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PIPING ENGINEERING – DEFINITION, INTERNATIONAL CODES &
STANDARDS
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Definition of Piping

Pipe is a pressure tight cylinder used to convey a fluid or to transmit a fluid
pressure, ordinarily designated pipe in applicable material specifications
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Piping is an assembly of piping components used to convey, distribute, mix,
separate, discharge, meter, control or snub fluid flows
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Piping components are mechanical elements suitable for joining or assembly
into pressure-tight fluid containing piping systems
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Piping is typically round
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2 Piping Nomenclature, Components
Graphic of piping system illustrating
• header
• Branch connection
• Valve
• Flange
• Expansion joint
• Expansion loop
• Pipe support
• Reducer
• Elbow

Pipe system essentials:
Take off

• Branch run

Stub in

• Branch fitting connection made to
header by direct attachment of
branch

Branch reinforcement

• Material added in the vicinity of a
branch opening to restore the
mechanical integrity of the pipe

NPS

• Nominal pipe size

Pipe support

• Support elements which serve to
maintain the structural integrity of the
piping system, these are typically
non-linear elements

Spring support

• Support provided by an element
composed of a spring assembly,
these are linear support elements

Snubber

• Support provided by an element
composed of a non-linear, damping
element

Category D

• Within reference of B31
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3, a service
classification

Expansible fluid

• Any vapour or gaseous substance,
any liquid under such pressure and
temperature such that when pressure
is reduced to atmospheric, will
change to a gas

Hydro test

• Test pressure = 1
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3 Regulatory Acts, Codes & Standards
Codes
Codes are rules for the design of prescribed systems which are given the force
of law through provincial, state and federal legislation
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Boilers and Pressure Vessels Regulation
• Prescribes requirements for registration of pressure vessels, boilers, pressure
piping and fittings

Design, Construction and Installation of Boilers and Pressure Vessels Regulations
• Cites the codes and “bodies of rules” that form part of the regulations
• CSA B51 Boiler, Pressure Vessel and Pressure Piping Code
• CSA B52 Mechanical Refrigeration Code
• CAN/CSA Z184 Gas Pipeline Systems
• ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code
• ASME B31 Pressure Piping Codes
• B31
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3 Process Piping
• B31
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5 Refrigeration Piping
• ANSI K61
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Interstate
pipeline facilities are defined by the:
• Code of Federal Regulations, Title 49
• Part 192 Transportation of Natural and Other Gas by Pipeline – Minimum
Federal Safety Standards
• Part 193 Liquefied Natural Gas Facilities
• Part 195 Transportation of Hazardous Liquids by Pipeline

Other pipeline pressure piping codes include:
• ASME B31
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8 Gas Transmission and Distribution Systems

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1 Power Piping
Piping typically found in electric power generating stations, in industrial and
institutional plants, geothermal heating systems and central and district
heating and cooling plants
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3 Process Piping
Piping typically found in petroleum refineries, chemical, pharmaceutical,
textile, per, semiconductor and cryogenic plants and related processing
plants and terminals
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4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other
Liquids
Piping transporting products which are predominately quid between plants
and terminals and within terminals, pumping, regulating, and metering
stations
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5 Refrigeration Piping
Piping for refrigerants and secondary coolants
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8 Gas Transportation and Distribution Piping Systems
Piping transporting products which are predominately gas between sources
and terminals including compressor, regulating and metering stations, gas
gathering pipelines
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9 Building Services Piping
Piping typically found in industrial, institutional, commercial and public
buildings and in multi-unit residences which does not require the range of sizes,
pressures and temperatures covered in B311
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11Slurry Transportation Piping Systems
Piping transporting aqueous slurries between plants and terminals within
terminals, pumping and regulating stations
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1 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
B16
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4 Cast Iron Threaded Fittings, Classes 125 and 250

B16
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9 Factory Made Wrought Steel Buttwelding Fittings
B16
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11 Forged Fittings, Socket Welding and Threaded
B16
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14 Ferrous Pipe Plugs, Bushings and Locknuts with Pipe Threads
B16
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18 Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pressure Fittings
B16
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21 Nonmetallic Flat Gaskets for Pipe Flanges
B16
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23 Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Drainage Fittings – DWV
B16
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25 Buttwelding Ends
B16
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28 Wrought Steel Buttwelding Short Radius Elbows and Returns
B16
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32 Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Fittings for Sovent Drainage Systems
B16
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34 Valves – Flanged, Threaded and Welding End
B16
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37 Hydrostatic Testing of Control Valves
B16
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39 Malleable Iron Threaded Pipe Unions, Classes 1150, 250 and 300
B16
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42 Ductile Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, Class 150 and 300
B16
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10 Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe
B36
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1 Horizontal, End Suction Centrifugal Pumps
B73
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2 Basic Gas Turbine

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NFC - NFPA Codes
National Fire Code / National Fire Protection Association
NFPA 99 Health Care Facilities Code

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3 Rigid Poly-Vinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipe
B 137
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1 Mild Steel Covered Arc-Welding Electrodes
W 48
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1 Steel Line Pipe
Z 245
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12 Steel Flanges
Z 245
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20 External Fusion Bond Epoxy Coating for Steel Pipe
Z 245
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4 MSS Standard Practices
These are piping and related component standards developed by the
Manufacturer’s Standardization Society
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The pipeline industry makes extensive use of
these piping component and quality acceptance standards
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5 API
American Petroleum Institute

The API standards are focused on oil production, refinery and product
distribution services
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Spec
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6D Pipeline Valves
Spec
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12D Field Welded Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids
Spec
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12J Oil and Gas Separators
Spec
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594 Wafer and Wafer-Lug Check Valves
Std
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599 Metal Plug Valves - Flanged and Butt-Welding Ends
Std
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602 Compact Steel Gate Valves-Flanged Threaded, Welding, and
Extended-Body Ends
Std
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607 Fire Test for Soft-Seated Quarter-Turn Valves
Std
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609 Lug-and Wafer-Type Butterfly Valves
Std
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611 General Purpose Steam Turbines for Refinery Services
Std
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613 Special Purpose Gear Units for Refinery Services
Std
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615 Sound Control of Mechanical Equipment for Refinery Services
Std
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617 Centrifugal Compressors for General Refinery Services
Std
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619 Rotary-Type Positive Displacement Compressors for General Refinery
Services

Std
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630 Tube and Header Dimensions for Fired Heaters for Refinery Service
Std
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660 Heat Exchangers for General Refinery Service
Std
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670 Vibrations, Axial Position, and Bearing-Temperature Monitoring Systems
Std
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674 Positive Displacement Pumps-Reciprocating
Std
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676 Positive Displacement Pumps-Rotary
Std
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678 Accelerometer-Base Vibration Monitoring System
Std
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2000 Venting Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage Tanks - NonRefrigerated and Refrigerated
RP 530 Calculation for Heater Tube Thickness in Petroleum Refineries
RP 560 Fired Heater for General Refinery Services
RP 682 Shaft Sealing System for Centrifugal and Rotary Pumps
RP 1110 Pressure Testing of Liquid Petroleum Pipelines
Publ
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2009 Safe Welding and Cutting Practices in Refineries
Publ
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6 ASTM
There are numerous American Society for Testing and Materials designations
cover the specification of wrought materials, forgings and castings used for
plate, fittings, pipe and valves
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Some of the more material standards referenced are:
A 36 Specification for Structural Steel
A 53 Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot –Dipped, Zinc Coated Welded
and Seamless
A 105 Specification for Forgings, Carbon Steel, for Piping Components

A 106 Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High Temperature
Service
A 181 Specification for Forgings, Carbon Steel for General Purpose Piping
A 182 Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings,
and Valves and Parts for High Temperature Service
A 193 Specification for Alloy Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for High
Temperature Service
A 194 Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for High Pressure
and High Temperature Service
A 234 Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel
for Moderate and Elevated Temperatures
A 333 Specification for Seamless and Welded Steel Pipe for Low Temperature
Service
A 350 Specification for Forgings, Carbon and Low Alloy Steel Requiring Notch
Toughness Testing for Piping Components
A 352 Specification for Steel Castings, Ferritic and Martensitic for Pressure
Containing Parts Suitable for Low Temperature Service
A 420 Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel
for Low Temperature Service
A 694 Specification for Forgings, carbon and Alloy Steel for Pipe Flanges,
Fittings, Valves and Parts for High Pressure Transmission Service
A 707 Specification for Flanges, Forged, Carbon and Alloy Steel for Low
Temperature Service

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