effects of Polluting Discharges on the Thames Estuary
...

11
...


City of London WWTPs

Northern sewage works

Southern sewage works

Images courtesy of Water Pollution Research Laboratory, 1964
...
Water Pollution Research Technical Paper No
...
Water Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Scientific & Industrial Research, London
...


Images courtesy of Water Pollution Research Laboratory, 1964
...
Water Pollution Research Technical Paper No
...

Water Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Scientific & Industrial Research,
London
...
The horizontal axis is time and shows the duration
of anaerobic conditions
...
The vertical axis is distance in river miles and shows the length of the
river experiencing anaerobic conditions
...


Images courtesy of Water Pollution Research Laboratory, 1964
...
Water Pollution Research Technical Paper No
...

Water Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Scientific & Industrial Research,
London
...


Description of water pollution in the Thames River in 1949
...

1866 – New sewers completed
...

1891 – Sedimentation channels constructed to provide primary treatment of sewage
enhanced by addition of lime and ferrous sulphate
...

1932-1946 – Activated sludge secondary treatment constructed at Northern
Sewage Works
...

1950 – Anaerobic reach of river is 30 miles long, sulphide production becomes a
concern
...
(Southern Works has only primary treatment
...


Courtesy of Water Pollution Research Laboratory, 1964
...
Water Pollution Research Technical Paper No
...
Water
Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Scientific & Industrial Research, London
...
HIUS 316 - Viewing America: the United States from 1945 to the Present
...
http://www
...
virginia
...
html
...
Also from Yu, Paul, 1998
...
http://www
...
nasa
...
htm
...
circa 1970

Courtesy of John E
...


Blackstone River, Mass
...
Swedberg, used with permission
...
, Dana W
...
Meyer, E
...
Furlong, Steven D
...
Barber, 2002
...
S
...
Open-File Report 02-94 U
...
Geological Survey, Iowa City, Iowa
...

usgs
...
html, accessed October 31, 2005
...
, editor, 1995
...
Circular 1133
...
S
...
http://pubs
...
gov/circ/circ1133/, Accessed October 31, 2005
...
coli

Units

U
...

European
EPA
Union
number/100 ml
Detected in <5%
0
of samples
Arsenic
µg/l
10
10
Copper
mg/l
1
...
0
11
...
3
200/100/100/60a
250
No guideline
10
4
40
70



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