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Learning
Chapter 5

Chapter 5 Learning Objective Menu
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1 Learning

What is Learning?
• Learning – any relatively
permanent change in behavior
brought about by experience
or practice
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• Any kind of change in the way an
organism behaves is learning
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Classical conditioning and who first studied it

Pavlov and Classical Conditioning
• Ivan Pavlov – Russian physiologist (person who
studies the workings of the body) who discovered
classical conditioning through his work on digestion
in dogs
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• Unconditioned means “unlearned” or
“naturally occurring
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• Conditioned means “learned
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• Conditioned response (CR) learned reflex response to a
conditioned stimulus
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CS – ice
cream truck
CR –
salivation
when hear
ice cream
truck bell
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Important concepts in classical conditioning

Classical Conditioning
UCS
Dog Bite

CS
Sight of Dog
CS
Sight of Dog

UCR
Frightened

UCS
Dog Bite

UCR
Frightened
CR
Frightened
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Important concepts in classical conditioning

Classical Conditioning
UCS
Kiss

CS
Sight of
Significant Other
CS
Sight of
Significant Other

UCR
Racing Heart

UCS
Kiss

UCR
Racing Heart
CR
Racing Heart
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Pavlov’s classic experiment in conditioning

Classical Conditioning Concepts
Although classical conditioning
happens quite easily, there are a
few basic principles that researchers
have discovered:
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• Stimulus discrimination - the tendency to stop
making a generalized response to a stimulus that
is similar to the original conditioned stimulus
because the similar stimulus is never paired with
the unconditioned stimulus
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Pavlov’s classic experiment in conditioning

Classical Conditioning Concepts
• Reinforcer - any event or object that, when
following a response, increases the likelihood
of that response occurring again
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• Learning is a relatively permanent change in
behavior
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4 Pavlov’s classic experiment in conditioning

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• CERs may lead to phobias – irrational fear
responses
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Conditioned emotional response

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• Conditioned taste aversion - development of
a nausea or aversive response to a particular
taste because that taste was followed by a
nausea reaction, occurring after only one
association
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• Cognitive perspective - modern theory in
which classical conditioning is seen to occur
because the conditioned stimulus provides
information or an expectancy about the
coming of the unconditioned stimulus
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Operant conditioning and Thorndike’s law of effect

Operant Conditioning
• Operant conditioning - the learning of
voluntary behavior through the effects of
pleasant and unpleasant consequences
to responses
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Operant conditioning and Thorndike’s law
of effect

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• Gave “operant conditioning”
its name
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• Learning depends on what
happens after the response
— the consequence
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Skinner’s contribution to operant conditioning

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• Primary reinforcer - any reinforcer that is naturally
reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need,
such as hunger, thirst, or touch
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• Negative reinforcement the reinforcement of a
response by the removal,
escape from, or
avoidance of an
unpleasant stimulus
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Important concepts in operant conditioning

Shaping
• Shaping - the reinforcement of
simple steps in behavior that
lead to a desired, more
complex behavior
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• Operantly conditioned responses
also can be generalized to stimuli
that are only similar to the original
stimulus
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One way to deal with
a child’s temper
tantrum is to ignore it
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10 Schedules of reinforcement

Schedules of Reinforcement
• Partial reinforcement effect - the tendency for a
response that is reinforced after some, but not
all, correct responses to be very resistant to
extinction
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• Variable ratio schedule of reinforcement schedule of reinforcement in which the
number of responses required for
reinforcement is different for each trial or
event
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10 Schedules of reinforcement

Schedules of Reinforcement
• Fixed interval schedule - of reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement in which the
interval of time that must pass before
reinforcement becomes possible is always
the same
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11 How punishment affects behavior

Punishment
• Punishment - any event or object that,
when following a response, makes that
response less likely to happen again
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• Punishment by removal - the
punishment of a response by the
removal of a pleasurable stimulus
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11 How punishment affects behavior

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11 How punishment affects behavior

How to Make Punishment More Effective
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• Each animal comes into the world (and the
laboratory) with certain genetically
determined instinctive patterns of behavior
already in place
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• There are some responses that simply
cannot be trained into an animal regardless
of conditioning
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This
“washing” behavior is
controlled by
instinct and difficult to
change even
using operant
techniques
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14 Behavior modification

Behavior Modification
• Behavior modification - the use of operant
conditioning techniques to bring about desired
changes in behavior
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• Time-out - a form of mild punishment by removal in
which a misbehaving animal, child, or adult is placed
in a special area away from the attention of others
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• Applied behavior analysis (ABA) – modern term for a
form of behavior modification that uses shaping
techniques to mold a desired behavior or response
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15 Neurofeedback and how its used

Biofeedback and Neurofeedback
• Biofeedback- the use of feedback about
biological conditions to bring involuntary
responses such as blood pressure and
relaxation under voluntary control
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• 1950s and more intensely in the 1960s,
many psychologists were becoming
aware that cognition, the mental events
that take place inside a person’s mind
while behaving, could no longer be
ignored
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• Group 1 – rewarded each time at end of maze
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• Group 2 – in maze every day; only rewarded on
10th day
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• Group 3 – never rewarded
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• Latent learning - learning that remains hidden
until its application becomes useful
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17 Tolman’s classic study on latent learning

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17 Tolman’s classic study on latent learning

Another example of latent learning

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Insight

Insight
• Insight - the sudden perception of
relationships among various parts of a
problem, allowing the solution to the
problem to come quickly
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• “Aha” moment
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Observational learning

Observational Learning
• Observational learning - learning new
behavior by watching a model perform
that behavior
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Four elements of observational learning

Four Elements of Observational Learning
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(An easy way to remember the four elements of modeling is to
remember the letters AMIM, which stands for the first letters of
each of the four elements)
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Real world example use of conditioning

Real World Example
• Training a cat to
use the toilet will
involve:
• Shaping
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• Positive reinforcement
on a variable schedule

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