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Classification, Variation and Inheritance
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Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Kingdoms = animalia, plantae, fungi, protoctista, prokaryotes
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No viruses
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Classified based on
oxygen, bearing young and warm/cold bloodedness
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Continuous or discrete
Favourable variations = adaptations e
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chemosynthetic bacteria
Variation, overproduction, competition, survival (of the fittest), reproduction,
passing on characteristics = natural selection
Resistance to antibiotics provides evidence
Gene = section of DNA that codes for one protein
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Allele = different version of the same gene
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Blood sugar low =
glucagon, glycogen into glucose
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Type 2 diabetes = cells desensitised to insulin
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Hormone = chemical messenger released by an endocrine gland and
transported in the bloodstream to its target organ
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Hypothamalus
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Too hot = sweat evaporates
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Too cold = shivering releases thermal energy
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Vasoconstriction
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ADH
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Sensory = short axon
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Myelin sheath is fatty tissue that insulates the axon
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Synapses = gaps between neurons
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Reflex bypasses brain and goes to spinal cord as CNS
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Response = tropism
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To gravity = gravitropism
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Shaded side = cells elongate
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Gibberellins = another group of plant hormones
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Problems of, and Solutions to, a Changing Environment
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Drug = substance that affects the CNS
Painkillers (block neurotransmission), hallucinogens (sense things that aren’t
there), stimulants (decrease reaction time), depressants (increase reaction
time)
Tar is a carcinogen, nicotine is addictive, carbon monoxide binds to
haemoglobin
Alcohol
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Long-term =
brain damage, liver cirrhosis
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Water = cholera
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Airborne = influenza
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Contact = athlete’s foot
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Antibiotics, antibacterials, antivirals, antifungals, antiseptics
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g
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g
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Algal bloom, blocks light,
photosynthesis, death, decomposers, respiration, no oxygen, death
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Polluted water = sludgeworm
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Carbon cycle
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Removed
by photosynthesis
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Added by
combustion of fossil fuels (plants and animals)
Nitrogen cycle
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Nitrogenfixing turn to nitrate from atmospheric
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Animals eat
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Nitrifying bacteria turn ammonia to nitrates

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