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Taxonomic Classifications
Domains
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Bacteria: Prokaryotic cells, lack a nucleus and any other membrane bound organelles, usually have circular DNA with no associated histone/
Most ancient lineages of bacterium are heat loving thermophiles, thought to indicate that life may have begun in environments with high temps
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Uniquely structured membrane lipids
found in no other organisms
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Kingdoms
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Bacteria: Only one kingdom of Bacteria; however many phyla exist
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Some early species were capable of photosynthesis so thought some early bacterial cells would have contained simple photosynthetic machinery
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Crenarchaeota – contain oldest lineages, many still depend on Sulphur or high temperature to survive and are classed as extremophiles,
again suggests that early life began in hot environments
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Eukarchaeota – found in more mixed conditions but most still live in extreme conditions such as halophiles (high salt)
Eukaryotes: 5 main kingdoms
1
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Huge species diversity, all will at some point in their life cycle possess a flagellum (structure & function of which is unique to protoctista)
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3
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Cells are non-motile and possess cellulose cell walls, vacuoles & plasmids
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4
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Usually filamentous and have rigid cell walls composed of chiton
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Possesses fewest phyla & least diverse, have not changed much during their evolutionary history
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Animalia (metazoan) – most numerous in terms of species
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Cells have no rigid cell wall & feeding is heterotrophic usually via particle consumption
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Glossary
Prokaryote – cell lacking a membrane bound nucleus or other organelles
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Archea – prokaryotic but separate form bacteria, they possess unique structure such as membrane lipids and metabolic pathways not seen in bacteria
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Chloroplast – organelles inside plant cells where photosynthesis takes place
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Secondary Endosymbiosis- eukaryote engulfing another eukaryote,
Haploid – Haploid cells only contain a single set of chromosome (i
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Half the amount)
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Taxonomic Hierarchy
Domains

Eukarya

Bacteria

Archea

Eukarya

Prokaryotes

Kingdoms

Animalia

Fungi

Animalia (metazoa)
Bacteria
Protoctista
Euryarchaeota

Phylum

Class

Order

Chordata

Mammalia

Carnivora

Archezoa

Plantae

Crenarchaeota

12 Plant phylum
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All organisms are given binomial names, the first word is always the genus name and the second
word gives the species name, as in the example for the common dog shown on the left
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2 main theories of Eukarya evolution:
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Euk originally arose due to fusion between a bacteria & archea via endosymbiosis
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Mitochondria enable aerobic respiration and chloroplasts enabled cells to photosynthesise
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