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Gross anatomy of the respiratory system
Respiratory system
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Functions of the respiratory system
o Gas exchange
o Olfaction
o Filtration
o Phonation (larynx)
Conducting part responsible for filtration, olfaction and phonation
o Mucus, immunological (BALT, tonsils)
o Warming and humidification of air (cold air can damage cells – can
also cause bronchoconstriction)
Respiratory part responsible for gas exchange

Taken from Pintrest, Respiratory System Function, available at
https://uk
...
com/terra1717/respiratory-system/

Viscera of the thoracic cavity
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Thoracic cavity divided into three components
o Right and left pulmonary cavities – bilateral compartments containing
the lungs and pleurae
o Central mediastinum - compartment intervening between and
completely separating the two pulmonary cavities
 Contains all other thoracic structures e
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heart, thoracic part of
great vessels, thoracic part of trachea, oesophagus, thymus,
some lymph nodes

Taken from Pinterest, humanphysiology2011
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com, available
athttps://uk
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com/source/humanphysiology2011
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com

Taken from Wikipedia
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wikipedia
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)
 Separated from the thoracic wall by a layer of
endothoracic fascia (thin, loose connective tissue)
 Mediastinal (covers lateral aspects of mediastinum)
 Diaphragmatic
 A thin elastic layer of fascia known as the phrenicopleural
fascia connects the pleura with the muscle fibres of the
diaphragm
 Cervical (covers apex of lung; part superior through thoracic
aperture into neck)
 Forms a cup-like dome known as the pleural cupula
 Reinforced by a fibrous extension of the endothoracic
facia known as the suprapleural membrane
Cavity in between the layers is the pleural cavity
o This contains a thin film of serous fluid which lubricates and allows the
membranes to slide over one another during respiration
o Surface tension provides cohesion keeping the lungs in contact with
thoracic walls
Layers are continuous at the hilum
Abrupt lines where the parietal pleura changes direction as it passes (reflects)
from one wall of the plural cavity to another are known as reflection lines
o Sternal, costal and diaphragmatic

Taken from Moore et al, Clinically Oriented Anatomy, Seventh Edition

Taken from Moore et al, Clinically Oriented Anatomy, Seventh Edition

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Lungs do not fully occupy the pulmonary cavities; potential pleura space
o Largest between the costal and diaphragmatic pleura known as the
costodiaphragmatic recesses
o Smaller space posterior to sternum – costomediastinal recesses – left
recess is larger due to cardiac notch

Taken from Clinicalgate
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com/thorax-7/

The lungs
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Vital organ of respiration; function to oxygenate the blood by bringing
inspired air to close relation with venous blood
Normally light, soft and spongy; elastic and recoil
Separated from each other by the mediastinum
Each lung has
o Apex – blunt superior end ascend above 1st rib into root of neck
o Base – concave inferior surface, opposite apex, rests on diaphragm
o Two/three lobes – created by fissures
o Three surfaces – costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic
 Costal is large, smooth, convex; posterior part next to thoracic
vertebrae
 Mediastinal is concave; includes hilum; right lung has
oesophageal groove and cardiac impression, left lung has
groove for aortic arch, descending aorta and oesophagus
 Diaphragmatic is concave; deeper concave on right (liver)
o Three borders – anterior, inferior, posterior
 Anterior is where costal and mediastinal borders meet and
overlap the heart; cardiac notch indents
 Inferior underlies diaphragmatic surface, separating it from the
costal and mediastinal surfaces
 Posterior is where costal and mediastinal surfaces meet
posteriorly; broad and rounded
Right lung has oblique and horizontal fissures, dividing into three lobes –
superior, middle and inferior
o Larger and heavier than left lung, but shorter and wider as diaphragm
higher on right side (due to liver) and heart and pericardium bulge left
o Anterior border is straight
Left lung has oblique fissure, dividing into superior and inferior lobes
o Anterior border has deep cardiac notch
o Due to cardiac notch, the most inferior and anterior part of the inferior
lobe forms a long thin process known as the lingula

Taken from Studyblue
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studyblue
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g
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com, Respiratory System Histology Laboratory Orientation
(Cecily Curtis), available at http://slideplayer
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com,
Bronchial veins, available at http://bodterms
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com/bronchial-veins
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com, Normal Lung Anatomy, available at
http://www
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com/lung_xrays_normal
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e
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g
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net, 6
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slideshare
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ebookshelf
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html?autr=%22Harold+Ellis%22

Taken from Ellis and Mahadevan, Clinical Anatomy: Applied Anatomy for Students and
Junior Doctors, Thirteenth Edition, available online at https://wiley-vch
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de/products/reading-epub/productid/3937367/title/Clinical%2BAnatomy
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Moore et al
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Seventh Edition

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