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Cytology-Chapter 3
1
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Can make new cells: reproduce-mitosis
b
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Inorganic compounds (Na+ Cl- +H2O)
d
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Measured in units called micrometers (1 micrometer = 1/1000 millimeter)
f
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Cytology: study of the cells
a
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Development of the cell theory: (Historical)
a
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17th century English scientist
ii
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“Father of Cytology”
b
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Scottish Botanist
ii
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Anton Van Leeuwenhoek:
i
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Used the microscope to view blood, rain water, lice, etc
...
“Father of Microbiology”
d
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J
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Stated that all plant and animal tissues were composed of groups of cells
ii
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Felix Dujardin: (1835)
i
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Stated: single celled organisms are self-sufficient living things
iii
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Mathias Schleiden:
i
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Said all plants are composed of cells
g
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1838 German Zoologist
ii
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Rudolf Virchow:
i
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Living cells can only be produced by other living cells
iii
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Cell Theory
a
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All plants and animals are composed of cells
c
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Developed by Schleiden and Schwann

5
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Unicellular Organism: any living things composed of one cell
i
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May form identical colony: group of alike cells that live together
b
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Examples: homo sapiens
1
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Red blood cells: carry O2
b
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Platelets: clot blood
2
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Metabolic Activities of the Cell
a
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Nutrition: use of food for energy and growth
i
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Digestion: break down of food into simpler substances for use by the cell
i
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Carbs: Glycolysis and Krebs cycle
iii
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Lipids: hydrolysis
d
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Examples: nutrients and water
e
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Biosynthesis: continuous production of new compounds for the growth repair and
maintenance of a cell
i
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Fatty acids + glycerol  triglycerides
iii
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Secretions: release of substances within a cell
i
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Cellular respiration:
i
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Excretions: removal of waste products from a cell to avoid toxicity
j
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It can occur internally or externally
k
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Cells reproduced by a process of binary fission (cell splitting) and mitosis
7
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Prokaryotes: “before the nucleus”
i
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DNA isn’t scattered throughout the cytoplasm
iii
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Limited life span
v
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Eukaryotes: “true nucleus”
i
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Its organelles are enclosed in membranes
iii
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Highly organized cell
v
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Examples: animals and homo sapiens
Cell Anatomy
1
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Nucleus- a large oval structure within a cell that is the control center of the cells
and directs cell activity
i
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Most cells have only one nucleus
1
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Parts of the nucleus
1
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Selectively permeable
b
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Nucleoplasm:
a
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Shock absorber; helps suspends material
c
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Nucleolus (nucleoli):
a
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Composition: RNA and protein
c
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Plays an indirect role in protein synthesis and forms
ribosomes
4
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Appear as a large irregular mass of thin threads
b
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Forms the chromosomes during cell reproduction
d
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
1
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In living cells the cytoplasm is always moving because they
are adapting to different situations
b
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Many metabolic functions occur here
d
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Organelles of the Cytoplasm
1
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Found on the surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum
b
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These proteins are responsible for the growth, repair, and
maintenance of a cell
2
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Canal-like membrane system within the cytoplasm
b
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Has ribosomes on its surface so its job is protein synthesis
and protein transport
3
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No ribosomes on surface
b
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Mitochondria:
a
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Large oval or rod-shaped structure
c
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Main function: continues the breakdown of glucose which
began in the cytoplasm and this produces energy
e
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Vesicles:
a
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Valcuoles (large in plant cells)
c
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They’re the temporary dumping sites for waste products
6
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Small organelles which contain digestive enzymes
b
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AKA “garbage disposal” units
d
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Join with vesicles to digest their contents
f
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Golgi Apparatus (bodies):
a
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3-20 sacs make it up
c
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Microfilaments:
a
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“rod-like”
c
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Involved in the change of shape of a cell
9
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Thin, hollow tubes
b
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Act as cytoskeleton (maintains shape of cell)
d
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Centriole:
a
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In cells not reproducing they’re located at opposite ends of
the cell
c
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They forms the poles of the cell during cell reproduction
11
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Located in liver cells
b
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AKA: peroxidases
d
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Decreases hydrogen peroxide
f
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Cell membrane:
a
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Considered to be living part of the cell
c
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In living cell its always moving for adaptation
e
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Insoluble in H2O; head-hydrophilic (loves H2O); tailhydrophbic
g
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Examples: nutrients, gases, waste materials, and
secretions
h
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Helps with homeostasis
j
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External Cell Features
1
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Flagella/Flagellum: has long whip-like tail and there’s normally
one per cell (bacteria)
Function: mobility
3
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Homeostasis: idea of the cell (must maintain this)
a
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AKA “physical transport”
ii
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Gradient (diffusion): the degree of difference between 2 divided areas;
determined by the concentration of particles on the inside and outside if
the cell
iv
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Kinetic energy: particles that are in motion
“Browning Motion”: motion of atoms, ions, and molecules under a
microscope
vi
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Net Diffusion: movement of particles from areas of higher
concentration to areas of lower concentration
2
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Factors that affect the rate of diffusion:
a
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Concentration: the greater the differences in concentration,
the more rapidly the rate of diffusion occurs
c
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Other Factors: size, shape, movement of particles, and
electrical charges
vii
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Examples: water, gases (O2 + CO2), nutrients (carbs, lipids, and
proteins), secretions (enzymes and hormones), vitamins, minerals,
and wastes
viii
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Isotonic solution: equal amounts of solute and solvent on the inside and outside of a cell
2
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H2O rushes in and the cell shells changes in size
3
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Water rushes out and the cell shrinks in size
i
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Osmotic Pressure: pressure which is exerted by H2O on the cell membrane
5
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Loss of turgor pressure is plasmolysis
i
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Membrane can be cell membrane or wall of capillaries
2
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Filter Pressure: force or weight of a fluid pushing against a surface
...
Dialysis: method of transport in which diffusible substances are separated from nondiffusible substances
a
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Example: kidney
7
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AKA “physiological transport”
b
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Goes against the diffusion gradient
d
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Can only move materials through living cell membrane (many make up carrier
molecules)
f
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Types of active transport:
i
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Pinocytosis: small molecules/lipids
iii
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Exocytosis: movement of materials out of a cell
8
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Bulk Flow: process in which proteins travel from one cellular compartment to
another
Examples: blood flow through blood vessels, water falls
b
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Receptor: mediated endocytosis
i
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Form of active transport
d
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Protein molecules act as receptors and specific substances bind to it
1
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Cadherins: cytoplasm side (inside)
a
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Mitosis:

a
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Process which produces somatic cell (body cells)
c
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Parent Cells: original cell doing the division
e
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Stages of Mitosis
i
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Cell carries out normal metabolic functions
2
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Replication of DNA (interphase initiate it)
b
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Prophase:
1
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Chromatids: genes/heredity
b
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Late prophase: microtubules become visible and nuclear
membrane begins to disappear
iii
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Chromosomes (chromatids) move to the equator plane (center of
the cell)
iv
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Chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
2
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Telophase:
1
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Animal cells: cleavage furrow
3
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Plant cells: cell plate formation
5
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Nuclear membrane reappears and chromosome uncoil and
disappear
7
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Two major events that happen during mitosis
i
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Karyokinesis: division of the nucleus
h
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Brain cells: 20-50 years
ii
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Platelets: 10 days

iv
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vi
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Stomach cells: 2 days
Liver cells: 200 days
Intestine cells: 3 days
Skin cells: 20 days



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