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Prescribed by the National Curriculum and Textbook Board as a
Textbook for Classes IX-X from the Academic year 1997
...
Shamsul Alam
Kazi Abdur Rouf
Selina Shahjahan
Translated by
Abjad Hossain Chowdhury
Syed Shakhawat Hossain
Shamim Ahmed
Edited by
Nazrul Islam
National Curriculum and Textbook Board, Dhaka
Published by National Curriculum and Textbook Board
69-70, Motijheel Commercial Area, Dhaka-1000
(All rights reserved by the Publisher)
First Edition : 1997
Reprint
: September, 2011
Computer Compose
Perform Color Graphics (pvt
...
Cover
Biren Shome
Maps and Graps
Graphosman
Design
NCTB, Dhaka
For free distribution from academic year 2010 by the Government of Bangladesh
Printed by :
Preface
Education is the key to development
...
To reflect the hopes and
aspirations of the people and the socio-economic and cultural reality in the context of the
post independent Bangladesh, new textbooks were introduced in the beginning of the 1980s
following the recommendations of the National Curriculum and Textbook Committee
...
The textbooks from
classes VI to IX were written in 1995
...
In 2008, the Ministry of Education formed a
Task Force for Education
...
To make assessment more meaningful and in accordance with the need of the curriculum,
Creative Questions and Multiple Choice Questions are given at the end of each chapter
...
The students
will be able to apply the knowledge they have gained to judge, analyses and evaluate real life
situation
...
Unnecessary repetition has been
avoided
...
Maps have been given so that learners can read
and learn to use them
...
This book of Geography for class IX and X is the English Version of the original textbook
entitled ÔMaydhamic BhagyalÕ written in Bangla
...
Any logical and formative suggestions for improvement will be considered with care
...
In spite of sincere efforts in translation, editing 'and printing some inadvertent errors and
omissions may be found in the book
...
Any constructive suggestion towards its further improvement will
be gratefully considered
...
We hope that the book will be useful for the students for
whom it is written
...
Md
...
Geography is the
description of the earth as the dwelling place of human beings
...
In Greek, ÔGeo’ means Ôthe
earthÕ and ÔgraphyÕ means ÔdescriptionÕ
...
Richard Hartshone said in 1959 Perspective on the Nature of Geography that
geography is related to giving a rational and well-arranged account of the changing
characteristics of the earth’s surface
...
Professor Dudley Stamp defined geography to be a study of the earth
and its inhabitants
...
You
will come to learn these in higher classes
...
The study of geography gives us the knowledge of the location of
hills, mountains, rivers, deserts, plains and plateaus in different places of the earth, the
cause of their formation and the distinctive features of their formation
...
It also examines the process of development of man’s economic life by
using natural resources
...
The knowledge of geography is also essential to prepare
economic plans
...
The different branches of geography are :
1
...
Economic geography
3
...
Mathematical geography
5
...
Regional geography
7
...
Plant geography
9
...
These three branches
have been described in the following chapters
...
This vast infinite sky is called
the firmament or the space
...
The space has no
beginning or end
...
If we
look at this infinite space, we see the sun at day time and at night we see innumerable
dots of light including the moon
...
The sun is a star and the moon
is a satellite
...
Previously only the bright objects
found in the space were called the
luminaries but now the existence of
many objects that do not give light
have been discovered
...
All these have formed the universe
...
There are many such
luminaries in the firmament which are
called the stars (Fig
...
We can see
only a few thousands of stars with our
Fig
...
Some of this can be
seen from earth with the help of powerful telescope
...
The stars are
actually burning gaseous mass
...
CANOPUS
SOUTH
Luminaries and Solar System
3
On looking from the earth, the stars seem to exist in same plane
...
The unit of measurement
from the earth to the stars or from stars to stars is called light years
...
A ray of
light from the sun takes 8 minutes 19 seconds to reach the earth
...
It is about 38,00,000 crore kilometres
from the earth
...
Some of the stars are round, some are spiral or lineal while some others are shapeless
...
Constellation : Looking at the cloudless sky in a dark night, one can see a number of
stars clustered together
...
The astronomers in the past,
connecting every individual constellation with imaginary lines and imagining different
figures, gave them strange names
...
are worth mentioning
...
There are innumerable
galaxies in the space
...
The milky way is a small
part of a galaxy
...
A
milky way is formed of millions of stars, some scientists take it to be a huge circular
region
...
Looking at the
clear and cloudless night sky in winter, one would see a long line of translucent and
radiant lustre of light with a wide vicinity extended north to south
...
Our solar system including the sun is included in one of such a milky
way
...
Nebulae : The covering of the dimly lit stars in the space is called the nebulae
...
Some of the nebulae are full
of gaseous bodies
...
These are called gaseous nebulae
...
One nebulae may
contain billions of stars
...
The milky way
is in the same plane with the nebulae
...
This event is known as drop off of a star
...
They are called meteors
...
The gravitional force causes these physical masses rush towards the earth with
a violent speed
...
Majority of the meteors are small in size
...
They exist for a short
period and then disappear
...
Comets are amazing celestial body
...
When they come near the sun, they become
visible in the form of cloud
...
Then comes out as a long steamed tail just like a bright broom
...
Comets exist in the solar system
...
The comet he discovered is
known as Halley’s Comet which appears every 75 years
...
Planets : Some celestial bodies revolve round the sun as a result of the gravitional
force
...
All of them rotate round the sun and get light
and heat from it
...
These luminaries are called planets
...
Satellites : Some luminaries are caused by the gravitational force to rotate around a
planet
...
They have no light or heat of their own but they get
light and heat from the sun or stars
...
Every planet may not have satellite
...
The
satellites of the Saturn are the highest in number
...
The space is so huge that it is
very difficult for us to conveive it
...
The universe is formed of these innumerable
celestial bodies
...
The solar system
includes the sun, its planets and satellites, billions of meteoroids and thousands of
comets (Fig
...
The sun is the centre around which all other members of the solar
system revolve
...
The solar
system is quite small compared to the vastness of the amazing universe
...
The solar system is many billion times larger than the earth in size
...
The
gravitional force of the sun make all the planets, satellites, comets and meteors to
rotate around the sun
...
Sun : The sun is actually, a star
...
Its diameter is 13 lakh and 84 thousand kms
...
99 × 1013 kilograms
...
Our relationship with the sun is very close
...
The temperature at the centre of the sun is about 150,000,000° Celsius and at the
surface it is about 6,000° Celsius
...
The earth would have been eternally dark without sun light
...
Luminaries and Solar System
5
The planets of the solar system are arranged according to their distance from the sun
such as Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune
...
The description of these
planets as arranged in the above order is given bellow :
Mercury : Mercury is the smallest planet of the solar system
...
The planet takes 88 days to rotate once round the sun
...
It takes 58 days and 17 hours to revolve round its own
axis
...
The
temperature of the planet is very high because of its closeness to the sun
...
There is no atmosphere in
Mercury
...
The picture that was sent by the space craft Mariner-10 in 1974 shows that the
surface of the Mercury is quite similar to that of the moon
...
There are innumerable hills and plain lands
...
Jupiter
Mercury
Comet
Mars
SUN
Saturrn
Moon
Asteroids
Neptune
Earth
Venus
Uranus
Fig
...
Venus is, in fact, not a star
...
Venus is covered under dense cloud
...
The sun is 108 crore kilometres from Venus
...
There is little difference of light between day and
night
...
The rain that
falls here is actually acid rain
...
It
takes 225 days for the Venus to revolve round the sun
...
The sun rises twice and sets twice in the sky of Venus
...
Earth : Earth is the third closest planet to the sun
...
Its diameter is nearly 12,667 kilometres
...
The earth
takes 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 47 seconds to revolve round the sun once
...
The moon is the single satellite of the earth
...
Hence, the earth is considered as the most important planet of the solar system
...
Its diameter is about
6,787 kilometres which is half of the earth
...
8
crore kilometres from the sun and 7
...
Mars has two
satellites
...
The day and night in Mars
are nearly the same as that of the earth is respect of period of time
...
Whereas the Mars takes 687 days
...
There are gorges and volcanoes in
the surface of the Mars
...
The planet looks
reddish since the rocks became rusty getting in contact with oxygen as the available
reports show
...
31 crore kilometres from Mars
...
All these luminaries having a
diameter ranging from 1
...
The
scientists have identified the orbits of thousands of Asteroids
...
Jupiter : Jupiter is called the king of the planets because it is the largest planet
...
It is 1,300 times larger than the earth in area
...
This Planet is 77
...
The temperature of the surface of atmosphere is very low but
in the interior, it is quite high
...
Jupiter takes
nearly 12 years to revolve round the sun but it takes 9 hours 53 minutes to rotate on its
own axis
...
The scientists have discovered, so far, 16 satellites
...
The scientists think that heavy
atmosphere exists here
...
The sun is 143 crore
kilometres away from Saturn
...
Saturn is 760 times greater than that of the earth
...
There are thousands of rings surrounding the Saturn having
different colours
...
Of these Titan, Hua, Dion,
Capitus and Tethris are remarkable
...
The atmosphere contains hydrogen, a mixture of helium, methane and ammonia gas
...
In order of distance from the sun its place
is seventh
...
The planet
takes 84 years to complete a single rotation round the sun but it takes only 10 hours 49
minutes to rotate on its own axis
...
It is very
light because it is formed of light substances
...
Average temperature 170° Celsius
...
Uranus has 5
(five) satellites such as Mirinda, Ariel, Ambriel, Titania and Oberon
...
It is
about 450 crore kilometres from the sun
...
Neptune in area is equivalent to 72 earths and 17 earths in mass
...
The atmosphere which is formed of the mixture of gas mainly
methane, ammonia and other gases
...
It has two satellites such as Triton and Neroid
...
Luminaries and Solar System
What we learnt from this chapter :
Luminaries : The planets, stars, satellites, comets, meteors, pulsar, Black Dwarf,
Black Holes that exist in boundless space are called the Luminaries
...
Nebulae : The covering of the dimly lit stars in the space are called nebulae
...
Comets : Sometimes a kind of luminaries appear in the space
...
They are known as comets
...
Planets : The celestial bodies having no light or heat of their own revolve round the
sun
...
The earth, mercury, saturn etc
...
Satellite : The celestial bodies that revolve round a planet are satellites
...
The Solar System : The family of celestial bodies that include the sun and its planets,
satellites, asteroids, comets, and meteors is called the solar system
...
They are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Saturn, Jupiter,
Uranus and Neptune
...
The sun and its planets, satellites, asteroids, comets and meteors are together
form a
...
Solar system
c
...
Constellation
2
...
The necessary oxygen and nitrogen are in the atmosphere
ii
...
The green plants of the earth receive carbon dioxide and leave out oxygen
Which one is correct below?
a
...
ii
c
...
i, ii and iii
Notice the table given below and answer question number 3 and 4
...
)
3
...
Mercury
b
c
...
...
What is the rotation difference in days between Mars and Jupiter?
a
...
3,693
c
...
5,693
Creative Questions
1
...
There are many stars, planets, satellites, meteors, nebulae in this
universe
...
Of these planets
the earth has worthy environment for plants and animals to live
...
What is the name of the planet rings surrounding in it?
b
...
Show the earth and its two nearest planets by drawing the Solar System
...
ÔThe Earth is the only planet for animals and plants to live on it’- explain
...
These lines are known
as the parallels of latitude and the meridians of longitude respectively
...
One can determine the location of a
place with the help of latitude and longitude
...
Moreover, the northern and the southern position
of any place can be determined through latitudes
...
Degree of latitude or a part of it is known as the latitude, while the degree
of longitude of a part of it is termed as longtitude
...
The
imazinary line which runs north to south through the centre of the earth is known as
axis
...
Keeping both the poles in equal distance, an
imazinary line has been drawn which encircles the globe from west to east is known
as the equator or the terrestrial equator
...
So, this line is also known as the equatorial circle
...
The part lying north to the
equator is known as the Northern Hemisphere and that to the south as the Southern
Hemisphere
...
So, to find out the angular distance of a
place upon the surface, the only thing
is to be done is to connect with an
imazinary line, any point of that place
with the centre of the earth
...
3 : Angular distance from equator
with the centre of the earth (Fig
...
10
Secondary Geography
The imazinary line is actually the radius of the earth sphere
...
Therefore, the latitude is the angular
90° NORTH POLE
distance of a place north or south of
the equator
...
The value of that
EQUATORIAL
PLANE
B
angle is the latitude of that place (Fig
...
The latitude of a place situated to
the north of the equator is desigrated
0° EQUATOR
as the north latitude and that of the
south as the south latitude
...
4 : Equatorial plane, north pole and south pole
360°
...
Thus the value of the equator is
0°
...
PRIME MER
ID
IA
N
This is because that the angular distance of each of the poles is 90° from the equator
...
These are
ARCTIC CIRCLE
30° N
known as the parallels of latitudes
...
The circumference of the
60°
0°
45°
15°
30°
latitudes decrease with the increase of
2 3 1 °S
2
T RO P I C O F
their values
...
The 23
...
5 : Latitude and longitude
are known as theTropic of Cancer
and the Tropic of Capricorn respectively
...
5° north and south latitudes
are known as the Arctic and Antarctic circles respectively (Fig
...
The equator is
known as the great circle
...
Latitude and Longitude
11
The latitude of the region near the equator, in other words, the latitudes having the
value of 0° to 30° are called the low latitudes
...
There are different methods of determining the latitude of a place
...
(a) With the help of a pole star, and
(b) With the help of a sextant and the position of the sun in the horizon
...
Every night from any place of the northern hemisphere one can see the pole star in a fixed
position in the northern sky
...
It differs with the difference of the place, that means, the altitude of the
pole star in the horizon is different for different places
...
From the equator towards north pole for
every 1° of approach the altitude also increases by 1°
...
So, the degree of latitude for the equator is 0° and that of the
north pole is 90°
...
Thus the latitude of any place in the northern hemisphere is
equivalent to the degree of altitude of pole star
...
But it is not possible to determine the latitude of
any place in the southern hemisphere by the pole star, nor possible to determine the
latitude through this method in day time
...
The latitude of any place can be determined after
finding out the altitude of the noon sun with the help of a sextant
...
The formula is : 90° minus the altitude of the sun at noon ± the sun’s declination
...
If the place under consideration is in the northern hemisphere then it will require to
add the declination value of north and to subtract the declination value of south
...
12
Secondary Geography
Meridians of Longitude
The terrestrial equator can be graduated to degrees, minutes and seconds and through
these points imazinary lines can be drawn from north to south pole which are known
N O RT H
as the meridians of longitude
...
The meridian which passes
through the Greenwich can be taken
160° 180°
160° 140°
140°
120°
120°
as the Prime Meridian and the angular
100°
100°
W 90°
90° E
distance of the meridians can be
measured from the prime meridian
80° 60°
40°
40° 60° 80°
20°
20°
0°
(Fig
...
EAST LONGITUDE
WEST LONGITUDE
PRIME
MERIDIAN
Prime Meridian
The meridian which passes from north to
SOUTH
south pole through Greenwich in the
Fig
...
The value of this line has been determined as 0°
...
For example, the meridians that lie 45° East of the prime meridian is
known as 45° East Longitude or east meridian and all the places lying on this
longitude has the same longitudinal value of 45° East Longitude
...
We further know that the longitude of
the prime meridian is 0°
...
So, if 360° meridians are drawn from pole to pole at equal
interval of 1°, then they will lie at 1° of longitude apart
...
As the earth is a sphere, so the 180° east and west
longitude is virtually the same line
...
One minute of longitude is 1/60th part of a
degree of longitude
...
And this point has been recognised as a
place located somewhere in the Gulf of Guinea
...
These are : (I) by the difference of local time, (2) by Greenwich mean time
...
It has been
moving continuously around its own axis from west to east
...
Whenever, the meridian of
Latitude and Longitude
13
any place comes in front of the sun i
...
when the sun appears just overhead, then it is
considered as noon and the local time is taken as 12 noon
...
We know that there is a difference
of 4 minutes of time for 1° of difference of longitude
...
For example, if in any place, the local
time is 12 noon, then the local time for any place located 5° east of the previous place
will be 12
...
For the place lying 5°
west of the former place, the local time would be 12
...
00 - 20
...
(2) By Greenwich mean time : We all know that the longitude of Greenwich is 0°
...
To determine the
longitude of a place by sextant, one will have to record the highest altitude that the
sun attains there at noon and that position will have to be treated as 12
...
The
longitude of the place mentioned above can now be determined from the difference of
time that occurs between the indicated place and Greenwich
...
Differences between parallels and meridians :
1
...
All the parallels are full circles and the meridians are half circles;
3
...
Parallels always run in a east-west direction, whereas the meridians in a northsouth direction;
5
...
Local and Standard Time
Local Time : Everyday the earth moves round her axis from west to east
...
Due to rotation of the earth,
the sun reaches the zenith of the sky, or in other words, the sun reaches its highest
altitude on a certain place and that hour is treated as 12
...
On the basis of this
noon time, the other time for the day is determined
...
So, the local time of a place is determined on the basis of the
highest altitude of the sun which can be observed with the help of a sextant
...
The earth requires 1,440 minutes (24 hours × 60
minutes) to cover this distance of 360° for one time
...
Therefore, for 1° difference of longitude, the
difference of time will be 4 minutes
...
14
Secondary Geography
To avoid this confusion each country of the world has introduced a new concept of
maintaining time known as standard time
...
There may be several standard times for a large country like the United States of
America and Canada
...
In those countries, more than one standard time has been
introduced to run administration and other works more efficiently relating to postal,
railway, wireless, telephone etc
...
Accordingly, the standard time in
Bangladesh is six hours ahead of Greenwich time
...
Antipodes : Antipode means the relative position of two places which are situated on the
earth’s surface just opposite to each other
...
The
point where this line touches the
opposite side of the globe is the
antipodal position to the former point
(Fig
...
That means the later point is
the antipodal to the former point
...
The latitude of a place
will be the same as that of its
antipode
...
7 : The antipodes
one in the southern hemisphere
...
The total value of the meridian of a place and that of its antipode will always be 180°
...
For
example, the antipode of 40° East longitude will be 180°-- 40° = 140° West longitude
...
In fig
...
The antipode of Dhaka is situated in the Pacific near Chile of South
America
...
This
problems stands acute if anybody crosses 180° longitude towards east or west from a
particular place
...
This imazinary line is known as
International Date Line
...
So, for every 15° of longitude,
there will be a difference of an hour
...
If it
is 10 A
...
on Monday in Greenwich, then
the corresponding time would be 10 P
...
on
the same day at 180° East longitude,
whereas, the time at 180° West longitude
would be 10 P
...
on the previous day i
...
Sunday
...
So, it is observed that the local time differs
by 24 hours or one day in the same
longitude
...
8)
...
8 : International Date Line
subtract one day and sailing towards
west will have to add one day to adjust with the local time
...
It crosses
through the Aleutian on the north-eastern part of Siberia, Fiji and Chatham islands
...
Had it not been drawn this way, the people would have to count two
different local times in two different parts of the same island
...
Two places, one located at 40°30¢ east and the other 50°30¢ west of
Dhaka
...
M
...
For the difference of longitude, difference of time would be
=
(40 ° × 4) minutes + (30¢ × 4) seconds
=
160 minutes + 120 seconds
=
160 minutes + 2 minutes =162 minutes
=
2 hours 42 minutes
...
Now to determine the local time of the first place it requires to add 2 hours 42
minutes with the local time of Dhaka
...
M
...
So, the difference of time,
=
(50 ° × 4) minutes + (30¢ × 4) seconds
=
200 minutes + 120 seconds = 202 minutes
=
3 hours 22 minutes
...
Therefore, the local time of
that place will be less, that means 3 hours 22 minutes will have to be deducted from the
time of Dhaka
...
38 A
...
= 4 hours 38 minutes A
...
Answer : 10 hours 42 minutes A
...
and 4 hours 38 minutes A
...
Question 2
...
The
longitude of Dhaka is 90° East and the local time is 6 hours 32 minutes in the morning
...
So, the local
time of Seoul will be more than Dhaka
...
32 A
...
Latitude and Longitude
17
The local time of Seoul = (6 hours 32 minutes) + (2 hours 32 minutes)
= 8 hours 64 minutes
= 9 hours 4 minutes
= 9
...
M
...
M
...
Difference of 4 minutes will make a longitudinal difference of 1°
1 °
Difference of 1 minute will make a longitudinal difference =
4
°
So, difference of 152 minutes will make a longitudinal difference = 1´ 152 = 38°
4
The longitude of Dhaka is 90° East
...
( (
(
(
So, the longitude of Seoul will be = 90° + 38° = 128° East
...
M
...
Question 3
...
M
...
Solution
When the Greenwich time is 20 minutes passed 7 A
...
the local time of the particular
place is 12 noon
...
So, the
place is located towards east of Greenwich, in effect it is located in the east longitude
...
Therefore, for every 1 minute difference of time, the difference of longitude will be 1 °
4
So, for the difference of 280 minutes the longitudinal difference will be 1´ 280 ° 70°
=
4
Therefore, the difference of longitude between Greenwich and that particular place
will be 70° East
...
Question 4
...
If the local time of Karachi is 10 A
...
what will be the local time of
Dhaka
...
And
for 1 minute difference of longitude the difference of time will be 4 seconds
...
Dhaka is situated towards east from Karachi
...
Local time of Karachi is 10 A
...
So, to determine the local time of Dhaka it requires
to add 1 hour 33 minutes and 44 seconds with the local time of Karachi, that means,
with 10 A
...
Therefore, local time of Dhaka will be :
=
10 hours + 1 hour 33 minutes and 44 seconds
=
11 hours 33 minutes and 44 seconds in the morning
...
M
...
The latitude and longitude of a place is 40° North and 55° East
respectively
...
Solution
The latitude of a place and its antipode are the same but each of them is located in the
opposite hemisphere
...
So, the
latitude of its antipode will be 40° South
...
The longitude of the place in question is 55° East
...
So, the longitude
of the antipode is 125° West
...
Latitude and Longitude
What we learnt from this chapter :
Equator : The imaginary line lying midway between the poles, which encircles the
earth from west to east
...
The lines of longitude : The imaginary lines which are drawn from north pole to
south pole through equator connecting each of the different points created by
graduating the equator into degrees, minutes and seconds
...
The Prime Meridian : The Prime Meridian is the line that passes from north to south
over Greenwich near London
...
This is accepted as the Local Time of the place and other
time of the day is calculated from this local time
...
Every country determines its time from the meantime of the meridian which passes
through the middle of that country and this is known as Standard Time of that country
...
International Date Line : From any fixed place if any body crosses the 180°
longitude he will observe that it creates problems to determine the day of the week
along with the differences of local time
...
The imaginary line is known as the International Date Line
...
Dhaka is located at 90° east longitude and Bangalore is situated at 80° East
longitude
...
c
...
...
66
1°
2
23
1°
2
0°
23
66
1°
2
1°
2
20
Secondary Geography
The line stands on 0 is called °
a
...
Equator
d
...
...
By obser ing the figure we can get -v
i
...
The axis passes through the equator
iii
...
i and ii b
c
...
...
What is the correct place among the following over which the international
imaginary date line has been drawn?
a
...
Over the water bodies
c
...
Through the space
Creative Questions
1
...
Their
plane flew for London at 11 pm
...
But the watch he wore in
his wrist showed him 7 am Saturday
...
What is the cause of the difference of time?
b
...
What is the time in Greenwich when it is 11 hours 1 minute 44 seconds at night
in Dhaka? If the longitude of London is 0° what is the longitude of Dhaka
then?
d
...
The Motion of the Earth
21
Chapter Three
The Motion of the Earth
Everyday the sun rises in the east and sets in the west
...
The sun moves
around the earth
...
Later it has been revealed that the
sun does not move around the earth, rather the earth moves around the sun
...
The motion of the earth
is of two types : (1) to rotate on its own axis, and (2) to revolve around the sun in its
own orbit
...
Diurnal Motion
The earth has motion
...
This motion of the earth is known as rotation
...
This
period of 24 hours is regarded as
one day
...
One
such full rotation of the earth is
known as solar day
...
ON
WE
ST
S
EA
T
The speed of rotation is different
in different places
...
Here the speed of rotation is more
than 1,610 kilometres per hour
...
The speed of the rotation is nearly
zero at the poles
...
9 : Material thrown from the top
22
Secondary Geography
1
...
2
...
3
...
So, we, do not feel the rotational speed of the earth
...
The rotational speed of each of the places of the earth is fixed
...
But subsequently astronomers like Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and
Newton gave their opinions in favour of the rotation of the earth
...
Everyday the sun rises in the east and sets in the west
...
This motion is accomplished
within one day or 24 hours
...
Being located at such a long distance, it is not possible for the
sun to revolve round the earth within 24 hours
...
Because no object can move faster than light
...
2
...
If any pliable object or matter rotates around its axis, it acquires
such a condition
...
Scientist Newton had the opinion that due to the rotational motion, the earth acquired
the present shape
...
Due to rotation of the earth, changes also occur in ocean currents and wind system
...
4
...
This proves that the earth rotates
from west to east or the earth has rotational motion (Fig
...
5
...
The moon takes twenty
seven days to complete one revolution around the earth
...
But practically we observe that the high tide
occurs every day which proves the rotational movement of the earth
...
French scientist Foucault, with the
help of a pendulum proved the diurnal
motion of the earth
...
Pantheon
church of Paris with a fixed motion,
so that it would oscillate from north to
south
...
Mr
...
So,
it can be proved that due to diurnal
motion the earth rotates from west to
east (Fig
...
23
200 FEE
T LONG
WIRE
The Motion of the Earth
OSCILLATION
a b
PENDULUM
c
d
e
e
d
c
b
a
Fig
...
Occurance of day and night : One of the effects of the earth’s rotation is the occurance
of day and night
...
The earth
becomes illuminated by the light of
the sun
...
It is day in the
illuminated portion of the earth
...
So,
Fig
...
11)
...
When the dark portion is illuminated, it becomes day there
...
Thus day and night have been occuring
alternately
...
If the shape of the earth would have been flat instead of being round, the rotation of the
earth would create only day or only night
...
On a specific date, in some parts of the
earth it is day whereas in other parts it is night
...
The border of the lighted and the
dark portion is called the shadow circle
...
The
6 A
...
M
feeble light which precedes the morning
120°
60°
8 P
...
M
30°
t
called twilight
...
M
Rotati
the time recorded is 12 O’ clock
...
M
the opposite point of that place it is
midnight (Fig
...
st
12 NOON
2PM
4PM
2
...
12 : Different position of day-night
to the spherical shape and also for
rotation that a comparatively small
portion of the earth, located in the tropical areas between 23
...
5° South latitude gets direct sunlight only for sometime of the year
...
On the other hand, the
areas located north and south of the region mentioned above get slanting rays and so
these areas get less heat
...
Ocean currents, Tide and ebb and wind circulation : Diurnal motion of the earth
creates rotational force which is responsible to change the direction of wind and ocean
currents
...
4
...
Again the
hour can be sub-divided to sixty divisions and the period of each of the divisions can
be taken as a minute
...
5
...
Had there been no diurnal
motion some of the regions would remain ever dark and no plant could grow, while
some other regions due to continuous sunshine would have been converted into desert
...
A law is also applicable to the solar system
...
The earth being a planet of the solar system, also
moves on an elliptical orbit round the sun
...
e
...
This movement of the earth is known as the annual motion
...
The period, the earth takes to
complete the revolution is known as the solar year
...
The average speed of revolution is 1,06,260 kilometres per hour
...
Considering this speed, it requires 365 days 6 hours 48 minutes and 47 seconds to
move round the sun for one time
...
So, there remains a shortfall of about 24 hours or one day
...
And that year is calculated as
of 366 days
...
This year is regarded as Leap Year and the leap year is taken to be of 366 days
...
It is also responsible to bring changes in the march of seasons
...
Fluctuation of day and night : The duration of the days and nights fluctuate in the
same time in the different parts of the year due to the revolution of the earth
...
In the process of revolutionary motion the earth, on 2lst June reaches in such a
position that the sun’s rays fall vertically on the northern most position of the earth,
that means, on 23
...
At this time, the
northern hemisphere remains inclined more towards the sun and the southern
hemisphere remains at the furthest distance from the sun
...
So, 21st June
is the longest day and shortest night in the northern hemisphere
...
The sunshines vertically over the equator on 21st March and 23rd September
...
So, on
these two dates, the duration of the day and night is equal (12 hours day and 12 hours
night) over the entire world
...
21st March is spring in northern hemisphere
...
The southern hemisphere shows maximum inclination towards the sun on 22nd
December
...
The sun reaches its southernmost position on this day and the date is
known as the Winter Solstice
...
5° South
latitude or Tropic of Capricorn
...
The apparent motion of the stars : As we cannot feel the occurence of earth’s
rotation, similarly we cannot perceive the existence of earth’s revolution
...
By looking at the stars in a clear sky
one can understand the gradual movement of the stars from east to west
...
The changing locations of the sun in the sky : The sun is seen to be located in
different positions in different periods of the year
...
Again, we can see that on 21st June and 22nd December, the
sun rises at north-eastern horizon and south-eastern horizon in the sky respectively
...
This is known as southerly movement of the sun
...
3
...
The earth as a planet also
has revolutionary speed or annual motion
...
Direct observation : Recently the spaceman from spaceship has observed the
revolution of the earth
...
The Law of Gravitation : In comparison to the sun, the earth is very small
...
So, it is naturally thought that due to
gravitation the earth moves round the sun
...
Each of the divisions is known as a season
...
It is to be noted here that when summer prevails
in the northern hemisphere, winter sets in the southern hemisphere
...
Similarly, when it is spring in the northern hemisphere, it is autumn in the southern
hemisphere and it is spring in the southern hemisphere when it is autumn in the
northern hemisphere
...
The reasons for difference of temperature and as well as that of
seasons are the following :
1
...
The earth is round
...
As a result, it creates difference in temperature which in
turn causes to change the season
...
The orbit of the earth is elliptical
...
As a result, it creates difference in temperature which ultimately brings
changes in season
...
The axis of the earth makes a fixed inclination of about 66
...
As a result, once in a year the north pole or the south pole shows inclination
towards the sun
...
As a result, the season
changes
...
Its length is
93,80,51,827 kilometres
...
Perihelion : In the process of revolution around the sun, the earth on 1st to 3rd January
reaches in such a position that the distance between the sun and the earth becomes the
lowest
...
This position of
the earth on that date is known as Perihelion
...
13)
...
13 : Perihelion and Aphelion position
Aphelion : As the orbit of the earth is ellipse, the distance between the sun and the
earth does not remain fixed for all the time of the year
...
In the first half of July, particularly on 4th July,
the distance between the sun and the earth becomes the highest being 15 crore 14 lakh
20 thousand and 500 kilometres
...
28
Secondary Geography
The process of changing of season : Normally, we know that there are four seasons in the
earth viz
...
Now we will try to
understand how the changes of season do occur
...
1
...
During revolution
on her orbit, the north pole of the earth after 21st March, starts showing inclination
towards the sun
...
The area of illumination gradually increases
...
As the
days become longer the sun gives its rays for a longer time in the northern hemisphere
...
Nights are short and the amount of radiation from the soil is
less in comparison to the amount of heat that is stored during day time
...
At this time opposite condition prevails in the southern hemisphere
...
So the nights are long and the days are short
...
As a result, the earth becomes cold
...
2
...
But until 23rd September in comparison to night,
the length of the day still remains shorter
...
e
...
Consequently temperature gradually decreases in the northern hemisphere and it increases
in the southern hemisphere
...
On 23rd September the day and night
are equal throughout the world (Fig
...
W
Fig
...
Winter in the Northern Hemisphere and Summer in the Southern Hemisphere :
We know that after 23rd September, the southern hemisphere starts showing
inclination towards the sun
...
This is known as southwardly movement of the sun
...
As the sun’s rays fall directly on the Tropic of Capricorn, the southern
hemisphere gets sun rays for a longer period of time
...
On 22nd December, the south pole approaches to
the nearest position towards the sun and it is the longest day in the southern
hemisphere
...
Naturally, during this period, the temperature remains very low in the northern
hemisphere
...
•
Fig
...
Spring in the Northern Hemisphere and Autumn in the Southern Hemisphere :
The sun starts moving towards the north after 22nd December
...
Consequently, the temperature increases gradually in the northern hemisphere and
decreases in the southern hemisphere
...
On this date the sun,s position is vertical on the equator
...
This is spring in the northern hemisphere and autumn in the southern
hemisphere (Fig
...
30
Secondary Geography
The Motion of the Eearth
What we learnt from this chapter :
Diurnal motion : The earth rotates on its own axis once in 24 hours or in a day
...
The diurnal motion causes the
occurance of days and nights and the variation of temperature, whereas, this motion
controls the ocean currents, tide and ebb and the wind movements
...
This motion of the earth is called the annual motion
...
Seasons : The whole year has been divided into four divisions
...
There are four seasons viz
...
Change of seasons : The change of seasons occurs mainly due to the variation of
temperature
...
are the causes of the change of season
...
Again, the earth on
1st to 4th July, remains at the furthest distance from the sun and such position of the
earth is known as Aphelion
...
Where is the diurnal motion of the earth is nearly zero?
i
...
In the south pole
iii
...
i and ii
b
...
i and iii
d
...
The Motion of the Earth
31
2
...
The change of season
b The occurrence of the day and night
...
The fluctuation of the day and night d
...
In the North and South P of the earth -ole
a
...
The fluctuation of the day and night is v little
ery
c
...
The diferences of temperature of day and night
f
4
...
21 March b
...
23 rd September
d
...
Answer the questions using the ifgure below
...
What is the figure about above?
b
...
Prove the annual motion of the earth from 4 different points of the given figure
...
Explain what role does the change of season play in Bangladesh agricultural
sector?
32
Secondary Geography
Part Two
Physical Geography
Introduction
The landforms created by the different geographic processes under different
environments on the earth’s surface are included in the physical geography
...
,
lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere
...
Besides, they collectively maintain the
biosphere
...
16)
...
The people is using lithosphere for agriculture
depending on the river water or reserviors (part of the hydrosphere)
...
The
lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere are discussed respectively
...
16 : Relation of organic and inorganic spheres
Chapter One
Lithosphere
Earth’s crust and the interior of the earth : The earth is almost like a sphere
...
There is no scope to observe the interior of the earth
by piercing the hard external covering
...
Depending on the worldwide collected information, the earth from the surface to the
centre has been divided into three strata
...
(a) The earth’s crust : The hard stratum of the rock covering the outer shell of the whole
earth is known as the earth’s crust (Fig
...
The thickness of the earth’s crust is the lowest in
comparison to the other interior layers of the earth
...
The thickness of the earth’s crust on
an average is about 35 kilometres
beneath the continents and only 5
kilometres beneath the ocean
...
On the other hand,
the earth’s crust beneath the ocean is
composed of basalt which is heavier
than that of Sial layer and its major
elements are Silicon (Si) and
Magnesium (Mg) and is generally
known as SIMA
...
17 : The cross section of the formation of earth’s interior
probably this basalt stratum has been Source : Trabuck and Lutgens (1994)
existing throughout the world as a coating beneath the Sial and in the bottom of the
seas and oceans
...
(b) Barysphere : The stratum beneath the earth’s crust is the barysphere
...
The Yogoslavian
Seismographer Mohorovicic in 1909 first discovered this layer of seperation
...
The layer of barysphere is 2,885
kilometres thick which is extended from Mohorovicic upto the outskirts of the
34
Secondary Geography
centrosphere (Fig
...
The rocks of the upper part of the centrosphere are hard and
brittle and this layer is about 100 kilometres deep
...
Earth crust beneath
the oceans
Continental Earth Crust
Mohorovicic, Discontinuity
Lithosphere
Partially in Melting Condition
Pliable Barysphere
DEPTH
IN KM
...
18 : Asthenosphere, lithosphere and mohorovicic discontinuity
The rocks beneath the hard layer of barysphere being close to the melting point are
partially soft and this layer extends downwards for about 300 kilometres
...
This hard layer of rock can move slowly over the
Asthenosphere
...
It is assumed that the lower part of the barysphere
(700 to 2,885 kilometres) is constituted of the minerals composed of complete mixture
of iron oxide (FeO), Magnesium Oxide (MgO) and the Silicon dioxide (SiO2)
...
(c) Centrosphere : The centrosphere is a layer which is extended from the lower part
of the barysphere upto the centre of the earth
...
17)
...
The pressure
of this layer is several lakh times more than the air pressure and the temperature ranges
from 3,000° Celsius to 5,000° Celsius
...
The major two elements of the
centrosphere is Ferror (Fe) and Nickel (Ni) which is combinedly known as NiFe
...
These
are (a) Earth’s crust on Lithosphere, (b) Barysphere and (c) Centrosphere
...
The upper layer of the
earth’s crust is S1AL
...
Barysphere and Lithosphere : The bottom layer of the earth’s crust is barysphere
...
The earth’s crust and the upper part of the
barysphere upto 100 kilometres is collectively known as rocksphere or lithosphere
...
This layer is about 3,480 kilometres
thick
...
Hydrosphere
Lithosphere
Atmosphere
1
...
The difference among lithosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere
b
...
Atmosphere is combined with hydrosphere
d
...
In the figure it is shown that lithosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere has a
common factor ( ingredient) and that is -a
...
Nitrogen
c
...
Nick
el
3
...
30 ° b
...
50 °
d
...
In the Centr of the Earth, there is -e
i
...
Iron and nick el
iii
...
i and ii
b
c
...
...
The earth has been created from the Sun
...
The temperature of the
interior part of the earth is near to the temperature of the sun
...
There is a difference scene in the
structures as well as ingredients from the earth to the centre of the earth
...
What is Earth Crust?
’s
b
...
Draw and show the structural differences from the Earth to the Centre of the
Earth
...
Why does the ingredients of various layers of the earth to the centre of the earth
are different-- explain
...
The earth’s crust is
basically formed of the rocks composed of different minerals
...
As for example, mineral oil and coal are used as
fuel
...
is
also very much important
...
It is necessary to
acquire some knowledge about minerals and rocks being the elements responsible for
formimg the earth’s crust
...
However,
some minerals may be formed of one basic element
...
Of all these, the hardness of diamond
is highest and of talc is lowest
...
Here,
we mention the term mixture because in nature the minerals are found in mixed
condition
...
Though
much of the rocks are formed of more than one mineral, but in such case, the minerals
and rocks are the same
...
The characteristics of minerals are controlled by nature of the
basic elements forming them
...
The rock family : The rocks are of three types according to their mode of origin
...
Igneous and metamorphic
rocks are formed by the processes accomplished in the interior of the earth
...
Though the mode of formation of these rocks are different, yet they are
interrelated
...
, intrusive and extrusive
...
If the magma finds its way to the surface of
the earth through the vents, then it is termed as lava
...
38
Secondary Geography
Igneous Rock
Intrusive
Plutonic
Hypabyssal
Extrusive
Explosive
Quiet
Intrusive rocks are sub-divided into plutonic and hypabyssal
...
In intrusive type of rock, the magma
solidifies in the deep interior of the earth
...
are the
examples of intrusive rocks
...
Magma when thrown by violent explosions into the air after being solidified gives
birth to the explosive Igneous rocks
...
In the
quite type of igneous rock, the molten magma flows out quitely in all directions and
solidifies
...
are best examples of this type of rock
...
19 : Landforms created by igneous rock
Batholiths, Laccoliths, Dikes, and sills are the examples of the igneous rock formed
into the interior of the earth (Fig
...
Sedimentary rocks : The rocks which are formed by the deposition of sediments are
known as sedimentary rocks
...
Sedimentary rocks cover an area of 5 per cent of the total area of the
earth’s crust
...
Sources of sediments and their characteristics : Different types of mechanical and
chemical weathering processes are acting on the earth’s crust
...
These eroded
Lithosphere
39
materials are known as sediments
...
Clay, sandstone
and pebbles are the examples of clastic sedimentary rocks
...
In this process, the materials which remain in soluble
condition in the water gradually settle down at the bottom by different inorganic
processes and ultimately become consolidated
...
In this case, evaporation is an
inorganic process and the salt that remains as residue is considered to be sediments
...
Coal, limestone are the proper examples of such rock
...
Classification of sedimentary rock : Primarily, the sedimentary rock is of three types
viz
...
The names of sedimentary rocks with their
elements is shown in Table 1
...
are
found
in
the
sedimentary
rocks
LIMESTONE
(Fig
...
The presence of fossils is one
PLANE OF BEDDING
of the major characteristics of the
sedimentary rock
...
Fig
...
These
metamorphic media increase the internal density of the rocks and the dimension of the
crystals and create clear foliation
...
This characteristics of layered structure of rocks is called foliation
(Fig
...
Pressure
Shape after Foliation
Pre-Foliation Stage
Fig
...
This type of rock contains very fine crystals
which are mainly formed by small plates created from mica
...
Lithosphere
41
Non-foliated rocks
Marble : It is a coarse grained crystalized rock which has been formed from
limestone or dolomite
...
Rocks
What we learnt from this chapter :
Rocks are divided into three types according to their mode of origin, viz
...
The hot viscous type of matters in the interior of the earth is known as magma and if it
finds its way to the surface of the earth, it is called lava
...
Landforms created
by igneous rocks have diversified characteristics
...
Sedimentary rocks : Rocks which are formed by the accumulation of sediments is
known as sedimentary rocks
...
Limestone, coral and gypsum are the examples of sedimentary rocks
...
Igneous and sedimentary through
changes are transformed to metamorphic rocks
...
It is used to produce writing slates and
blackboards
...
Quartzite : It is a very hard metamorphic rock
...
Exercise
Multiple Choice Questions
1
...
Clay and sandstone
b
...
Dolomite and gypsum
d
...
What kind of r ck the Slate is?
o
a
...
Metamorphic
d
...
Sedimentary
Non-crystalline
42
Secondary Geography
Notice about the figure below and answer question number 3 and 4
...
What is the name of the r ck shown in point ÔA’ in the figure?
o
a
...
Sedimentary
c
...
Hypabyssal
4
...
Plutonic rock
ii
...
Extrusi ve rock
Which one is corr ect below?
a
...
iii
d
...
ii
Creative Questions
1
...
In her evasive question Tamanna enquire of the ingredients of cement
...
a
...
c
...
ÔThe structural formation of the sedimentary rock is always aliveÕ give reasons
for your answer
...
Different landforming processes are responsible to
bring changes
...
For example, a river is building a
flood plain through deposition
...
The landforming processes are accomplished with the help of
different physical agencies or forces such as the gravitational forces, interior
temperature and the solar energy
...
Generally, the landforming processes are associated with external forces
...
The slow changes are accomplished in two
processes
...
The processes by which the rocks
on the earth’s surface are broken into pieces through the application of external
physical forces and the debris are transported elsewhere is known as denudation
...
Weathering : The weathering is a process by which the rocks on the surface of the
earth is broken mechanically into pieces due to snow or frost, the variation of
temperature and pressure or due to chemical (dissolution) action on the materials
...
But the rocks weathered this way, are not
transported elsewhere
...
The process by
which the rocks of the earth’s crust are eroded by the river, wind, glacier, ocean
currents etc
...
On the other hand, the rapid changes are brought about on the earth’s surface by the
landforming processes associated with the internal forces
...
44
Secondary Geography
Landforming Processes
Slow changes
Denudation
Weathering
Slow and sudden changes
Deposition
Erosion
Diastrophism
Sudden changes
Earthquake
Volcanism
Transportation
1
...
If a stone is thrown in the quite water
of a pond, it will create ripples in the water which will scatter all around
the pond
...
The point where the energy is
released is known as the centre
...
22)
...
Fig
...
The earthquake centre has been
classified into three classes according to their depth
...
Intermediate : The earthquake originating at a depth of 60 to 300 kilometres is
known as Intermediate
...
About 90 per cent of the earthquakes that occur throughout the year over the world
originate within less than 100 kilometres of depth
...
Causes of earthquake : The geologists opine that sudden tectonic actions in the
faultline or along the cracks are responsible to create earthquake
...
Radiation of heat from
the earth’s surface causes shrinkage which in turn to maintain equilibrium, develops
cracks along the faultline or folds and the earthquake is caused
...
Lithosphere
45
Strength of earthquake : The energy of earthquake means the amount of strength
which is scattered from the earthquake centre in all directions
...
R
...
The scale is known as the ÔRichter scale’
...
23, it can be realised that the severity of earthquake is not equal throughout
the world
...
Among them, the most noteworthy areas are the circular
islands (Philippines and Japan), young fold mountains and ocean ridges
...
23, the earthquake prone areas can be divided into three principal zones :
(a) The Pacific Zone : Maximum number of earthquakes occur along the outer border
of the Pacific Ocean
...
(b) The Mediterranean and the Himalayan Zone : This region extends from the
Alps to New Zealand covering Caucasus, Iran, the Himalaya, Indo-China and East
Indies following the northern coast of the Mediterranean Sea
...
Besides these three specified belts, there are some areas located seperately within the
continents and in the deeps of the oceans where the occurrence of the earthquake is felt
...
23 : Distribution of earthquake prone areas
1000 2000 km
46
Secondary Geography
Effects of earthquakes : Earthquake is accepted as a natural calamity
...
Generally, it may be mentioned that the devastative nature of earthquakes brings the
following damages and changes in the earth’s crust
...
The
course of the rivers is also changed
...
(b) Earthquake, if it occurs in a thickly populated area, then causes great devastation
to houses, roads and railways, water and gas supply line and other properties of the
area
...
(c) Earthquake that originates in the ocean floor create tremendous waves on the
surface of water
...
Tsunamis bring sudden flood in towns and other localities in coastal areas
...
Eruption : Eruption is one of the major forces or processes bringing changes on
the surface of the earth
...
Volcanoes, by dint of their internal energy
produce different landforms which are known as initial configuration of the land
...
Thus it can
be noted that there are continuous attempts to maintain equilibrium between the
internal and the external forces
...
This
melted rock finds its way to the earth’s
crust through the cracks or weak
points
...
24)
...
This crater through a
Fig
...
Sometimes the molten
materials instead of ejecting out may be solidified inside
...
Crater lake of Oregon State of the
United States of America is a Caldera
...
At present, there are about 850 active volcanoes in the
world
...
Erupted materials : Large number of rock fragments, volcanic dust and fine volcanic
ashes are ejected with the lava
...
In the ejection process, firstly comes the basaltic lava followed by the
andesite lava and lastly the rock fragments
...
Shield volcanoes : This type of volcanoes is mainly constituted of basaltic lava
...
Mauna Loa is 5,000 metres wide beneath the ocean and it rises to 4,170
metres above the ocean (Fig
...
Fig
...
Parcutin
and Mount Helena of Mexico are the proper examples of this type of Volcano
...
Hard rock fragments, volcanic dust, volcanic
ashes and the heated gas are thrown with violent explosions and are accumulated near
48
Secondary Geography
the crater and the viscous lava accumulates above them
...
26)
...
26 : Cinder and mixed cone volcanoes
Volcano Prone Areas : The location of the active volcanoes have been shown in fig
...
Almost all the volcanoes are located along the border of the continents and the
oceans
...
Out of 850 active volcanoes of the
world, this belt simply accounts for 75 per cent of the total
...
For
example, the landforming activities in the submarine ridges of Mid-Atlantic are still
active
...
27 : Distribution of active volcanoes
Lithosphere
49
Effects of volcanism : Volcanic eruptions and heavy lava flow are a kind of natural
calamity which causes heavy damages to the living creatures and different human
activities
...
Many of the volcanoes are situated in high mountainous regions and their
crests always remain under heavy ice cover
...
Moreover, occasionally the rock fragments and
ashes ejected with explosive forces are being thrown into the air
...
However, the
landforms thus formed by volcanoes are very fertile and are also very rich in mineral
resources
...
Earthquakes
What we learnt from this chapter :
Earthquake : An earthquake is a vibration of the surface of the earth caused by
sudden release of enormous pressure from the interior of the earth
...
(b) Earthquake, if it occurs in any densely populated areas, will cause enormous
damage to houses, roads and streets, water and gas supply system and other
resources
...
Volcanoes : The molten rocks of the interior of the earth finds its way to the surface
through the cracks or weak points of the lithosphere
...
The volcanoes may
be classified into three types viz, Shield volcano, Cinder cone and Mixed cone
...
The epicentr of the earthquake is -e
a
...
The place where the earthquak is occurred
e
c
...
The place where the earthquake is caused
2
...
Loss of lives
ii
...
The course of the river will be changed
Which one is correct below?
a
...
i and iii
3
...
...
The outer border of the Pacific Ocean
b
...
The mountain of the Mid-Africa
d
...
The Earthquake that occurred in the year 2005 caused a great damage of the countries
in tropical and equatorial zones
...
Earthquake results huge natural calamities
...
The country which is badly damaged in the earthquake in 2005 is -,
i
...
Japan
iii
...
i
b
c
...
i, ii and iii
...
Tsunami brings in landmass-a
...
Sudden quak e
d
...
Sudden rain
Sudden thunder
Creative Questions
1
...
Suddenly he felt a
terrible jerking on lands and saw that the water of the pond overflowing on the
otherside
...
He also saw that the fearful people are running here and there raising hue and
cry
...
Is this a natural calamity?
a
...
Why this type of incident occurs?
c
...
d
...
52
Secondary Geography
Landforms
The earth is formed of diversified physical structures which is known as landform
...
The mountainous regions cover about 18 per
cent, plateaus and hills about 24 per cent and the plain lands about 58 per cent of the
total area of the earth
...
Higher altitude and steep slopes are its main characteristics
...
Some of the mountains may be located in
isolation viz, the Kilimanjaro of East
Africa
...
This
type of mountains are folded like the
Rock
waves (Fig
...
, the Himalayan Strata
Mountain which extends from Pamir
Mountain Foot
Knot in the east
...
28 : Fold Mountain
noteworthy among other mountains
...
Greek word ÔOros’ means mountain and ÔGenesis’ means
formation or creation
...
Types of mountains : The mountains can be classified into four groups according to
their major characteristics viz
...
(a) Fold Mountain : This type of mountains are generally constituted with the union of
several vast and high mountain ranges
...
The fold mountains are formed
consisting of the synclines and
anticlines covering a vast area
...
29)
...
29 : Fold Mountain
(b) Volcanic Mountain : Generally, the volcanic mountains are formed by the
accumulation and solidification of the molten materials ejected through the volcanoes
...
MOUNTAIN
Depending on the nature of lava
flow ejected through volcanoes, VOLCANIC
LAVA
PLAIN
EXTINCT VOLCANO
this type of mountain in some
cases, may cover small area with
steep slope (Fig
...
Helena of the United States of
MAGMA
America, and in other cases, may
Fig
...
(c) Block Mountain : The block mountain has got at least one side to be very steep
with natural fault
...
So, the
rock strata on both the sides
Block Mountain
cannot match together and
Plains
Valley
displacement starts among the
Lake
strata
...
So in
Fault
some part, this displacement
may be upward and in another
part it may be downward
...
31 : Block Mountain
54
Secondary Geography
known as Block Mountain (Fig
...
The Black Forest of Germany and the Salt
Mountain of Pakistan may be cited as examples
...
(d) Laccolith Mountain : The molten magma tries to come out of the interior of the
earth being dispalced by the pressure of the gas, but these molten materials, instead of
coming out to the surface of the earth
solidifies beneath the surface of the earth’s
crust
...
The mountain
thus formed is known as Laccolith or relict
mountain (Fig
...
The Henry Mountain
of the United States of America is an
Fig
...
Plateau : The vast plain area lower than the mountain but higher in elevation than the
plain land is known as Plateau
...
33)
...
Besides, the old mountainous regions, by
the process of weathering and
denudation has been converted into a
plateau
...
33 : Plateau
location, the plateau may be classified into three types viz
...
(a) The Intermontane Plateau :
Fold Mountain Peak
Fold Mountain Peak
The elevation of the Intermontane
Plateaus range from 3000 to 5000
Bolivian High Plateau
metres
...
The
Tibetan Plateau is of this type
...
34 : Intermontane Plateau
Himalaya and on the east and west
by other mountain
...
Besides, the Bolivian Plateau of
Lithosphere
55
South America, the Mexican Plateau of Central America, the Mongolian and the
Tarim Plateau of Asia are examples of this type of plateau (Fig
...
(b) The Piedmont Plateau : This type of plateau is formed at the piedmont of high
mountains
...
However, the lower part of this type
of plateau joins with the adjacent plain lands
...
(c) The Continental Plateau : The vast high plain land enclosed by seas or lowlands
are known as Continental Plateau
...
Arabian Peninsula, Spain, Australia, Greenland are the best examples
of this type of plateau
...
However, these
plateaus are rich in different minerals like tin, copper etc
...
Plains
An extensive high land above the sea level with gentle slope is known as Plains
...
This type of plains have been formed
by the erosional and depositional work of different landforming activities like river,
glacier, and wind
...
So, dense settlements have been
developed on the plain lands
...
Plains formed by erosion : This type of
plains are formed due to continuous
erosion accomplished by river, wind and
glacier
...
35)
...
Madhupur
and Barind region are the two examples
of such plains formed by erosion in
Plain Formed By Erosion
Old Stage
Plain Formed By Erosion
Last Stage
Fig
...
During the Pleistocene era that means about 8 to 10 lakh years ago,
these areas were uplifted from the ocean by diastrophic action
...
Gangess
river
Plains formed by deposition : The plains are also formed by deposition
...
Rivers during their course can form valley such as the valley of Nepal
...
In the lower
course of a river, when its transportation power becomes sluggish, it overflows the
banks creating flood and the sediments are deposited gradually on both sides of the
river forming a plain land which is known as Flood Plain (Fig
...
Flood plains of the
Dhaleswari and the Jamuna can be mentioned as examples
...
36)
...
Besides, the plains are also formed in the coastal areas due to the
influence of ebb and tide are known as coastal plain (Fig
...
The coastal plains of
Chittagong stretching from the mouth of the Feni river upto Teknaf is an example of
this type of plains
...
The Prairie of Canada is an example of such plains
...
36 : Plains formed by deposition
Sometimes, the plains can also be formed by the depositional work of the wind
...
The Loess soil is very fertile but very much erosion prone
...
The Mount Kilimanjaro of East Africa, the Himalayan Mountain
and the Fujiama of Asia, the Rocky Mountain of North America are the examples of
different types of mountains
...
Plateau : An extensive flat elevated land lower than the mountains but higher than the
plain land is known as plateau
...
, (a) Intermontane Plateau, (b) Piedmont Plateau, and (c) The Continental Plateau
...
The plains are of two types such as (a) Erosional, and (b)
Depositional
...
What kind of mountain is the Black F
orest of Germany?
a
...
olcanic
V
c
...
Laccolith
2
...
At the foot of mountain b
...
The depositional w of the wind d
...
The characteristics of the Mountains ar -e
i
...
An extensive high land above the sea level with gentle slope
iii
...
i
b
c
...
i, ii and iii
...
Secondary Geography
The cause of the ormation of the Delta -f
i
...
The layer of the river through deposition at the bank of the river
iii
...
i
b
c
...
i, ii and iii
5
...
ii
Which statement is corr ct against plateau?
e
a
...
The sediments are deposited by sluggishing the transportation power of river
creates high landforms on the bank of the river
c
...
This type of plains are formed due to continuous erosion accompanied by river,
wind and glacier
Creative Questions
1
...
There are high mountains and plateaus
...
The high mountains through
denudation formed plateau and plains
...
Sometimes, different types of landforms are
created by the ascending of the earth crust or by decaying
...
The Delta formed by the deposition of the
river Padma, Brahmaputra and Jamuna is world famous
...
What is formed at near to the mouth of the river through deposition?
b
...
c
...
d
...
Atmosphere
59
Chapter Two
Atmosphere
The deep blanket of gas surrounding the earth is known as Atmosphere
...
Its thickness is about 10,000
kilometres
...
The atmosphere remains in
contact with the earthÕs crust due to the gravitational attraction
...
Importance of the atmosphere : The atmosphere is of immense importance for the
existence of the living organisms of the earth
...
Its gaseous elements like
carbon dioxide rears the vegetation and oxygen safeguards the living creatures
...
For the interest of
the living beings of the earth, we should refrain ourselves from contaminating the
atmosphere
...
Structure of the atmosphere : Atmosphere is constituted by the mixture of several
gases
...
Nitrogen and oxygen are the two important constituents of
pure dry air
...
73
per cent and the rest of 1
...
A list of different
constituent elements are presented below :
Nitrogen (N2) 78
...
71 %
Argon (Ar) 0
...
03 %
Ozone (O3) 0
...
4399 %
T
otal 100
...
But the water vapour and dust particles are also found in different scale in the
atmosphere
...
03 per cent
...
Because, this gas helps the short waves of the sun’s rays to
reach the earth
...
Carbon dioxide absorbs these long waves in the
lower atmosphere
...
Atmospheric layers : The atmosphere can be
divided vertically into four divisions according
to the characteristics (temperature, pressure,
density) of its different elements
...
37)
...
This layer is very much
important for weather and climate
...
The last part of the atmosphere is
known as Tropopause
...
37 : Atmospheric layers
and 16 to 19 kilometres in the equatorial
region
...
The
decrease of temperature with increase of altitude is known as the normal lapse rate
...
(c) The lo wer atmosphere contains water vapour
...
(e) All sorts of weather and climatic processes are accomplished in this layer
...
37)
...
This
ozone layer absorbs maximum ultra violet rays of the sun
...
Both density and pressure are comparatively
less in this layer and the temperature also does not show a change in the lower
atmosphere
...
There is no
water vapour in stratosphere
...
Atmosphere
61
Mesosphere : The temperature decreases rapidly from the stratosphere upwards upto
80 kilometres
...
But the temperature again
increases after the 80th kilometre
...
Air pressure is
very feeble in mesosphere
...
The lower part
of the thermosphere is known as ionosphere
...
Weather and climate : The daily average condition of temperature, pressure, wind,
humidity and precipitation for any place is the weather
...
Elements of weather and climate : The elements of weather and climate are : (1)
Wind temperature, (2) Wind pressure, (3) Wind movement, (4) Humidity, and (5)
Precipitation
...
These are latitude, altitude, distance from the sea,
location of the mountains, relief of the land, wind movement, ocean currents, slope of
the land, soil and the forests
...
Latitude : This is one of the most important controls of climate as the incidence of
sun’s rays varies with the latitude
...
On the other hand, the higher
latitudes receive inclined or slanting rays and hence the temperature is low
...
2
...
There is a decrease of temperature of 6° Celsius for every 1000 metres of increase of
altitude
...
As for example, Dinajpur and Shillong though
located on the same latitude but the climate differs due to the variation in altitude
...
3
...
As the climate of Cox’s Bazar, Chittagong and Patuakhali
is milder than that of Bogra being situated nearer to the sea
...
This type of climate is known as equable climate
...
For this reason, the interior parts of the continent during summer become
very hot and equally these become very cold during winter
...
62
Secondary Geography
4
...
If any wind blows saturated with water vapour, then this may cause abundant
rainfall there
...
Again during the winter season, the continental air brings no
rainfall in Bangladesh and the temperature decreases
...
Ocean currents : The air of the coastal area becomes either cold or warm due to
the influence of cold or warm ocean currents
...
Again, the cold Labrador Current keeps
the eastern coast of North America cold
...
Location of the mountains : Wind movement, when obstructed by the high
mountains, can create influence on the climate
...
On the other hand, during winter the cold airmass of
Central Asia cannot cross the Himalayas and so the climate of the sub-continent never
gets cold like Europe
...
Slope of the land : The air and the land become heated where the sun’s rays fall
directly on the slopes of the high lands
...
8
...
The sandy soil of the uncovered areas becomes hot as well as cold
quickly
...
9
...
Besides, the intensity of storms, and cyclones are reduced being obstructed by
the forest
...
Insolation and Air Temperature
Variation in insolation : The atmosphere receives 99
...
The energy thus received from the sun is transformed as heat energy or
energy of motion in the atmosphere
...
During
transmission, a considerable amount of this energy is absorbed, scattered and reflected
by the atmosphere
...
Even the
total energy that the earth receives from the sun is not distributed equally throughout
the world
...
On the other hand, the condition is just the opposite
in the polar regions, in other words, the polar regions lose more energy than what they
receive
...
The controlling factors of insolation : The amount of insolation that any portion
of the earth’s surface gets in a day will depend on two factors viz
...
With the changing positions
of the sun, the above two factors act seperately from the equatorial region to the poles
in different latitudes and in different seasons
...
0929
Square
Metre
comparatively thinner layer
of atmosphere and it
0
...
The different latitudes
SLANTING RAYS
lying between the Tropic of
Cancer and the Tropic of
Capricorn get vertical rays
at noon
...
38 : Incidence of sun rays
through a thicker layer and
it covers a larger area
...
Again the intensity of morning and afternoon
rays is less than that of the noon’s rays
...
On the
other hand, if any place, the nights are longer, then that place remains cold as it
receives less amount of insolation due to short duration of day time
...
The sun’s rays or the solar energy is the major reason for such warmth or
coldness of the atmosphere
...
These are radiation, conduction and convection
...
The same process also occurs in case of solar energy
...
Again by radiating heat through this process, the earth becomes cold
...
In this way heat is transferred from one part of an object to another
...
Convection : The heated particles transfer heat from hot areas to the cold areas
through the process of convection
...
In this case, the liquid or gas becomes lighter being heated and rises up and
the surrounding cold liquid or gas occupies the vaccum space
...
So, the sun’s rays through radiation, after penetrating the atmosphere, reaches the
earth’s surface
...
Distribution of temperature : Due to the influence of latitude and altitude, the
temperature of different places differ in different seasons
...
Besides,
variation of temperature occurs due to wind movement
...
Isotherms are used
to show the distribution of average temperature
...
The isotherms show the
temperature of all points or the average for many days or several months of a year for
any particular time
...
39)
...
For example, the lowest and the highest temperature is recorded in the
month of January and July respectively in the northern hemisphere
...
Air Pressure
Like any other matter, the air has its own weight
...
Atmosphere
150 °
180 °
150 °
120°
90°
60°
30°
0°
30°
TEMPERATURE SHOWN IN ° CENTIGRADE
30°
40°
-1 0 °
25°
50°
-5 °
20°
30 °
10°
5°
3 0°
5°
0°
5°
10°
10°
15°
15°
0°
-25 °
0°
15°
60°
-3
35°
0°
-2 5 °
-2 0 °
-2
60 °
30°
N
5°
2000 Km
-2
0 1000
JA N U AR Y
0°
120 °
65
0°
20°
20°
25°
25°
20°
25°
30 °
30°
15°
15°
10°
10°
60 °
60°
120 °
150 °
120 °
180 °
150 °
150 °
180 °
150 °
120°
120°
90°
90°
60°
60°
30°
0°
30°
0°
30°
60°
30°
90°
JULY
TEMPERATURE SHOWN IN ° CENTIGRASE
N
0 1000 2000 Km
60 °
60°
5°
5°
10°
30 °
N
10°
15°
20°
15°
0°
20°
30°
0°
30°
25°
25°
25°
20°
30°
20°
15°
N
10°
150 °
180 °
30°
15°
N
10°
5°
5°
60 °
120 °
30°
N
150 °
120°
90°
60°
30°
Fig
...
40)
...
Equatorial Low Pressure Belt : This Equatorial Low Pressure Belt occupies an
area lying on both sides of the equator extending from 0° to 5°
...
The air pressure is low over this region
as the air in comparison to its surrounding areas is hot and light
...
As a result, low pressure which is known as Equatorial Low
Pressure Belt has been formed
...
Tropical High Pressure Belt :
More the equatorial hot, humid and
Polar Low Pressure Belt
light air goes up, more it becomes cold
...
As a result, the upper air starts
Equatorial Low Pressure and Doldrums
moving towards north and south
...
Thus two heavy
pressure belts are formed in the mid
High Pressure Belt
region between 25° to 35° North and
South latitudes
...
40 : Pressure belts
belts are known as the Tropical High
Pressure Belts (One over the Tropical of Cancer and the other one over the Tropic of
Capricorn)
...
Subpolar Low Pressure Belt : The rotational force of the earth at two polar
regions is very high
...
During that time, the pressure of the wind decreases at two arctic regions
(between 60° to 70° latitudes) creating two low pressure belts
...
4
...
So, two high pressure belts have been
formed at two polar regions
...
The
wind from these two high pressure belts moves towards the subpolar low pressure
belts
...
At the sea level, this pressure of the
air is about 6
...
per 6
...
The pressure of the wind decreases
with the increase of altitude
...
The pressure of the wind is measured by an
instrument known as Barometer
...
The air moves from high pressure area towards
low pressure area
...
This movement of the air is known as wind
...
The cold and hea y air moves from the areas of high pressure to low pressure area
...
According to Ferrel Law, the air moves towards right in the northern hemisphere
’s
and to wards left in the southern hemisphere
...
These are Planetary
wind, Seasonal wind, Local wind, and Irregular wind
...
The planetary wind is of three types
such as : the trade wind, the westerlies and the polar wind
...
41
...
Since the pressure is less upward, the rising air gets
room for expansion and consequently the air becomes cool and dense
...
As a result, the air moves
towards north and south directions through the upper atmosphere
...
This part of the air is known as the Trade Wind
...
The trade wind of northern
hemisphere is known as North-East Trade Wind and that of southern hemisphere as
South-East Trade Wind
...
The big deserts of the world are
situated nearer to this area
...
68
Secondary Geography
90°
High P
ressure
North Polar Wind
Low Pressure
60° N
60°
The Westerlies
High Pressure
30° N
30°
North-East Trade Wind
0°
0°
Low Pressure
South-East Trade Wind
30°
High Pressure
30° S
The Wester
lies
60° S
Low Pressure
60°
South Polar Wind
High Pressure
90°
Fig
...
So, comparatively the warm and light air from the tropical
areas rises above the dense cold polar air and a part of it blows towards the polar low
pressure belt
...
In the northern hemisphere, it blows from
south-west and in the southern hemisphere from north-west
...
However, in the southern hemisphere, the maximum area is covered by the
waterbodies and hence the west wind can move uninterrupted
...
This region is
called Roaring Forties
...
Two more
airmasses regularly move from north and south polar high belts towards the subpolar
lows
...
In this, the
circulation of planetary wind system (the trade, the westerlies and the polar) exists
between the equator and the poles
...
The Monsoon : In Arabic ÔMonsoon’ means season
...
The monsoon is also
Atmosphere
69
a regional air
...
Besides, that the
monsoon is also observable in North Australia, part of Africa and in the United States of
America
...
Hot and moist air from the
adjacent oceans blows towards the continent
...
This wind being
obstructed by the high mountains, causes heavy shower on the land
...
The cold air blows from the north-east high pressure area of the
landmass towards the low pressure zone of the ocean
...
This is why the Central
and South Asian regions remain dry in winter
...
This air, however, when crosses the equator
according to Ferrel’s Law blows over North Australia as the north-east monsoon and
acquires large amount of water moisture from the Indian Ocean causing heavy shower
to northern Australia
...
42)
...
42 : Land and sea breezes
70
Secondary Geography
This is known as sea breeze
...
The air blows from the high pressure zone formed over the ocean towards
low pressure area over the landmass as the temperature in the afternoon increases
...
During that
time, the high pressure prevails over the landmass
...
42)
...
Local Wind : The wind which is created due to the difference in diversity of
landscapes and in temperature is known as local wind
...
Valley and Mountain Breeze : A special type of wind movement is found to occur in
the mountainous regions due to the relief of the land
...
As a result, the high pressure
prevails at the bottom of the valley
and low pressure on the sides of the
mountains
...
43)
...
At this time, the valley
floor remains comparatively hot
...
The wind which during night time
Fig, 43 : Valley and mountain breeze
moves along the slope of the
mountains towards the valley floor is known as the mountain breeze (Fig
...
Irregular Wind : In some places, the air pressure decreases and low pressure is
formed due to high temperature
...
The wind movements thus formed is known as Irregular Wind such
as : cyclones and anti-cyclones
...
The humidity of the air can
be expressed in two ways such as, absolute humidity and relative humidity
...
On the other hand, relative humidity represents the amount of water vapour actually
Atmosphere
71
present in the air (absolute humidity) compared with on the other hand, relative
humidity is the ratio of the amount of water vapour actually present (absolute
humidity) in the air to the amount of water vapour required to saturate the same
amount of air at a given temperature and pressure
...
The air receives the
water vapour through evaporation of water from the open waterbodies (sea, rivers and
small waterbodies) as well as from vegetation
...
If the air starts cooling it cannot hold the water vapour it had, then some of the water
vapour is transformed into water particles
...
If the temperature is 0° Celsius or remains below freezing point, then the water vapour
becomes hard and falls on the earth’s surface as ice crystals or snow
...
Snow : In the cold regions, if the temperature falls below the freezing point then the
water vapour of the air condenses like the carded cotton and falls on the earth
...
Dew : After radiating the temperature, the earth’s crust gets cold at night
...
So, the water vapour containing capacity of the air is also
decreased and hence the extra amount of water vapour which the air cannot carry is
transformed to water and rest on the earth as water drops
...
In the
cold regions when the temperature of the earth’s crust goes below the freezing point
then the dew is condensed to frost
...
Consequently, centering the dust particles of
the air, condensation starts in the lower strata of the atmosphere which is ultimately
transformed to tiny water particles
...
This is known as fog
...
A cloud contains innumerable water and ice particles
...
The rainfall is of four types such
as : convectional, orographic, cyclonic and frontal
...
So, it easily
cools down
...
44)
...
SEA
Fig
...
This
type of rainfall is known as Orographic
rain (Fig
...
No rainfall is found to
occur on the other side of the mountain
as the air remains dry
...
The southwest monsoon being obstructed by the
hills of Meghalay gives abundant
orographic rain in Sylhet
...
45 : Orographic rain
Cyclonic rain : The air from the centre of the cyclone rising upward becomes cool
...
This
type of rainfall is called as Cyclonic rain
...
This condensation is deepened and gives rain in the conflict area
...
46)
...
WARM AND HUMID AIR
FRONT
RAINFALL
DRY
COLD AIR
EARTH
SURFACE
Fig
...
Along with the change of direction of wind, there is also a change in the
characteristics of the monsoon wind
...
The air is dry in winter as
it originates in the landmass
...
The winter monsoon causes rainfall in the
north-east coast of Sri Lanka, in the coast of Tamil Nadu, in West Japan and in the
east coast of the Philippines
...
As a result, heavy shower
occurs
...
However, the intensity of
winter is well felt in the mid-latitudes
...
The mid-latitudinal regions come under the influence of
tropical airmass in summer
...
47)
...
47 : Monsoon winds movement and pressure of South and South-East Asia
Geographical locations of the Monsoon : Most of the monsoon regions are located
in Asia, particularly in South and South-East Asia
...
This difference
of temperature is the cause for the formation of the monsoon
...
Besides, the monsoon climate is also found to prevail in China, Taiwan,
Japan, Korea and the northern coast of Australia
...
These are :
74
Secondary Geography
1
...
2
...
3
...
Among the three seasons, the rainy season is most important
...
47
...
South Asian
countries experience more or less rainfall in all the seasons in different localities
...
The winter season in
this region starts to prevail just after the rainy season
...
As for example, the intensity of winter
is moderate in central Bangladesh and is simply unbearable in northern India during
the same period
...
A low pressure develops during this period over the area causing
the maritime air to blow towards this region
...
The Monsoon Climate of South-East and East Asia : The winter monsoon of
South-East Asia is influenced by the Siberian airmass and so it is cold and dry
...
As this wind blows over the ocean, it causes abundant rain in the western coast of
Japan, in the Philippines, and in South China
...
Consequently, it gives rain
first in South-East Asia and later in East Asian countries
...
The crop calendar of these
regions is mostly controlled by the monsoon climate
...
Atmosphere
What we learnt from this chapter :
The coverage of the air which surrounds the earth is known as atmosphere
...
The main two constituent
elements of fresh and dry air is nitrogen and oxygen
...
Weather and climate : The weather is a daily average condition of atmospheric,
temperature, pressure, rainfall, humidity, and the air movement for a certain place
...
Atmosphere
75
Solar energy : The amount of energy received by the earth through radiation in the
form of small waves is the solar energy
...
Air movement : Due to difference in pressure and temperature, the air moves from
one part of the earth to another
...
The wind
moves from high pressure to low pressure zone
...
These are Planetary wind, Seasonal wind, Local wind and
Irregular wind
...
So, to neutralize the pressure, cold and
dense air from the sea starts blowing over the land
...
Just after the sun sets, the temperature over the landmass cools down quickly
...
So, the air blows from the land
towards the sea
...
Rainfall : The moistureladen air goes high into the sky and cools down and is
transformed into cloud
...
These
water and ice particles coalesce together to form a bigger size of water particles
...
Rainfall can be divided into four types such as : Convectional, Orographic,
Cyclonic and Frontal
...
On the influence of the incr asing temperature of the earth -e
a
...
Frequent cause of sudden flood
c
...
The destruction of the green forest
2
...
The monsoon is a regional air
ii
...
Mainly pre vail in the South Asia
Which one is corr ect below?
a
...
ii and iii
d
...
i and iii
76
Secondary Geography
Notice about the figure below and answer to the question number 3 and 4
...
What type of rainfall does the figure represents?
a
...
Frontal
c
...
Orographic
4
...
Distance from the Ocean
ii
...
Because the air doesn ’t contain any air vapour
Which one is corr ect below?
a
...
i and iii
d
...
ii and iii
Creative Questions
1
...
Magnetosphere
Exosphere
Thermosphere
Mesosphere
Stratosphere
Troposphere
a
...
Why does the Troposphere important?
c
...
ÔThe destruction of the Ozone layer is one of the reasons to increase the air
temperature on earth’-- explain
...
The hydrosphere covers 71 per cent of the surface of the
globe
...
25 lakh square kilometres
...
The great stretch of open
water is known as Ocean, the smaller areas less than ocean are the seas
...
The lakes are the stretches of water
surrounded by land
...
These are : the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean,
the Indian Ocean, the Arctic Ocean and the South Ocean
...
The average
depth of the Pacific is the highest being about 4,270 metres
...
There are many semi-circles seas in the
Atlantic having indented coastline
...
The Arctic Ocean or
the North Ocean surrounds the north pole
...
The North Ocean is 1 crore
and 50 lakh square kilometres in area and the average depth is 824 metres
...
48)
...
Oceans
Pacific Ocean
Area (square kilometres)
16 crore 60 lakh
Depth (metres)
4,270
Atlantic Ocean
8 crore 24 lakh
3,932
Indian Ocean
7 crore 36 lakh
3,962
North Ocean
1 crore 50 lakh
South Ocean
1 crore 47 lakh
824
149
78
Secondary Geography
Definition of the ocean currents : The movement of water in a regular and fixed course
from one part of the ocean to another gives rise to ocean currents
...
Wind movement;
2
...
Difference of salinity;
4
...
Variation in depth;
6
...
Location of the landmass
...
48 : Location of ocean in the world
1
...
So the wind system is the major cause of the ocean currents
...
49)
...
Difference of temperature : The
temperature of the surface water of the
ocean is different in different latitudes
...
But in
upper and mid-latitude regions, the
water is heavy due to less heat
...
79
Fig
...
Difference of salinity : Density of
water depends on the salinity
...
Light water flows as surface currents
while the heavy water flows as under
current (Fig
...
4
...
Comparatively cold water
from the neighbouring less hot areas of
the ocean move towards more hot areas
to maintain equilibrium in the ocean
water
...
50 : Impact of evaporation and salinity
in sea water
5
...
As a result, of the upward and
downward movement of the ocean water as currents are created
...
Rotation of the earth : The earth rotates from west to east
...
7
...
It is, for example, due to the Cape of Saint
Rock in the east of Brazil that the South Equatorial current in the Atlantic Ocean is
divided into two branches
...
Various ocean currents : The ocean water does not remain stationary in one place
...
Hence, the ocean currents are divided into three on the basis of the location of the
oceans
...
The Atlantic Ocean Currents : The continents of Europe and Africa are in the east
of Atlantic while North America and South America are in the west
...
So, the currents can be divided
into two parts
...
South Atlantic Ocean Currents; and
B
...
A
...
The Antarctic Current : The cold waters from the Antarctic move under the
influence of the strong westerly wind from west to east
...
2
...
This current is known as the Benguela current
...
It turns westward under the influence of the south-east trade winds
and joins the South Equatorial current
...
South Equatorial Current : The South Equatorial Current originates from the
extended part of the Benguela current
...
This current is known as the South Equatorial Current as it flows to the south
of the equator
...
4
...
The current is warm
since it originates from the warm current and flows through the tropical region,
crossing the Tropic of Capricorn, the current turns eastward gradually under the
influence of westerly wind and meets the Antarctic current
...
Falkland Current : A branch of the Antarctic current on entering the Atlantic
Ocean turns north and flows northward along the coast of Falkland Island and
Argentina
...
B
...
North Equatorial Current : The warm currents flowing from east to west along
the north of the equator under the influence of the rotation of the earth and the northeast trade winds is known as the North Equatorial Current (Fig
...
This is warm
current
...
The North Equatorial current is divided
into two branches
...
The second branch flows first into the Carribean Sea and then into the Gulf of
Mexico
...
The Equatorial Counter Current : Between the North and South Equatorial
currents, there is a weak current flowing from west to east is known as the Equatorial
Counter Current
...
3
...
This mixed current enters into the
Carribean Sea and is divided into two branches being obstructed by the islands
...
The rush of water from the Mississippi
river of the United States of America enhances the speed of this current and flows
through the narrow strait of Florida to North Atlantic
...
The extent of the Gulf Stream varies
from 64 to 80 kilometres at the entrance of Florida strait, the depth is 914 metres, the
average speed is 8 kilometres per hour and the temperature is 30° Celsius
...
82
Secondary Geography
Fig
...
5 kilometres per
hour
...
(a) North Atlantic Stream;
(b) West Greenland Current; and
(c) Canaries Current
...
(b) West Greenland Current : The warm West Greenland current, the second branch
of Gulf Stream curving northward proceeds along the south of Iceland and Greenland
and then flows through Davis Strait between Greenland and Baffin Island to the north
...
The
current is divided into two branches
...
This is a cold current
...
Guinea Current : The Guinea current, the second branch of Canaries Current,
flows along the coast of Guinea of West Africa to the south upto the Equator
...
This is a cold
current
...
and is called the Sargasso Sea (Fig
...
5
...
These two currents join in the north of
Labrador Peninsula and taking the name of the Labrador Currents
...
The
Labrador current flowing south to New York gets deflected by the warm Gulf Stream
...
The impact of ocean currents on trade
1
...
Naturally the mercantile ships cannot ply in those seas
...
This makes possible the free trafic of the
commercial ships in the seas
...
A ship can sail to a port of destination in a short time in favour of the current but it
takes a lot of money, energy and time if the ship goes against the current
...
It is safe to sail ships in the passage of the warm currents
...
The ships are damaged if hit by an iceberg and sinks into the ocean
...
4
...
are deposited on the sea bed creating shoals
...
Hydrosphere
What we learnt from this chapter :
Hydrosphere : The hydrosphere is the envelope of water which covers about 71 per
cent of the surface of the earth
...
The land and waterbodies : The water area covers 71 per cent and land area covers
29 per cent of the total area of the surface of the earth
...
There are five
oceans in the world namely, the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean,
the North Ocean and the South Ocean
...
The Ocean Currents : The movement of water from one part of the ocean to another
in a regular and fixed course is known as ocean current
...
Warm current generally flows as surface current, while the cold current moves as
under current
...
Of these factors, the wind system plays a vital role to create ocean currents
...
The Antarctic current, Falkland current, Benguela
current, South Equatorial current, and Brazil current flow into the Atlantic Ocean
...
North Atlantic Ocean Current : The currents of the North Atlantic Ocean are
flowing towards right (southward or clockwise)
...
The Labrador, Canaries, and Guinea currents are
cold currents
...
This is called the Sargasso Sea
...
Naturally, the commercial transactions are
disturbed in the ports during winter on the high latitudes
...
There are
possibilities for the ships to get damaged by the icebergs that the cold currents bring
...
What percentage of the surface of the earth is covered by the hydrosphere?
a
...
45
c
...
70
2
...
Density of w ater depends on the salinity
b
...
There is a relation between salinity and wind movement
d
...
Ocean
Area (sq
...
)
Average Depth
(metres)
Pacific Ocean
16 crore 60 lakh
4270
Indian Ocean
7 crore 36 lakh
3962
Atlantic Ocean
8 crore 24 lakh
3932
South Ocean
l crore 47 lakh
149
86
Secondary Geography
3
...
P acific
c
...
b
Atlantic
...
Indian
South
Which one is corr ct below?
e
a
...
b
...
c
...
d
...
Creative Questions
1
...
While they were
walking on the beach both of them noticed that the gigantic waves of the sea
hitting at their feet
...
Anis again asks, ÔDoes the wind movement control this current’?
Shaheena replied that wind movement is the principal ingredient of almost all the
current of the Seas and Oceans of the world
...
What does Ocean current means?
b
...
c
...
d
...
The Hydrosphere
87
Part Three
Regional Geography
A region is a wide area having some universally accepted homogeneous character
...
The term ÔregionÕ is
of course, used in a wide sense
...
Hill, mountains, plateaus, plains,
rivers, lakes, seas are studied in the physical regions
...
On the other hand, the political regions
(Fig
...
The
cultural region is based on culture of human beings
...
So political regions, cultural regions and industrial regions are based on
particular ideas
...
52 : The political region of the world
88
Secondary Geography
The Hydrosphere
89
Chapter One
The Continent of Europe
Location : The continent of Europe is located between 35° to 71° North latitude and
25° West longitude to 66° East longitude
...
The continent has the North Sea to its north,
the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea to its south, the Caspian Sea and Asia to its east
and the North Atlantic Ocean to its west
...
Area : Europe ranks third among all the continents in respect of its area
...
It is about 0
...
35 part of Africa, 0
...
59 part of South
America while it is 1
...
45 times larger than
Antarctica
...
The coastline is 41,204 kilometres i
...
1kilometre of coastline for every 242 kilometres
of its area
...
This has resulted in the formation
of many natural harbours and ports along the coast
...
In the north coast, the majors
ones among others are White Sea, Bothnia Peninsula, Baltic Sea, North Sea, Iceland
Island, Scandinavian Peninsula (Norway and Sweden) and Denmark Peninsula
...
In the west coast, there are Bay of Biscay and the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and
Portugal)
...
As the
continent of Asia is located in the east, there is only Caspian Sea surrounded by land
on all sides
...
53)
...
The Rocky Plateau of North-West Europe;
2
...
The plateau of Central and West Europe; and
4
...
90
Secondary Geography
1
...
In the past, this region was consisted of old metamorphic rocks
...
The Kiolen mountain is in the north Scandinavian plateau
and the Dover Field mountain is in the south
...
The rift valley of Glenmore has divided the Scotland plateau into two
parts
...
Nevis (1,344 metres) of Graspian
mountain is the highest peak in the United Kingdom
...
The Great Plain of Central Europe : This great plain stretches from the coast of
the Bay of Biscay in the west to the eastern border of Europe in the east
...
The
plain includes North France, Belgium, Netherlands (Holand), Germany, Poland,
Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukrain and most of the places of Russia
...
Much of the surface of the lowlands is covered by glacial deposits
and moraines because the glaciers moved over this area
...
53 : Physiography of Europe
The Continent of Europe
91
3
...
This region includes Meseta plateau of Iberia, Central Meseta
Plateau of France, Bavaria, Plateau of Germany and Bohemia Plateau of Czech and
Slovakia
...
The Mountainous Lands of South Europe : The Alps Mountain is situated at the
central place of this mountainous lands
...
A number of branches from this
mountain have spreaded to the different directions of South Europe
...
The Evergen and the Siveneze mountains are located in
South France
...
This peak remains under ice throughout the year
...
The Apennines, a branch of the Alps has passed
through Italy towards south
...
Visuvius
of Italy, Etna of Sicily, Strombly of Lepery Island and Hekla of Iceland are the notable
volcanoes of Europe
...
Difference in climate is found to
occur in different places of Europe due to the distance from the sea, influence of warm
currents, location of the Arctic circle, and the mountains etc
...
54)
...
The Tundra Climatic Regions : This climatic region is included in the Frizid zone
as the northern parts of Norway, Finland and Russia being situated in the north of the
Arctic circle, and this type of climate is known as the Tundra Climate
...
There is a heavy snowfall in
this season and the surface remains covered with snow for about nine months of the
year
...
The Temperate Climate of North-West Europe : The countries in this region are
those located along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean in the north-western Europe that
include Norway, southern part of Sweden, Germany, France, northern part of Spain,
92
Secondary Geography
Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Denmark, the United Kingdom and Iceland
...
The amount of rainfall is higher more
during winter but the intensity of winter cold is not much
...
54 : Climatic region of Europe
3
...
The region is far from the sea
...
The intensity of cold during winter is
very high
...
So the climate of this region is called
Extreme Continental Climate
...
The Mediterranean Climatic Region : This region includes Portugal, South
Spain, South France, Italy, Albania, Greece, the European Turkey, the Mediterranean
Islands, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and Crete of South Europe not far from the
Mediterranean Sea
...
The intensity of cold during winter is not
felt high
...
The Continent of Europe
93
Fig
...
55)
...
Similarly former Czechoslovakia formed two states such as, Czech
94
Secondary Geography
and Slovakia after break up and Yugoslavia formed 5 states
...
kms
...
sq
...
)
Capital
(a) North-West Region
Norway
Sweden
United Kingdom
Ireland
Iceland
3,23,802
4,49,964
2,44,820
70,280
1,03,000
0
...
94
6
...
45
0
...
54
0
...
22
0
...
66
1
...
05
6
...
55
8
...
82
400
354
193
98
128
229
122
Amsterdam
Brussels
Luxembourg
Paris
Copenhagen
Barlin
Warsaw
1,70,75,200
2,07,000
6,03,700
33,843
14
...
95
4
...
41
8
46
76
121
Moscow
Minsk
Kiev
Chisinau
Georgia
69,700
0
...
31
0
...
kms
...
sq
...
)
Capital
(f) Central and southern
Region
Czech Republic
78,866
1
...
54
111
Bratislava
Romania
2,37,500
2
...
030
107
Budapest
Austria
83,870
1
...
84
100
Vienna
160
0
...
78
189
Bern
Portugal
92,391
1
...
71
93
Madrid
468
0
...
05
201
0
...
0000648
3600
2
0
...
003
492
San Marino
Slovenia
20,273
0
...
44
78
Zagreb
Bosnia and Herzegovina
91,129
0
...
73
94
Belgrade
Macedonia
25,333
0
...
32
111
Tirana
Bulgaria
1,10,910
0
...
13
86
Sofia
Athens
Malta
316
2,32,27,496
0
...
24
1266
32
Vatican City*
Monaco
San Marino
Total
Source : World Population Data Sheet, 2010
* Statistical Yearbook, 1994-95
Rome
Vatican City
Monaco
Valletta
-----
96
Secondary Geography
Europe
What we learnt from this chapter :
Location, Area and Coastline : Europe is located in the temperate zone
...
The coastline of Europe is very much
broken and long
...
Climate : The climate of Europe is divided into four types such as (1) The Tundra
Climatic Region, (2) The Temperate Climatic Region of North-West Europe, (3) The
Continental Climatic Region of East Europe, and (4) The Mediterranean Climatic Region
...
In the north-west region, there are Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom, Iceland
and Ireland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in the Baltic Region
...
In
the eastern region, there are European Russia, Belarus, Ukraine and Moldova; in the
Trans Caucasian region there are Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan; in central
European region there are Czech, Slovakia, Romania; Hungary, Austria, and
Switzerland; and in the Mediterranean region there are Portugal, Spain, Italy, Vatican
City, San Marino, Albania, Greece and Malta
...
Which one of these belo is the Scandinavian Capital?
w
a
...
Stockholm, Oslo and Helsinki
c
...
Prague, Bucharest and
Vienna
2
...
Denmark
b
...
Turkey
d
...
The v arieties of climates of different parts of Europe mainly contributes
i
...
The longitude is 25° West to 66° East
iii
...
i and ii
c
...
...
Countries
Norway
Netherlands
Sour
Area (sq
...
)
3,23,802
41,526
Population (in crore)
0
...
66
ce : World Population Data Sheet, 2010
4
...
307
b
...
367
d
...
Which one is the reasonable cause of the density of less population in Norway
though the ar ea is a vast one?
a
...
b
...
c
...
d
...
6
...
North-W est
b
...
South-East
d
...
Reaching in London from Dhaka, Sadib began to tremble in biting-cold at the
outside of the airport
...
The difference in weather is found to occur in Europe
though it is located at the temperate zone due to the distance from the sea,
influence of warm currents, location of the Arctic Circle and the mountains etc
...
b
...
d
...
ÔIn Europe the difference in climate is found to occur though it is situated in
the Temperate ZoneÕ-- give reasons in favour of the statement
...
Bangladesh is located in this continent
...
The Pacific Ocean is in the east of this continent, Europe and
the Mediterranean Sea in the west, Africa and the Red Sea in the south-west, the
North Ocean in the north while the Indian Ocean in the south
...
Only the Ural Mountain, the
Ural river and the Caspian Sea have seperated Europe from Asia
...
Its area is 4,64,91,180 square
kilometres
...
The continent of Asia is 1
...
82
times than North America, 2
...
19 times than Europe,
5
...
12 times than Antarctica
...
56 : Continent of Asia in the world map
Coastline : The coastline of Asia is not very much indented
...
The total coastline is 57,924 kilometres that
means it has 1 kilometre coastline per 773 square kilometres
...
Physiography : Asia can be divided into five divisions according to its physical
structures
...
The low plains of North Asia : If we draw a straight line from the Bering strait to
the south of the Caspian Sea, we shall see a great low land to its north
...
2
...
The plateau is called the Pamir Knot, because different mountain
ranges radiate from Pamir Knot to different directions
...
Of the ranges of this mountain, Altai,
Yablonovy and Stanovoi are the major ranges
...
57)
...
The Himalayas is the highest mountain in the world
...
The Mount Everest (8,884 metres) is
the highest peak
...
57 : Physiography of Asia
Besides, there are about 22 such peaks whose height will not exceed 6,016 metres
...
Few branches from the east end of the Himalayas turning towards south
passed through Myanmar as the Arakan Yomas and Pegu Yomas
...
, Hindu Kush extending towards south from Pamir Knot and
the other one towards south-west as Sulaiman and Khirthar
...
The Iranian Plateau is located in between these two mountains
...
The plateau of Anatolia is between these two mountains
...
The low plains of South Asia : The deposits of alluvial soil by the rivers of Tigris
(Dazla) and Euphrates (Forat) basin of Iraq, Indus-Ganges-Brahmaputra basin of
Pakistan, India and Bangladesh and Hwang Ho-Yangtze-Sikiang basin of China have
developed this plain
...
The alluvial soil has made this
plain very fertile
...
The Plateau of South Asia : The Arab, Deccan and Indo-China plateau of the
southern part of Asia is formed of old rocks
...
The West Ghat Mountain is
situated to the west of the Deccan plateau, East Ghat Mountain in the east and
Vindhya range in the north
...
5
...
Most of
these islands are adorned with volcanoes
...
The mouth of the rivers remain frozen most of the time of the year
...
This river remains frozen for six months of the year
...
The
Yangtzekiang (5,525 kilometres) originating in the Tibet Plateau has fallen into the
East China Sea
...
The Sikiang rises from Yuanan
Plateau of China and flows to the South China Sea
...
(c) Rivers flowing to the Indian Ocean : The Salwin (2,816 kilometres) river of
Myanmar originating from the Tibet Plateau has fallen into the Bay of Martaban
...
The Brahmaputra (2,896 kilometres) rises
from lake Manash of Tibet and mingles with the Ganges flows through Tibet, Assam
The Continent of Asia
101
and Bangladesh
...
The lower part of the river
is known as the Padma
...
The Tigris (Dazla, 1,900
kilometres) and the Euphrates (Forat) rise in the highlands of Armenia in East Turkey
...
(d) Rivers flowing into the lakes : The Amudarya and Sirdarya rising from the Pamir
plateau and Tien Shan mountain respectively fall into the Aral Lake, while the Ural
river, coming up from the Ural mountains flows to the Caspian Sea, the Tarim river
(2,735 kilometres) to the Lapnor Lake from the Karakoram Mountains, the Helmond
river from the Hindu Kush mountains to the Hamun and the Jordan river from the
highlands of Lebanon to the Dead Sea
...
Climate : Asia, being a large continent, has diverse physical features
...
According to the prevailing climate, the continent can be divided into seven climatic
zones (Fig
...
1
...
The
termperature here is high and heavy shower occurs throughout the year
...
Fig
...
The Monsoon Climatic Zone : The countries in the Tropical zone and the eastern
part of Asia are included in this climatic zone
...
Heavy rains occur during summer and the rains make the
summer cooler
...
The climate is warm and
wet
...
The Desert Climatic Zone : The prominence of dryness in this type of climate is
the major characteristics
...
This type of climate is divided into two
...
Here the climate is extreme
...
(b) Cold Desert Climatic Region : This type of climate includes Mongolia of Central
Asia, Sinkiang of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan,
Afghanistan, and Iran
...
The air of this region is dry due to less amount of rainfall
...
The Gobi desert is located in Mongolia and Sinkiang of the
cold and dry climatic region
...
The Mediterranean Climatic Zone : This climatic zone includes Turkey, Syria,
Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, and North Iraq of West Asia
...
5
...
Winter
is very cold here and there is heavy snowfall
...
There is
scarcely any rainfall
...
The Cold Temperate Climatic Zone : This climate is found in East Siberia
...
Extreme cold wind flows from the Arctic in winter
...
The eastern part is colder and drier than the western part
...
The Tundra Climatic Zone : This climate is found in the north of Siberia
...
Verkhoyansk in Siberia is the coldest place
in the world
...
This area
is unfit for human habitation
...
The area
under SAARC, a forum for the development of South Asia regional countries is
52,21,391 square kilometres and more than 159
...
All
the seven states are independent and sovereign and help each other for mutual
development
...
70 crore
...
There are 8 states in the Far East and Siberia
...
01 crore
...
25 crore
...
36 crore
...
Of these, the
countries included in Asia are (1) Siberia (the part of the Republic of Russia in Asia),
(2) Kazakhstan, (3) Uzbekistan, (4) Turkmenistan, (5) Tajikistan, and (6) Kyrgyzstan
...
Table 4 : Area, population, density of population and capitals of different countries of
Asia, 2010
Name of the country
Area
(sq
...
)
Population
(in crore)
Density of
population
(per sq
...
)
Capital
1
...
66
993
Dhaka
32,87,590
118
...
48
230
Islamabad
Nepal
1,47,181
2
...
07
15
Thimphu
Sri Lanka
65,610
2
...
03
1070
6,47,500
2
...
90
349
India
...
kms
...
500
5,14,000
1,81,040
2,36,800
3,29,560
19,19,440
3,29,750
693
3,00,000
5,770
5
...
81
1
...
64
8
...
55
2
...
51
9
...
04
79
132
83
27
270
123
88
7359
313
69
15,007
0
...
70
132
1,47,74,460
0
...
74
2
...
89
0
...
81
0
...
32
337
189
489
2
139
6410
645
2,65,71,415
158
...
Central Asia
Kazakhstan
27,17,300
1
...
81
0
...
76
53
Dushanbe
Kyrgyzstan
1,98,500
0
...
25
16
----
1
...
Far East and
Siberia
Siberia (Asian part
of Russia**)
Japan
North Korea
South Korea
Mongolia
China
Hong Kong
Taiwan
Total
Total
Density of
population
(per sq
...
)
Source : * Bangladesh Statistical Pocketbook, 2009/February 2010
**Statistical Yearbook, 1994-95
Capital
Pyinmana
Bangkok
Phnom Penh
Vientiane
Hanoi
Jakarta
Kuala Lumpur
Singapore
Manila
Bandar Seri
Begawan
Dili
-----
----Tokyo
Pyongyang
Seoul
Ulanbatar
Beijing
Victoria
Taipei
---Astana
The Continent of Asia
Name of the country
105
Area
(sq, kms
...
kms
...
51
46
Tehran
Iraq
4,37,072
3
...
36
94
Ankara
Syria
1,85,180
2
...
43
413
Beirut
Jordan
92,300
0
...
76
366
Jerusalem
6,220
0
...
36
45
Sanaa
21,49,690
2
...
54
65
Abu Dhabi
665
0
...
17
149
Oman
2,12,460
0
...
31
174
Kuwait
Cyprus
9,250
0
...
36
47
----
4,64,91,180
413
...
South-West Asia
Palestine
Yemen
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates
Bahrain
Total
Grand Total
Amman
Manama
Doha
Source : World Population Data Sheet, 2010
MPND, 2004
...
North Sea is in the
north of Asia, while the Indian Ocean is in the south and the Pacific in the east, the
continent of Europe and the Mediterranean Sea in the west and Africa and the Red
Sea in the south-west
...
Physiography : The continent of Asia is divided into five regions according to its
physical structures as follows :
(1) The low plains of North Asia, (2) The high plateau of Central Asia and the
mountains, (3) The low plains of South Asia, (4) The plateaus of South Asia, (5) The
Volcanic Islands
...
Pamir is called ÔRoof of the WorldÕ, because of
its height
...
Tibet, Tarim, Iran, Anatolia, Arabia, Deccan, Indo-China are
the principal plateaus and Siberia, Tigris-Euphrates, Indus-Ganges-Brahmaputra,
Hwang Ho-Yangtze-Sikiang are the principal plains in Asia
...
Climate : Asia being very large and wide, has diverse climates in different regions
and it can be divided into seven climatic zones as follows :
(1) The Equatorial Climate, (2) The Monsoon Climate, (3) The Desert Climate, (4)
The Mediterranean Climate, (5) The Cold Temperate Climate, and (6) The Tundra
Climate
...
Out of these (a) Eight countries of
South Asia included in Regional Development of South Asia (SAARC), and (b)
eleven countries of South East-Asia, (c) eight countries of Far East and Siberia, (d)
five countries of Central Asia, and (e) sixteen countries of South-West Asia are also
included
...
km
...
66
Myanmar
6,78,500
5
...
88
6,47,500
2
...
1
...
Bangladesh
b
...
India
d
...
Which country is less populated in density?
a
...
c
...
Myanmar
Afghanistan
3
...
Because of equable climate
b
...
Because of cultural dif ference
d
...
In which part of Asia the countries are located as stated in the table?
a
...
West
c
...
South
In the table the information of two countries are shown
...
Population and export information, South Korea and Bangladesh, 2001
Data
South Korea
Bangladesh
48
134
Density of Population (per sq
...
)
493
1000
Export (billion dollar)
159
6
...
Which one is corr ect as per the date noted in the year 2001?
i
...
The export price of South Korea per capita was one-fifth of Bangladesh
iii
...
i and ii
c
...
b
d
...
i and iii
i, ii and iii
Which inf ormation can be gathered out from the table mentioned?
i
...
Area of both countries
iii
...
i and ii
c
...
...
Answer the questions from the given map below
...
Write the name of the continent as indicated under star mark
...
Describe the plains formed by the river deposition in Asia
...
Identify the similar climate zone of both Asia and Europe by drawing a map
of Asia
...
Why it is neither summer nor winter extreme in the monsoon climate zone
in Asia -- analyze
...
The Malay Peninsula is West
Malaysia and Sabah and Sarawak is East Malaysia
...
The people of this country
freed themselves from the foreign rule and supremacy and then they have accelerated
the pace of economic development by their untiring toil
...
Location : The South China Sea is in the north of Malaysia, Celebis Sea in the east
...
The country is located
between 2° South latitude to 8° North latitude, and 100° East longitude to 120° East
longitude
...
The total population of Malaysia is 2
...
The state language is Malay
...
However, the majority is Muslims
...
59 : Political division of Malaysia
110
Secondary Geography
Physiography : Malaysia is formed of coastal plains while the central region has high
plateau
...
The southern part of the western
coast of Sarawak is quite broad and the northern part becomes narrower gradually
...
There are only a number of plain lands of
considerably large size in mountainous or hilly Malaya Peninsula
...
Some of its parts are more
than 2,100 metres high
...
The land in the western part of the principal water-shed is undulatory and fertile and
has been developed considerably
...
The principal mountain ranges of the
Malaya Peninsula are extended from north to south and is mainly formed of granite
rock
...
However, there are some regions formed of limestone with steep flank in the west of
the peninsula
...
One of
such basins can be found near Kuala Lampur
...
60 : Physiography of Malaysia
The regions of Sabah and Sarawak of North Borneo may be divided into three parts
such as (1) the coastal plains, (2) the piedmont regions, and (3) the hilly regions
...
The coastal plain is formed of alluvium and the piedmont region is formed of
parallel mountain ranges extending from north to south have gradually elevated to a
height more than 1,805 metres
...
Malaysia
111
Climate : Malaysia is located in the north of the equator
...
Although located in the equatorial region, Monsoon blows
over this country
...
The eastern coast of Malaysia is under the direct influence of North-East
Monsoon and hence wet season prevails from November to March and flows strongly
over the neighbouring seas
...
The amount of rainfall increases in some open areas upto 6,860
millimetres but in the covered valleys, the rainfall comes down to 1,524 millimetres
...
In the low lying areas, the
average temperature is around 27° Celsius throughout the year
...
61 : Windflow of Malaysia
The west coast of Malaysia is under the influence of Indian Oceanic South-West
Monsoon
...
The western part of Malaysia
remains partly outside the direct influence of the wind as Sumatra Island stands as a
barrier to the flow of South-West Monsoon
...
For
this, it has actually accelerated the economic growth of this region
...
Average temperature in the north coastal area of Sabah remains at 27° Celsius
...
January and February are the time for heavy rainfall
...
This
forest extends from sea plain to the high mountains
...
In the equatorial forest of this country, the tall, straight and branchless trees of
different species have a dense growth
...
The big trees grow up with a canopy of thick leaves which the rain
can penetrate but no sunlight ever reaches the ground
...
Under the canopy of thick leaves, there is the under
growth of creeper-like plants as well as bamboo and cane
...
So, it is very difficult to
collect a great number of tree
trunks of a particular species
and many trees are destroyed
while bringing the trunks out
of the forests
...
The valuable
hard wood trees like Iron
wood, Rose wood, Ebony,
Mahogany and Rubber are
procured from the forest of
Malaysia and besides Palm,
Bamboo, Malayan cane,
Malaccan cane are also
collected
...
Agriculture : The agricultural
system in Malaysia is divided
into (1) Indigeneous system of
agriculture and (2) Arable
agriculture system
...
62 : Landuse of Malaysia peninsula
Rice grows in the west coast valleys and east coast of the peninsula
...
Malaysia imports three eigths (3/8) of its total need
of rice from abroad
...
There is little farming in the areas far from the coast and
valleys
...
The Malaysians live mainly in the
village
...
Rubber plantation started in Malaysia in 1895 as an arable system of Agriculture
...
Rubber plantation is practised in
30 lakh acres of land mainly in the low hilly regions and low plains of the west coast
...
63 : Landuse in Sabah and Sarawak
The trees having big trunks are cut down and other plants are burnt to prepare lands
for rubber plantation
...
In fact, some other temporary plants
are used as cover to check soil erosion
...
One is to
wait several more years to get good
quality of rubber
...
Fig
...
The farming of coconut has steadily increased in the sandy areas of the
coast
...
Comparatively the pineapples are cultivated in the low quality land
...
Besides, sago
and black pepper are also produced in this part of the country
...
Vast
quantities of tin ore to produce tin are available
...
The high quality ore is deposited in the
valleys of west coast
...
The
ore is very important for producing tin sheets
...
65 : Mineral resources of Malaysia
Coal is procured from the ancient lake basins of Malaya Peninsula
...
The petroleum fields in the
hilly slopes of Sabah have earned considerable importance
...
Moreover,
mineral iron and gold are mined in Malaysia
...
This country has occupied first place in tin production in the world
...
It is one of the countries in Asia
that produces computer parts and electronic goods
...
Railway and roads have reached all the places
...
Railway lines and roads have
connected the rubber plantations, tin, petroleum, coal, gold, mineral iron producing
fields, refineries, towns, cities, ports and commercial centres
...
The sea routes connect the two seperated
parts of the country
...
66 : Transport system of Malaysia
Foreign Trade : The most important exportable items of Malaysia are rubber, tin and
palm oil
...
Recently Malaysia has earned the fame for
becoming one of the most industrially advanced countries of Asia by exporting
equipments, computer parts, electronic goods and other industrial products
...
Cloth and ready-made garments, paper and medicine are
also imported
...
Cities, ports and commercial centres : Kuala Lampur is the capital of Malaysia
...
Malacca founded in 1511 is now an old city and has less importance, Sutenham, near
Kuala Lampur is an important port
...
Epoh is a tin
producing centre and a main city
...
Miri, city of Sarawak is the main centre of oil fields
...
116
Secondary Geography
Population and Development Trends
Population : High fertility, less mortality and migration are the factors of population
growth
...
24% for the rate of population growth, 27
...
56% for death rate, and 24
...
Family planning is
practised to stabilize population growth
...
These are necessary to
achieve planned human resource development
...
78% of the population are
literate of which 86% are males and 70% are females
...
Development trend : The country has been gradually moving ahead since its
independence on 31st August, 1957 from British rule
...
The government is particularly active in maintaining the trend of
growth in industries, especially small and cottage industries
...
According to world population data sheet
2010, the Annual Gross National Income (GNI) of this country was 13,740 US Dollar
...
Many
people from Bnagladesh are in employment in Malaysia
...
The South
China, is in its north, the Celebis Sea in the east, Java Sea in the south and the
Malacca Strait in the west
...
89 crore
...
Physiography : The coastal area of Malaysia is plain land and the central region is
formed of plateaus
...
The mountain
ranges extend from north to south
...
The rivers are not long
...
The strong wind blows over
the sea from November to March
...
The North-East Monsoon that blows from October to April, causes
heavy rainfall in Sabah and Sarawak
...
Malaysia
117
Natural vegetation : Malaysia is a country of dense and evergreen forest
...
Valuable hard wood trees like Iron wood, Rose wood, Ebony, Mahogany and Rubber
as well as palm tree, bamboo and cane are grown in abundance in the equatorial forest
of central region
...
Rice is produced in the valleys of west coast and the
east coast of Peninsula
...
The farming of rubber has been practised here as an
arable system of agriculture
...
Rubber and tobacco are produced as arable crop in Sabah and Sarawak
...
Mineral resources : Mineral tin is the principal mineral product
...
The oil fields are located in the ring of the hilly
slope of Sarawak
...
Industry : Tin refineries and petroleum productions are the two principal industries
...
It is one of the countries of
Asia that produces computer parts and electronic goods
...
Besides,
tobacco, sago, spices, coconut kernel and oil, coffee, machineries, computer parts and
electronic goods are also exported
...
Of the imported commodities rice, cloth, readymade garments, paper and medicine are the important ones
...
Population growth in Malaysia is stabilized
through the adaptation of family planning methods
...
The country has been
gradually moving ahead since its independence on 31st August, 1957 from British
rule
...
But the government is also keen to keep up the development trend in small and
cottage industries
...
Malaysia is located in the north of the equator
...
The wind blows strongly in the country over the
neighbouring seas
...
By the
influence of weather and climate the increase of the birth rate in Malaysia is higher
than that of Bangladesh
...
of the country has taken various steps to make the
population human resources development
...
Which climate influence on Malaysia although it is located in equatorial
r egion?
a
...
Tropical coastal marine
c
...
Mild-w arm temperate
2
...
Neighbouring seas
b
...
Location of equatorial line
d
...
The step of effective development of Malaysia is-i
...
Fmily size is kept small
a
iii
...
i
b
c
...
...
ii
i, ii and iii
What is the rate of population growth in Malaysia?
a
...
04%
b
...
14%
c
...
24%
d
...
34%
Creative Questions
1
...
It has now become a principal
economic factor in the South-East Asian countries through political stability and
unexpected industrial development
...
But the scenario of 2005 was of different which is shown below in the table
...
The rate of population growth
1
...
05%
2
...
Labour power employment
Source : BBC World News Website
a
...
Why is Malaysia under the influence of the monsoon although it is in the
equatorial region?
c
...
d
...
120
Secondary Gerography
Chapter Four
South Korea
Introduction : Korean Peninsula is a country of East Asia
...
As a result, this country became a
colony of Japan
...
67)
...
Location : South Korea is located between
32°20¢ to 38°00¢ North latitude and
124°00¢ to 132°00¢ East longitude
...
North
Korea is situated in the north of this
country, Japan Sea in the east, Korea
Strait in the south and the Yellow Sea
in the west
...
Area and Population : Total area of
South Korea is about 1,00,032 square
kilometres occupying about 45 per cent
of the total land of Korean Peninsula
...
The people are of
Mongoloid group
...
Baekdusan
Amnok (Yalu)
Sea of
Japan
(East Sea)
Sinuiju
Imjin
Pyongyang
Taedong
Bukhan
Namhan
Seaul
Han
Yellow Sea
(West Sea)
Geum
Busan
Cease-fire line
0
Nakdong
62 Kilomitres
Fig
...
: (1) The Mountainous
Region, (2) The Plains Region, and (3) The East Coastal Region
...
Taebaek Hill Tracks of east coast extends
from north to south
...
Many places of hilly region are eroded by the waves of Japan Sea
...
The land slopes mainly towards west and south
which is evident from the normal flow of the rivers
...
68)
...
The East Coastal Region : The
east coastal region is situated between
east coastal line and Taebaek mountain
...
This region is not very wide
and gradully widens towards the south
...
The Plains Region : This area is
formed of sand and rock
...
Most of the
places of this region have been
eroded by heavy rainfall
...
The Mountainous Region : The
South Korea
mauntainous region is consisted of Physiography North
Korea
some scattered peaks, plateaus and the Korea
valleys
...
The height
of the main peaks of the mountainous
region is more than 2,400 metres
...
The broad, low
and long plain seperating the plateau in
the south-west has connected the south
Anmyondo
plains with west plains as a link road
...
These
rivers had great impact on the life style of
the inhabitants and on the national industrial
development of South Korea
...
5
kilometres) and Han (481
...
The
Han river flowing through the modern Seoul
city helps to centralise the population and to
increase the density of population in the
central region
...
The rivers remain navigable for a long
distance, particularly during the high tide
reaching to the height of about 10 metres
...
68 : Physiography of South Korea
South Korea
1
2
5
Main Rivers
3
4
6
7
8
13
9
14
15
10
16
11
13
12
(1) Hantan, (2) Imjin, (3) Soyang, (4)
0
62 Kilometres
Hongcheon, (5) Bukhan, (6) Han, (7) Namhan,
Fig
...
69)
...
As the three sides of this country are surrounded by sea, the huge quantity of water
has brought diversity in the life of Korean people and it has impact on the
development on the navigation and shipbuilding industries of the country
...
Summer, Autumn, Winter and Spring
...
70)
...
The climate remains stagnant in Autumn (October)
...
The ice
flows from north-east to south-west with cold wave blowing along the side of the East
coast (Fig
...
As a result, snowfall occours in Northern part and severe cold is felt all
over the country
...
Spring (April-May) remains dry and warm due
to the influence of the high pressure
...
r
Pola
1000 mb
Low pressure
Central Asia
fron
Con
tin
e
Siberian
Polar Continental
0
102
mb
Inte
t
ro nt
ef
tim mb
a ri 1 0 2 0
lM
High
nta
pressure
Siberian Polar
Continental mb
2
10
opi
cal
0
m
b
1
1012 mb
High
pressure
1000 m
b
Low
pressure
P
ical
Trop
Hawaiian
Tropical Meritime
r tr
2
10
fron
t
Inter tr
opical
olar
front
Low
pressure
Polar Meritime
Hawaiian
Tropical Meritime
1000 mb
front
JulyTropical Meritme
January
Fig
...
71 : Location of Airmasses in January in East Asia
Due to the evaporation of moisture from the soil, a slight changed continental polar airmass while
crossing the Gobe desert of China-Mongolia border, carry fine yellow coloured loess soil
from the loess plateau of China and after crossing the Yellow Sea reaches South Korea
...
During the winter months, there is predominance of dust cloud in Korea for which visibility
becomes poor
...
These storms are seen
frequently at the fag end of this summer
...
35 kilometres per hour
...
72)
...
The central
region of the country experiences rainfall
between 1,100 to 1,400 millimetres (100 to
140 centimetres) which accounts for about
50 to 60 per cent of the annual rainfall of
summer months
...
The
average temperature of the country lies
between 23° and 26° Celsius in August and
the temperature comes down to minus 6°
and 7° Celsius in the coldest month of
Januray
...
The
40°
20°
forest has a mixture of both coniferous and
Fig
...
The southern plain regions
are mostly covered by rainfed forests
...
Red pines of straight and hard trunk are also besides, Elm, Maple, Linven, Birch, and
Ash trees, found in these forests
...
It is difficult to grow rice or even
vegetables under this condition
...
8 per cent of total land is under agriculture
...
7
...
The farmers remain busy during summer because of heavy
Moonsoon rainfall
...
The rice growing land is much more wider in the southern and
western parts of the country and Vegetables are cultivated by the side of the hilly areas
...
Rice is used to cultivate
in half of the total agricultural land
...
Rainfall is least in the month of April but this little rainfall is vital for rice cultivation
...
The rice plants grow
fast with the rains
...
Rice is the main staple food
...
The production of rice remains stable due to the invent of new
varities of rice and its expansion of new innovative means every year of cultivating
rice
...
Rice is reaped
in October and then the land is prepared for growing barley and wheat
...
The total
yield of millet, barley, and wheat together is higher than that of rice
...
Soyabean farming is abundant in South Korea
...
The silk industry exits as an
ancient glorious industry of South Korea but now it is flourishing
...
As a result, silk processing industry is developing in the south-east area of the country
...
Jinseng is an important agricultural
product
...
Jinseng and tobacco cultivation is
encouraged by the government
...
The cattle of South Korea is of high
quality
...
Natural Regions : South Korea is divided into five natural regions on the basis of
physical features and characteristics of products
...
Mountainous Region : The density of population is very low in this area though 70
per cent of the total land is mountainous
...
The households in
many cases have developed keeping some distance in between due to the scarcity of
plain land for the growth of settlement
...
Besides, the charming
natural scenery of mountainous region is notable as tourism wealth
...
East Coastal Strip Region : This narrow coastal region is cut off from the other
areas of the country
...
They catch fish off the coast in small boats using traditional methods
...
Tides have little influnce in this coast
...
South-East Region : This region is formed in the piedmont regions of the
mountainous slopes surrounded with Naknong basin
...
This area has an excellent transport and
communication system
...
4
...
Two crops are grown annually
...
Silk culture is also gaining importance
...
North-West Region : The Gyeonggi province of Metropolitan area is closely
connected with the capital of Seoul
...
A single
crop is grown in this region because of extreme cold weather
...
This is the mining area of South Korea
...
The
coal mines are mainly located in the province of Gangwon
...
A small quantity of limestone, tungsten, silver, zinc, iron ore,
copper, lead, graphite and coal are available here
...
The coal is of anthracite quality
...
The
availability of coal and iron ore have accelerated the fast growth of industry in South
Korea
...
Local cotton is
mixed with imported cotton and high quality cotton cloth is manufactured to meet the
local demand
...
Production of silk manufacturing
of cloth has grown here as cottage industry
...
Besides, Petrochemical industry, chemical yarn, machine tools, shipbuilding indurtry,
telecommunication, motor car, iron and steel industry, cement and electronics industry
have flourished here
...
Inspite of
constructing many roads, the villages become disconnected from the outer world
during snowfall in winter
...
The railways in the south and south-east region is connected with the
railway system in the west through a wide corridor
...
After
1960Õs, the Communication system is very much developed while the number of
roads, national express highways, motor vehicles are increased along with economic
development of this country
...
In 1970Õs, Bingal Track main railway line was made
double and triple track
...
As a result, distance becomes less between place to place
...
D
...
So, the transportation of goods gradully is increasing
...
The communication system by air is comparatively more with the neighbouring
countries
...
The trade relation with China and
Japan is much healthier
...
High quality garments, electronics, computer parts and shipbuilding
industries have turned South Korea into one of the most prosperous countries of Asia
...
Rice, soyabean, silk and fish are
imported
...
Cities and Ports : Seoul is the capital of South Korea
...
These two cities are quite different in prosperity and progress in comparision to
other cities
...
Daegu, Daejeon, Gwangju and Mokpo are
other important cities
...
Besides, huge population migrated from
the village to the towns specially in Seoul
...
In recent years, many of the inhabitants of Seoul has
immigrated in the Suburb areas of the city
...
8 per cent in the age group of
0-14, 72
...
7 per cent in 65+ age group
...
29 per cent, birth rate 15
...
98 per cent, net migration rate 0
...
9 per cent and
the life expectancy is 80
...
A number of different tribal people live in this
country
...
All above the age of 10 years, can
read and write
...
Development Trends : South Korea achieved its independence from foreign rule in
1945
...
Behind this
growth, there has been the export oriented planned economic development
...
The economy of the country has been kept
enliven through stable labour market, strong pressure of inflation and rapid growth of
savings in banks
...
8 per
cent of the total population of which 75
...
9 per cent in mining and industries, 7
...
South Korea
What we learnt from this chapter :
Location and area : South Korea is a country of East Asia
...
The
strait of Korea has seperated South Korea from Japan
...
Physiography : This country is divided into three parts according to its physical
structure
...
Climate : South Korea enjoys the maritime temparate Climate
...
The summer monsoon causes
rainfall during April to September
...
The month of March is the time for
cyclonic storms and the months from July to August for Typhoon
...
The deciduous forests are in the mountainous region and the plains
have rainfed forests
...
6 per cent of the total land of the country is used for agriculture
...
Rice is grown in the southern and western parts of the
country with wet farming system
...
Mineral resources : Small amount of limestone, silver, zinc, tungsten, iron ore,
copper, lead, graphite and coal are mined in the country
...
Industry : Though the coal and the iron ore exist in South Korea but still a
mentionable quantity of raw meterials are imported
...
Cotton and woollen cloth manufacturing are the principal
industries
...
Chemical yarn, petrochemical, machinery, cement, shipbuilding industries, electronic industries have
developed fast
...
The communication system in the south is
comparatively more developed
...
Foreign trade : Rice, Soyabean oil, silk, fish, high quality garments, electronics,
computer mechineries are exported and the iron and steel machineries, paper,
medicine, high quality cotton, motor car, ships, semi-conductor and mobile phones are
imported
...
29 per cent, the birth rate 15
...
98 per cent, net migration rate 0
...
9 per cent
and life expectancy is 80
...
The country achieved independence from foreign
rule in 1945 and attained continuous economic development
...
The economy of South Korea has been kept enliven
through stable labour market, strong pressure of inflation and rapid growth of savings
in the banks
...
Exercise
Multiple Choice Questions
1
...
c
...
Japan Sea and Yellow Sea
d
...
128
2
...
100
90
Population Percentage
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0-14
15-64
65+
a
...
In the bar graph
b
...
Population p
yramid
3
...
Baby
b
...
Middle-aged
d
...
Which is correct for South Korea?
i
...
Number of acti ve people's excessiveness is about 15-64 years
iii
...
i
b
...
iii
d
...
The climate of South Korea is influenced by the sea
...
The dry monsoon
wind blowing over the main land of Asia doesnÕt cause any rainfall in winter season
...
A single crop is grown
in the extreme cold zone annually
...
Inspite of this, South Korea exports the surplus of food grains by meeting the
domestic demands
...
a
...
Explain the causes of surplus production of food grains in South Korea
...
Identify the important similarities of the climates of Bangladesh and South
Korea and list them
...
Which important natural advantages make a rapid progress in the industrial
sector of South Korea? Explain
...
Location : The Caspian Sea and the Black Sea are situated on the north of the Middle
East, Aegean Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, Libya, and the Red Sea on the west, Sudan,
Arab Sea, and the Gulf of Persia on the south, and Pakistan on the east
...
Area and Population : Total area of the Middle East is 78,42,364 square kilometres
...
There are 18 states of which all except Israel are Muslim states
...
In respect of area, Saudi Arabia ranks first, Iran second, Egypt
third, Turkey fourth and Afghanistan fifth
...
31 crore and the density of population is 51 persons per square kilometres, but
the density of population is much higher in the Nile, Euphrates and Tigris
...
Again in respect of density of population Bahrain is placed first,
Palestine second, Lebanon third, Israel fourth and Kuwait fifth
...
People, Religion and Language : Majority of the people are Caucasian, people of
diverse faith that includes Islam, Christianity, Judaism and Druz live here, but 96 per
cent of them are Muslims having two sects namely Sunni and Shia
...
However English speaking
people are few in number
...
(1) Mountainous region, (2) Plateau and highlands, and (3) Plains
...
Mountainous Region : The Hindu Kush mountain extending to the west from the
Pamir Plateau is located in the north of Afghanistan
...
The two mountains
Pontic and Taurus coming out from the Armenian Knot to the west, are situated in the
north and south of Turkey respectively
...
72 : Political map of the Middle East
130
Secondary Geography
The Middle East
131
Table 5 : Area, population, density and the capitals of the Middle East countries, 2010
Name of the Country
Area
(sq
...
)
Population
(in crore)
Density of
population
(per sq
...
)
6,47,500
16,48,000
2
...
51
45
46
Kabul
Tehran
22,95,500
10
...
15
72
Baghdad
Kuwait
17,820
0
...
13
1955
Manama
Qatar
11,437
0
...
54
65
Abu Dhabi
5,50,594
4
...
92
2
...
31
15
Muscat
Total
28,90,120
5
...
36
94
Ankara
Syria
Jordan
1,85,180
92,300
2
...
65
122
70
Damascus
Amman
Lebanon
10,000
0
...
76
0
...
04
80
Cyprus
9,250
0
...
00
95
----
Grand Total
78,42,364
40
...
Eastern Region
Afghanistan
Iran
Total
Capital
2
...
South Region
Saudi Arabia
Yemen
4
...
Plateau and Highlands : The Iran Plateau located between Hindu Kush and Elburz
in the north and Zagros in the south have actually occupied most of the areas of
Baluchistan, Afghanistan and Iran
...
The Anatolian plateau stands between Pontic and Taurus mountain
...
The plateau slopes down to the west
...
The western
part is quite high and slopes gradually to the direction of the Persian Gulf in the east
to meet the plain
...
3
...
These two
plains washed by rivers are very fertile because of alluvial soil
...
The Nile basin is the principal
plain of Egypt
...
In other
places, the rainfall is very little
...
The small
amount of rain mostly fall as frost in Afghanistan
...
In summer, the sky-remains cloudless and the wind
is dry and as such extreme heat is felt
...
The Mediterranean coast of Turkey is the warmest
...
In the Syrian coast it
rains in winter but the interior is without rain and remains dry
...
Jordan experiences no rain in summer and gets rain in winter
...
Saudi Arabia is also
without rain, dry and arid
...
73 : Physical structure of the Middle East
The Middle East
133
134
Secondary Geography
Climatic Regions : Distance from the sea, the continental location and the influence of
local land formation have created three climatic regions in the Middle East
...
Hot Desert Climatic Region : The Arabian Peninsula and Egypt are included in this
climate
...
The air remains always dry and without aqueous vapour
...
S
CA
N
A
PI
Middle East
Climatic Region
A
SE
Hot Desert Climatic Region
Cold Desert Climatic Region
Mediterranean Climatic Region
Fig
...
Cold Desert Climatic Region : This region includes Iran and Afghanistan
...
So there
is no rain but the place is very cool because of height
...
3
...
The westerly
wind causes rain in winter but the dry trade wind coming from land cannot bring rain in
summer
...
Agricultural System : Since plain land is scarce, agriculture has not flourished much
in all the countries of the Middle East
...
Most of the places of the Middle East have dry agriculture system
...
Crop rotation system of agriculture
is followed in Iran
...
Wheat is grown in every
country
...
Stock
farming is also found in suitable areas
...
The
northern plains and river valleys in that country are widely used for farming
...
Wheat, barley, rice, maize, beet, cotton and tobacco
are the leading agricultural products and fruits as grapes, pomegranate, pear and
walnut are also grown
...
IranÕs agricultural land accounts for only 10 per cent of the total land
...
Wheat, rice, maize, fruits, cotton, tobacco, opium, grapes and tea are the
principal agricultural products
...
Fishing has developed considerably
...
Inspite of its soil being alluvial, the
production is not very high
...
Among the cash crops, cotton
is placed next to date
...
Kurdistan produces lot of tobacco
...
LANDUSE IN
MIDDLE EAST
LEGEND
Subsistence Farming
Nomadic Stock Farm
Few Economic Activ
Shifting Cultiva
Oasis
Other Uses
Fishing Area
Fig
...
In the plateau region the principal
product is the wool and skins of the goats known as Mohair
...
Tobacco, olive, silk, fig, grape, nut and other dry
fruits and cotton are produced in the coastal areas
...
Crops are grown in the Euphrates valley
with the help of irrigation
...
Camel, horse, sheep, goat and thick tailed sheep are raised in the
grassland areas
...
The valleys are developed into intensive farming areas of Lebanon
...
Farming is also practised extensively in
the plains near west coast and Beka valley
...
Agriculture has not developed much in Jordan
...
Farming has developed in the
plains of Israeli coast
...
Scarcity of water has, however created some
obstacles in the agricultural practices
...
Intensive farming of fruit has
developed in the northern part
...
In Saudi Arabia, crops are grown in highlands and oasis
...
Coffee is grown in favourable condition
...
In the Mediterranean climatic region comparatively smaller trees grow
...
Temperate mixed
tall plants grow in the north of Turkey and Iran
...
Gum Arabia is collected from these thorny bushes
...
Deciduous trees grow in the coastal plains and Elburz mountain
...
Fine quality oak, beech, far, elm, lime
and pine are available in the deep forest of the east of Pontic mountain
...
Mineral Resources : The Middle East has a very rich deposit of mineral substances
in different countries
...
Although in Afghanistan there are deposits of copper and iron ore, lead, silver,
sulphur and salt in plenty but they are not mined
...
Iran is rich in mineral deposits
but there is not much progress in mining excepting petroleum oil
...
Masjid-e-Sulaiman,
The Middle East
137
Haftkhel, Pachshara, Agazari, Naft-e-Safid and Lali are the famous oil fields
...
Oil is pumped through pipes to Abadan from different oil fields
...
Lead, manganese, copper, nickel, borax, chromite, zinc,
sulphur, salt, rock and marble stones are available in Iran
...
Kirkuk, Khanakil, Hadita, Habburnia, Bosra, Khurram Shah
and Mosul are the reputed oil fields
...
Naft Kharech is an important oil field in South Iraq
...
This
country also produces a little quantity of mineral salt and gypsum
...
Coal, iron ore, copper, petroleum, chrome ore, manganese,
lead, zinc, antimoni, mercury and sulphur are the major mineral products
...
Potash, mineral salt and
phosphate rock are mined in Jordan
...
This country also produces potash,
MAIN MINERALS AND
INDUSTRIAL AREA OF
MIDDLE EAST
LEGEND
OIL FIELD
OIL REFINERIES
OIL PIPE LINE
COAL
IRON ORE
LEAD
CEMENT IND
...
76 : Minerals and industrial area of the Middle East
bromite and petroleum
...
Shower, Ab Quaik, Damman, Hufuf, Saphania, Bahrain, Katik and Khurmania are the
principal oil fields
...
Iran has developed production of modern machineries
...
Cigarette, soap, glass, fruit, and leather preservation industries have also
flourished in this country
...
Iraq has not developed much in machinery producing industry
...
Of the
weaving industries blanket, carpet, wool, cotton, and silk cloth are famous
...
90 per cent of
the industries are located in Baghdad while Mosul, Kirkuk and Bosra are other
industrial cities
...
Lebanon has also developed
cotton, silk and rayon industries
...
Food processing industry is another important addition
...
Israel has cotton and woollen weaving industries in Haifa and Tel Aviv
...
Small weaving plants have been set up in Majdal in Arab settlement
...
The diamond industry has grown up
in Nathania and Tel Aviv
...
The industries in Israel are glass,
paper, fertilizer, chemicals, rubber and plastic industries
...
There are many cottage industries in the highlands of Judaea
...
Transport and Communication : Since ancient times, the camels, horses and mules
were used as beasts of burden to transport goods in the Middle East
...
Now the communication system has developed as bus and trucks ply in wide metalled
roads and highways
...
There are about 6,700 kilometres of road
...
Iran has 2,600 kilometres long railway but roads have greater importance for
transportation and the motorways are as long as 24,200 kilometres
...
Teheran, Tabriz,
Meshed and Ispahan are the main airports and one can go abroad by air
...
Tigris is navigable round the year
...
The railways are
extended northward from Bosra
...
The
railway stretching from Baghdad to Bosra is of standard gauge
...
The trade and industry centres are connected by roads and railways
...
Roads, railways and airways
have developed in Syria considerably
...
Lebanon has got roads, railways and airways
...
Standard gauge of railway lines are used in the
plains while the mountainous regions have metre gauge lines
...
Jordan has got roads, railways and airways
...
Roads have passed through the settlement areas
...
Amman is a principal
airport
...
The railway lines in Israel are of standard gauge
...
The area of
Palestine during that time was 2,410 square
kilometres and the total population was only
17
...
At present, the total area is 6,220
square kilometres and the total population is
0
...
Palestine has to depend either on
roads or caravan of camels
...
One can
go from Jeddah to Mecca and Medina by
motor car
...
77 : Palestine
near Baghdad with Medina while railway has
connected Dahrain, a port in Persian Gulf, with Riyadh capital of Saudi Arabia
...
The Suez Canal of Egypt
is very significant in respect of international trade
...
Another railway line runs parallel to Suez Canal
connecting Suez port in the south with port Said in the north
...
Egypt has both unmetalled and metalled roads and in the desert has
camel path
...
Cotton cloth, tea, sugar, machineries, railway carriage, motor cars, consumer goods,
spices, medicine, paper etc
...
Middle East countries have trade
relationship with the United Kingdom, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Italy, Spain,
Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and other countries
...
This has resulted in
large number of manpower import
...
The country is being benefitted by the foreign currency
they sent, particularly in the field of economic development and standard of living
...
Total area of the Middle East is 78,42,364 square kilometres and the density of
population is 51 per square kilometre
...
96 per cent of them are Muslims
...
(1) Mountainous region, (2) Plateau and highlands and (3)
Plains
...
Anatolia and Arabia are the principal plateaus
...
Climate : Extreme weather is the salient feature of the Middle East climate
...
The climate of the
Middle East is divided into (a) Hot Desert, (b) Cold Desert, and (c) Mediterranean
Climatic Regions
...
Wheat is the main agricultural crop
...
Natural Vegetation : In the hot and cold desert regions, no plant excepting the thorny
shrubs and grass can grow in the north of Iran and Turkey, temperate mixed tall
vegetations are found
...
Besides, Copper ore, iron ore, lead, silver, gold, sulphur, mineral salt, manganese,
nickel, borax, chromite, zinc, marble stone, coal, antimony, mercury, asphalt, potash,
phosphate, limestone, gypsum are mined in little quantity depending on the nature of
the places
...
The industrial products are consumed to meet the
local demand
...
Roads in every country are very developed and fit for motor traffic
round the year
...
Only in Egypt
and Iraq, passengers and commodities are transported by rivers in limited area
...
Foreign Trade : Petroleum is the main exportable item of the Middle East
...
are imported
...
Which one is the non-Muslim country in the Middle East?
a
...
Turkey
c
...
Israel
2
...
The Middle East is very rich in mineral substances
ii
...
Petroleum is e xported from Baghdad to Israel through Haifa
Which one is correct below?
a
...
iii
b
d
...
ii
i, ii and iii
142
Secondary Geography
Use the table below and answer question number 3 and 4
...
kms
...
92
Yemen
5,27,970
2
...
31
17,820
0
...
Which country in the table above is densely populated?
a
...
Yemen
c
...
K
uwait
4
...
High labour wage, scarcity of labour power and primitive agricultural system
b
...
Scarcity of population, primitive agriculture and lack of technological knowledge
d
...
A vast area of the Middle East has plains and mountains
...
Yet, in many countries in the Middle East
there are some plain land and plateaus where agricultural work is being done
...
Turkey along with other countries
of the Middle East has shortage of workers of different professions as well as in
agriculture
...
a
...
Wh y is the climate of the Middle East extreme?
c
...
Ho far is it correct to you about the way of importing human resources of
w
the Middle East from the outside world in order to fill up the shortage? Give
reasons for your answer
...
Bangladesh is an independent sovereign country
...
The Tropic of Cancer passes through the central
part of Bangladesh
...
According to
Bangladesh Statistical Bureau, 1996-97, the area under rivers is 9,405 square
kilometres and that of the forest is 21,657 square kilometres
...
A huge
area is rising slowly due to accretion in the coastal region to the south of Bangladesh
...
Boundary : Bangladesh is surrounded by sea on one side and by different states of
India on other three sides
...
The total length of the boundary of Bangladesh is about 4,711
...
18 kilometres is found to exist between Bangladesh and India,
whereas, the coastal boundary extends for only 716 kilometres (Fig
...
Physiography
The physiography influences agriculture, industry, trade and commerce, transportation
and communication system
...
Bangladesh is one of the largest deltas of the world
...
144
Secondary Geography
LEGEND
RANGPUR DIVISION
Fig
...
The whole area of Bangladesh is a great
plain, but there is little highland in Bangladesh
...
The Hills of the Tertiary Age,
2
...
The Recent Flood Plains
...
79)
...
79 : Physiography of Bangladesh
1
...
These hills were formed along with the formation
of the Himalayan Mountains, and so, these are called the hills of Tertiary age
...
These hills are formed of the sandstone, shales and mud
...
146
Secondary Geography
(a) Hills of the South-East : Rangamati, Bandarban, Khagrachhari, CoxÕs Bazar and
the eastern part of Chittagong cover this region
...
The peak of Keokradong (1,230 metres) of Bangladesh is located in the
south-eastern part of this region
...
This is now the highest
peak of Bangladesh
...
The hills
of the north are locally known as Tila
...
2
...
The Barind of the north-west, the Madhupur and Bhawal Garh of the central part
and the Lalmai hills or highland of Comilla district cover this region
...
The description of these
highlands are given below :
(a) The Barind : The Barind covers an area of 9,320 square kilometres in the northwestern region of the country
...
The colour of the soil is grey and red
...
The area is
about 4,103 square kilometres
...
The colour of the soil is grey and red
...
This region covers an area of 34 square kilometres and
the average height is 21 metres
...
The Recent Flood Plains : Excepting the hills of Tertiary Age and the Pleistocene
Terraces, the whole of Bangladesh is a plain land drained by rivers
...
These rivers flow through the
plain land causing floods during rainy seasons
...
The
total area of this flood plain is 1,24,266 square kilometres
...
The Sunderban
region stands almost at sea level
...
50 metres, Bogra at 20 metres, Mymensingh at 18 metres, Narayanganj and
Jessore at 8 metres
...
Some of these are abandoned Ox-bow lakes
...
Of these, the Chalan Beel and the haors of Madaripur and Sylhet are
remarkable
...
The
layer of the soil of the whole flood plain is very deep and very fertile
...
(a) Piedmont Plain of Rangpur and Dinajpur
...
(c) The Deltaic Plain comprising of some parts of Faridpur, Kushtia, Jessore, Khulna
and Dhaka
...
(e) The Tidal Plain or the Mangrove Forest comprising of some parts of Khulna and
Patuakhali region and Barguna district
...
Due to the presence of a large number of rivers,
Bangladesh is called a riverine country
...
The Padma, the Brahmaputra, the Jamuna, the Meghna and the
Karnaphuli are the major rivers of Bangladesh
...
The total length of all the rivers including tributaries and
distributaries
...
The description of the rivers of Bangladesh is given below
(Fig
...
The Padma : The Padma is one of the largest rivers of Bangladesh
...
Then it flows to the south-west and then to the
south-east taking the name of the Ganges at Haridwar and enters into the plain lands
...
The Bhagirathi falls into the Bay of Bengal
...
Then it meets the Jamuna river at Daulatdia ghat
...
Afterwards,
the combined flow of these three rivers fall into the Bay of Bengal as the Meghna
...
The Kumar, the Mathabhanga, the Bhairab, the Gari, the Madhumati, the Arial khan
etc
...
The Punarbhava, the Nagor, the Pagla, the Kulik and Tangan are the tributaries of the
Mahananda
...
Thereafter, the Brahmaputra rivers enters into Bangladesh near
Kurigram district
...
The Dharla and the Tista are the main tributaries and
the Bangshi and the Shitalakhya are the major distributaries of the Brahmaputra river
...
The Karotoa and the Atrai are the major tributaries of the Jamuna and the Dhaleshwari
is its distributary
...
The Meghna : The Barak river of Assam originates from Naga-Manipur region and
being divided into two branches as the Surma and the Kushiyara, enter into Sylhet
district of Bangladesh
...
The Surma of north Sylhet, the Kushiyara of
South Sylhet, the Kalni of Habiganj meet together near Ajmiriganj
...
The Meghna drains an area of about
29,785 square kilometres
...
Bangladesh
149
LEGEND
Fig
...
This is the main river of
Chittagong and Rangamati
...
A Hydro-electric Project has been constructed at
Kaptai on the Karnaphuli river
...
The Sangu : The origin of the Sangu river is in the Arakan Mountain
...
The Feni : The Feni river is situated in the district of Feni
...
Flowing through the eastern side of Feni, this river falls into the Bay
of Bengal at the north of Sandwip
...
As the Tropic of Cancer passes
through the centre of the country, the climate prevailing is tropical
...
The characteristics of
the monsoon climate is the appearance of different seasons in a year
...
But Bangladesh never experiences
extreme climate like the cold and warm countries
...
The average annual temperature is 26
...
The rain occurs from June to October due to the influence of the
monsoon in this country (Fig
...
Maximum rain occurs in Sylhet region in
Bangladesh
...
81 : Annual average rainfall of Bangladesh
The climate of Bangladesh, on the basis of Monsoon wind, rainfall, annual
temperature is divided into three seasons, viz
...
(a) Summer Season : The summer season in Bangladesh extends from the month of
March to May (Falgun to Jaishtha)
...
The
temperature, wind direction and the rainfall of this season is discussed below :
Temperature : The summer is the hottest season in Bangladesh
...
152
Secondary Geography
The average temperature of 28° Celsius is found to prevail in the month of April
...
82)
...
82 : Temperature of Bangladesh (July)
Rainfall : The Kalbaishakhi thunderstorm or the Norwester is one of the important
characteristics of summer weather
...
About 20 per cent of the total annual
rainfall occurs due to Kalbaishakhi storms
...
During this time, the average rainfall recorded is about
51 centimetres
...
The hot and humid air coming from the south
rises upward due to high temperature and comes in collision with the cold and dry air
coming from the north-west causing rainfall with thunderstorms
...
e
...
During the first half of June, the rainy season starts with
the advent of Monsoon wind
...
As a
result, the temperature increases
...
The average temperature is 27° Celsius
...
Rainfall : During the rainy season, south-west monsoon wind blowing over
Bangladesh brings heavy moisture from the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal
...
80 per cent of the total annual rainfall
occurs during this time
...
The rainy season begins when the south-west trade
wind starts blowing from the Bay of Bengal
...
After the rainy season is over, the cyclone hits Bangladesh occasionally
...
The temperature starts declining after September and
October
...
83)
...
83 : Temperature of Bangladesh (January)
Temperature : The minimum temperature is found in winter is our country
...
The coldest month is January and the average temperature recorded is 17
...
During winter, the temperature decreases towards north from the coast to
inland
...
Rainfall : During winter, Bangladesh does not normally experience any rainfall
...
A little amount
of rainfall occurs in the coastal and in the mountainous regions during winter
...
Bangladesh
155
Wind : During winter season, the humidity in the air is less as the cold Monsoon
wind blows from the north-east over Bangladesh
...
Sometimes, very cold wind blows over the northern
region and as a result, it experiences very cold weather
...
The resources which are produced or
collected from the forest is known as forest resources
...
25 per cent of the total land
should remain under forest cover for the economic development of a country
...
At present, the area of
the forest of Bangladesh is 25,000 square kilometres i
...
about 62 lakh acres of land
remians under forest which accounts for only 17 per cent of the total land
...
The forest cover is
diminishing day by day to meet greater demand for timber for housing and furniture
and wood for fuel caused by the increase of population
...
Table 6 : Percentage of the total area of the forest cover in comparison to other
countries (Bangladesh Forest)
...
S
...
34
Japan
63
India
22
Sweden
55
Bangladesh 1
17
Russia
51
-
Source : 1 Bangladesh Economic Survey, 2003, Page 63
Account of forest resources of Bangladesh : Due to the variation of the soil and
climate, different types of natural vegetation is found to grow in different regions of
Bangladesh
...
1
...
In Bangladesh too, there are two types of forest
...
The area of this forest is 14,102 square
kilometres
...
84)
...
84 : Forest resources of Bangladesh
Evergreen trees like Chapalish, Moyna, Telsur etc
...
Gamari,
Shimul, Koroi, Teak
...
are among the deciduous trees
...
2
...
The Pleistocene Terraces of
Bangladesh are covered with this forest
...
This forest has been divided into two parts viz
...
The Sal trees are perdominant in both the types of
forests
...
Moreover, Koroi, Hizal, Bohera, Horitoki, Kathal, Nim etc
...
The total area of this forest is 1,338 square
kilometres
...
The
area of this forest is only 22 square kilometres
...
Mangrove Forest or the Sunderban : The area of this forest is 6,474 square
kilometres
...
This forest occupies 95 square kilometres of the south-west of Barguna and the rest
covers the southern parts of Satkhira, Khulna and Bagerhat districts
...
Among other trees, Gewa, Passur, Dhundal,
Keora, Garan, Bayen etc
...
Golpata is abundantly grown in the
Sunderban
...
The forest resource is limited in Bangladesh, yet its role in the economic
development of the country cannot be ignored
...
The importance of the forest resources
to the economic development is discussed below :
1
...
from the forest
...
2
...
from the
forest for the construction of houses and for making of furniture
...
3
...
As
a result, there is abundant rainfall which is essential for agriculture
...
4
...
The Karnaphuli Paper Mill and the Newsprint Mill of
Khulna have been established on the availability of forest resources
...
Transportation and communication system : The wood collected from the forest
is used to make railway slippers, frame for buses, trucks, boats, launches, ships,
electric poles, bridges etc
...
Sources of government revenue : The government can have income from the
forest resources
...
7
...
Power Resources
At the root of the modern civilisation, there is power resources
...
In the beginning, the people would depend on their muscle power
...
Indeed, economic development started
through the use of inanimate energy
...
Besides, Energy is produced form
waterflow
...
There are hardly any coal and oil resources in this country
...
The country is said to be rich in gas resources
...
Hydro-electric power is one of the main resources of energy
...
Bangladesh is a riverine
country
...
It is possible to produce hydro-electricity by putting dam on
the hilly rivers
...
The total electricity production capacity in the country was 2,908 megawatt during
1996-97
...
The
energy capacity increased to 4,230 megawatt during 2001-02 and in 2007-08 to 5,262,
and 2009-10 (March, 10 till), it has increased to 6,033 megawatts
...
24 per cent was gas based, 3
...
81 per cent coal based and 4
...
During 1991-92, the
per capita electricity production was only 79 kilowatts hour which increased to 99
kilowatts hour during 1996-97
...
At present, the per capita electricity production 220 kilowatts hour (Source :
Bangladesh Economic Survey, 2010, Page 115,116,118)
...
Hydro-electricity : In general, the electricity which is produced by harnessing the
running water is known as Hydro-electricity
...
85)
...
Karnaphuli Hydro-electric Project : The Karnaphuli river is dammed at Kaptai in
Rangamati and the water is harnessed to produce electricity
...
At present, 120 thousand kilowatts of electricity is produced by
three generators at Kaptai Hydro-electric Plant
...
85 : Electric power system of Bangladesh
160
Secondary Geography
2
...
B
...
Thermal electricity is more profitable where the production of hydro-electricity is
either difficult or expensive
...
is known as thermal electricity
...
To meet the countryÕs
demand of electricity, the production of thermal electricity is more necessary
...
Coal,
natural gas and mineral oil are used to produce thermal electricity
...
03)
...
Ashuganj Thermal Plant : This thermal plant is located at Ashuganj in
Brahmanbaria district
...
The production
capacity of this unit is 1 lakh 10 thousand kilowatts, Natural gas is used in this plant
...
Ghorasal Thermal Plant : This unit is located at Ghorasal in Narsingdi district
...
The capacity to produce electricity is
1 lakh 10 thousand kilowatts
...
Siddhirganj Thermal Plant : This unit was established at Siddhirganj of
Narayanganj district
...
4
...
Natural gas is used in this unit as fuel
...
The
production capacity is 1 lakh 4 thousand kilowatts
...
Chittagong Thermal Plant : The electricity is supplied to Chittagong city and to
its neighboring areas
...
6
...
The production capacity is 80 thousand
kilowatts
...
Bangladesh
161
Bangladesh is not self sufficient in power resources
...
At present, Bangladesh is
producing 4,296 megawatts of electricity
...
It has not yet been possible to produce electricity in
Bangladesh using atomic energy
...
Electricity, now-a-days, is used in modernising the agricultural system i
...
in
switching over to mechanised cultivation, in irrigation and in other projects
...
Mineral Resources
Among natural resources, mineral resources are particularly remarkable
...
Economic development is hampered due to
the scarce quantity of mineral resources in Bangladesh in comparison to requirements
...
86)
...
Coal : Coal is one of the sources of energy
...
Coal is also used as fuel
...
A low grade peat coal in good quantity is available in Baghia and
Chanda Beel of Faridpur, Kola Beel of Khulna and in few places of Sylhet
...
Recently the production of
coal has been started at Barapukuria coal field in Dinajpur
...
Mineral oil : The experts think that there is mineral oil in the coastal region of
Bangladesh
...
Everyday about 600 barrels of crude oil from this well is extracted and sent to
Chittagong Refinery for processing
...
The second oil field of Bangladesh is located at Baramchal of
Moulavi Bazar district
...
3
...
MartinÕs Island of CozÕs Bazar district
...
Limestone is used as a raw material for cement
...
162
Secondary Geography
LEGEND
Fig
...
China clay : White clay is available in Rajshahi, Naogaon and Mymensingh
...
5
...
Bangladesh
163
6
...
This hard rock is available in Ranipukur
and Shyampur of Rangpur district and Madhyapara of Dinajpur district
...
The experts think that from this field, about 17 lakh tons of hard rock may
be extracted
...
7
...
Besides, silica sand
is also used in producing paints and chemical materials
...
Balizuri in the south of
Sherpur district and Dohazari of Chittagong district
...
of
silica sand is produced annually in Bangladesh
...
Atomic minerals : Generally, atomic minerals are used in heavy metallic
industries
...
Zircon, monazite, ilmenite,
magnatite, leokcen etc
...
In collaboration with the Australian
Government, a pilot scheme is going to be taken up to collect the atomic minerals
...
Sulphur : Sulphur is generally used in chemical industries
...
Sulphur is
available in Kutubdia Island of Chittagong district
...
Natural gas : Bangladesh, in comparison to other countries of the world is
lagging behind in mineral resources
...
Natural
gas is an important fuel resources which accounts for 75 per cent of the total
commercial consumption
...
But at present, gas is being tapped from 79 wells of 17 oil fields
...
and during 1998-99, this
increased to 308 billion cft
...
and 2006-07 years
this was 562 billion cft
...
85 trillion cft
...
The gas fields of Bangladesh are Sylhet, Chhatak, Rashidpur, Habiganj, Kailashtila,
Bakhrabad, Titas, Begumganj, Kutubdia, Kamta, Semutang, Feni, Beanibazar,
Fenchuganj, Jalalabad, Meghna, Narsingdi, Shahbajpur, Sangu, Saldanadi, Bibiana,
Moulavi Bazar and Bangura
...
87)
...
87 : Natural gas fields of Bangladesh
1
...
The fuel problem
is thus relieved to some extent
...
At
present, about 75 per cent of the total fuel in Bangladesh is natural gas
...
Electricity production : The importance of natural gas is not insignificant in the
field of electricity production
...
As a result, the production cost for electricity becomes less
...
3
...
Besides, natural gas is also used to produce insecticides, rubber,
plastic, synthetic fiber etc
...
Employment : Gas exploitation and discovery have created employment
opportunities for many people
...
Natural gas is thus being used in agriculture, in industries, and in domestic purposes
...
The government earns a
remarkable portion of its revenue from natural gas
...
Though the country is agro-based,
yet as a developing country, the importance of industries is no less
...
The number of industrial units is small
...
The economic
factors are the availability of raw materials, skilled and cheap labour force, market,
capital, developed transport system and government enterpreneurship
...
88 : Jute industries of Bangladesh
166
Secondary Geography
There was no jute industry in this country up to 1950
...
This was
largest jute mill of the world
...
The total Jute Mills in Bangladesh is 99 at Private Sector but at present
about 73 jute mills have been running
...
Narayanganj, Khulna and Chittagong are the three major jute industrial centres
...
88)
...
are manufactured in jute mills
...
are also
produced
...
At one time, 55
per cent of the total foreign earnings would have come through exports of jute and
jute goods
...
Table 7 : Production of jute goods and the earnings, Bangladesh, 1999-2009
Year
(Ô000’ M
...
00
266
2000-01
335
...
tons)
(Million US Dollar)
2004-05
275
...
00
361
352
...
36
321
2002-03
332
...
63
318
2003-04
285
...
78
269
Sources : 1 Bangladesh Economic Survey, 2010, Table 33
2 Bangladesh Economic Surv
ey, 2010, Table 49
It is mentioned earlier that a great portion of the foreign currency was derived through
exports of jute and jute goods
...
Due to the widespread use of synthetic fibres in the world, today the demand for jute
and jute goods has declined greatly, and as a result, the production of jute in
Bangladesh has also decreased to a great extent
...
Among the basic needs, cloth is placed next to food
...
The main raw material for this industry is cotton which is produced in
small quantity
...
The
yearly demand of cloth in Bangladesh is about 823 million metres
...
The cotton produced is very little in
comparison to the total requirement and is of low grade
...
In 1947, there were only 8 cotton mills
...
During 1969-70, the number of cotton mills become 44
...
89)
...
89 : Cotton textile industries of Bangladesh
168
Secondary Geography
Soon after independence, the government of Bangladesh nationalised all the cotton
and yarn mills and a little later, the responsibility for management and maintenance
was handed over to Bangladesh Textile Mills Corporation (B
...
M
...
During
1984-85, some of the mills were de-nationalised and at present, about 25 such mills
are being maintained by private sector
...
But a major proportion of
this is engaged in handloom industries working in rural areas
...
Table 8 : Production of the cotton textile industry, Bangladesh, 1999-2009
Year
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
Production
Cotton
Cloth
(Million kg)
(Million metre)
58
...
41
60
...
73
65
...
14
69
...
03
84
...
30
Year
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
Production
Cotton
Cloth
(Million kg)
(Million metre)
105
...
87
121
...
79
156
...
73
171
...
07
176
...
57
Source : Bangladesh Economic Survey, 2010, Table 33
Textile industries have grown up in different places of Dhaka, Comilla, Noakhali and
Chittagong of Bangladesh
...
About 24 textile mills
have been established in Dhaka and in its surrounding areas
...
Fauzderhat, Sholoshahar, Panchlaish and Halishahar are the
notable textile industrial centres in Chittagong region
...
There are textile mills at Durgapur, Daulatpur, Halimanagar, Brahmanbaria, Debidwar
and Feni in Comilla-Noakhali region
...
At present, the quantity of cloth which is produced in Bangladesh is quite insufficient
to meet the demand
...
Paper industry : Paper industry is one of the largest industries of Bangladesh
...
At present, there are 6 paper mills, 4 board
mills and 1 newsprint mill in Bangladesh
...
Besides, of the
Newsprint Mills, the Khulna Newsprint Mill, and of the board mills the Bangladesh
Hard Board Mills, Adamjee Particle Board Mills, Kaptai and Tongi Board Mills are
remarkable
...
The bamboo, soft wood, reeds (nalkhagra), bagassee, jute sticks etc
...
Very recently the technology to produce high
quality of paper has been invented using raw jute
...
Production of paper and of Newsprint for a number of years is presented in Table 9
...
tons)
Production (M
...
13
There is scarcity of raw materials, chemicals, and power resources in paper industries
...
Fertilizer industry : Bangladesh is an agricultural country
...
Bangladesh needs more food
to meet the demand of the increasing population
...
Along with the increase of the use of the organic fertilizer,
the use of the chemical fertilizer has also increased
...
The first fertilizer factory of Bangladesh was established in 1961 in Fenchuganj of
Sylhet district
...
The rest of the fertilizer factories are Ghorasal Fertilizer Factory, Ashuganj Fertilizer
170
Secondary Geography
Factory, Palash Urea Fertilizer Factory, Chittagong Tripple Super Phosphate Fertilizer
Factory, Chittagong Urea Fertilizer Factory and Jamuna Fertilizer Factory and
Fenchuganj Amonium Sulphate Fertilizer Factory (Fig
...
Presently, Bangladesh
needs 12 lakh tons of fertilizer
...
The information regarding fertilizer production is
presented in Table 10
...
90 : Fertilizer industry of Bangladesh
Bangladesh
171
Table 10 : Fertilizer production, Bangladesh, 1999-2009
Year
Production
Year
Production
(Ô 000Õ Metric Tons)
(‘000’ Metric Tons)
1999-00
1904
...
36
2000-01
2073
...
67
2001-02
1753
...
29
2002-03
2263
...
68
2003-04
2198
...
36
Source : Bangladesh Economic Survey, 2010, Table 33
As Bangladesh is not self sufficient in fertilizer production, she has to import huge
quantity of fertilizer every year
...
During 2009-10 (March, 10 till), Bangladesh imported fertilizer worth
taka 4713 crore (Source : Bangladesh Economic Survey, 2010, Table 51)
...
There are enough possibilities for the
development of fertilizer industries due to availability of natural gas
...
Sugar industry : Sugar industry is an important industry in Bangladesh
...
In 1947, there were only 5 sugar mills in Bangladesh
...
Among these sugar mills, the
Rangpur Sugar Mill, Setabganj Sugar Mill, Thakurgoan Sugar Mill, Darshana Sugar
Mill and Madhukhali Sugar Mill are remarkable industries
...
The sugarcane grows well in
hot and humid climate
...
For favourable weather, the sugar industries
are located in the northern and weastern regions of the country ( Fig
...
172
Secondary Geography
Fig
...
During 1994-95, the sugar production was 2
...
The sugar production upto 1999-2009 is presented in Table 11
...
43
2000-01
2005-06
97
...
33
2002-03
2007-08
177
...
15
Source : Bangladesh Economic Survey, 2010, Table 33
Production
('000' Metric Tons)
106
...
30
162
...
84
79
...
As a result, the producing in comparison to annual
requirement falls short
...
The main problem of sugar industries of Bangladesh is the uncertainty of supply of
sugarcane
...
Garment industries : Garment industries have developed here as an important
industry
...
During the end of the
seventies and early eighties, export oriented garment industries started to flourish
...
In 1984,
the number of units were recorded at 455 in one year and in 1985 additional more
units were established raising the total units to 715
...
Importance of the garment industries : The economic base of Bangladesh is
dependent on agriculture
...
Every year, we have to import food at the cost of hard
earned foreign currency
...
The rapid growth of ready-made
garments has been a major contribution to the economic rejuvenation of Bangladesh
...
About
75 per cent of the total units are located in Dhaka Metropolitan City
...
About 7 lakh labourers are
engaged in this industry of which about 85 per cent are women
...
But during 2008-10, Bangladesh earned foreign
currency worth taka 30,273 crore, which accounts for 38 per cent of the total foreign
earnings
...
174
Secondary Geography
Table 12 : Export earnings from garment industries, Bangladesh, 1998-2010
Year
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
Total export
Earnings from
earnings
ready- made garments
(in crore taka)
(in crore taka)
25587
...
31
34895
...
60
37912
...
08
53133
...
67
84064
...
68
107087
...
21
14345
...
57
18152
...
88
18863
...
97
22088
...
31
32154
...
95
40722
...
70
Total share of
garments in export
earnings (%)
Exchange rate
(dollar to taka)
56
...
59
52
...
21
49
...
53
41
...
80
38
...
62
38
...
51
48
...
31 ”
53
...
43 ”
57
...
94 ”
61
...
18 ”
69
...
62 ”
68
...
93 ”
Source : Bangladesh Economic Survey, 2010, Table 49 (the US dollar is converted into Bangladesh
currency by using the conversion rate shown in the last column in this table)
...
Next is Germany, then comes France, Italy
...
There is a favourable environment for the development of garment industries in
Bangladesh
...
Along with
the development of this industry, skilled and unskilled labour, particularly, the low
income group, has been able to increase their income and the total economy of the
country has also improved
...
Population
In respect to population, the position of Bangladesh is nineth in the world
...
15 crore of people
...
The annual population growth rate of our
country is 2
...
Bangladesh is one of the densest countries of the world (Fig
...
According to
the Census Report, 2001, the population of Bangladesh is about 12
...
48 per cent and the density of population is about 876 persons per
square kilometre
...
66 crore, the
rate of increase is 1
...
If the present growth rate persists in the country, then the density of
population would be increasing further
...
If a country has sufficient resources but if the manpower
Bangladesh
175
is not available in required number, then the natural resources cannot be utilised
properly and as a result the economic development is hampered
...
Trained manpower is a resource for any country
...
92 : Population distribution of Bangladesh
176
Secondary Geography
The distribution of population of a country or a region depends on many factors
...
The physical and Non-physical factors
are discussed below :
(a) Physical factors
1
...
The livelihood is tough in the hilly regions of
Rangamati, Khagrachhari, Bandarban and in the Sunderban region and therefore the
density of population in these regions are very low
...
Therefore these regions are less densely populated
...
B AY O F B E N G A L
Fig
...
Dense human settlements have developed
due to ease of agriculture in these areas
...
1
...
People prefer to live in
good climate rather than in extreme climate
...
The plains attract people to live there because of
the favourable climatic conditions for agriculture and crop production
...
Mineral resources : Labourers and workers have developed dense settlements in
the regions where mineral resources are available
...
Industrial development : Mineral resources, agriculture resources, forest resources
and animal resources have attracted people to develop settlements
...
Due to
the development of the industries and trade, the surrounding areas are turned into
populous regions
...
3
...
In such case, the place becomes populous
...
Cultural effect : Now-a-days, education and culture have great influence on
people
...
The regions having
better education and cultural development will have more people
...
To
accelerate the development of Bangladesh, the population growth is to be arrested and
the population should be kept stable due to the following reasons :
1
...
To minimize food shortage;
178
3
...
5
...
7
...
For this, it is required to develop the human resources and for which the following
strategies are to be considered :
1
...
To develop the standard of living of the rural people through expansion of
education, agricultural development, establishment of industries and extension of
medical facilities etc;
3
...
To increase the basic facilities
...
It is impossible to survive in this modern
world, ignoring the transport system
...
The transportation system may be of different types
...
Land transportation : It means the road and railway communication system
...
are the means of road transportation
...
(a) Road : The construction and the maintenance of roads are very expensive due to
the existence of innumerable rivers, khals, beels, abundant rainfall, physical structure
of the land, and the financial constraints
...
17 kilometres
of metalled roads of which all season usable metalled road was only 386
...
During 1947-70, the total length of the road was 38,623
...
According to 2007-08 the total length of the roadways is 2,86,507 kilometres
(Fig
...
The metalled road is 86,498 kilometres and unmetalled road is 2,00,009
kilometres (Source : Bangladesh Statistical Pocketbook, 2009, Table 8
...
03)
...
94 : Roads network of Bangladesh
180
Secondary Geography
A look into the transport system of Bangladesh shows that a along with the
mechanised transports, there are also the traditional transport like rickshaw, bullock
carts, push carts etc
...
As a result, to keep the road communication in service, ferry services
have been introduced
...
As a result, the commodities and the passengers
can eagily be transported by road within very short time
...
R
...
C
...
The roads have been categorised as National
Highways, Regional Roads, Zila Roads, Upazila Roads, Union Parisad Roads and the
Village Roads
...
But to go to
many of these towns, ferry service is required
...
During 1995-96, Bangladesh had 2,706 kilometres of railway and during
2001-02, the total length of the railway line recorded 2,768
...
During
2008-09, the total length of the railway line recorded only 2,835
...
This is known as
Bangladesh Railway
...
, broad gauge, metre gauge
and doual gauge (Fig
...
During 1995-96, Bangladesh had 884 kilometres of broad gauge railway lines, but
recently, it increased to 659
...
This type of railway line is found in
Khulna and Rajshahi Divisions
...
During 1995-96, Bangladesh had 1,822
kilometres of metre gauge railway line, but recently it increased to 1,800
...
Most of these line in Dhaka, Chittagong and Sylhet Divisions
...
83 kilometres
...
All of the metre
gauge and doual gauge railway lines are on the east and broad gauge railway lines on
the west
...
At present, a ferry
service is running between Tistamukh and Bahadurabad ghats and between Sirajganj
and Jagannathganj ghats
...
95 : Railways of Bangladesh
Railways exist in all the districts excepting the hilly districts of Rangamati,
Khagrachhari, Bandarban and the districts of Barisal, Patuakhali and Barguna
...
01)
...
Almost all the important towns are well
connected with the capital of Dhaka through all these junctions
...
Waterways : The boats, launches and steamers are used in river communication,
sea going vessels are necessary for sea communication
...
Bangladesh has got 8,400 kilometres of inland navigable
waterways
...
Navigable waterways
are under the control of Inland Water Transport Authority
...
Generally, the rivers in the south and in the east are more suitable for inland
communication
...
Of
these Dhaka, Narayanganj, Chandpur, Barisal, Jhalakhati, Khulna, Bhairab Bazar,
Ashuganj, Mirkadim, Aricha and Sirajganj can be mentioned among river ports
...
96)
...
96 : Major waterways of Bangladesh
(b) Ocean transportation : Ocean routes are very much important for trade
...
Trade between the countries can be carried over by ocean routes
...
The first one is Chittagong sea port and the second one
is Mongla sea port
...
Chittagong port is
called the gateway to Bangladesh
...
There are many jetties in this port and about 24 sea vessels can anchor at a time
...
The Mongla port is situated 50 kilometres south of Khulna at the confluence of the
Passur and Mongla rivers
...
This port has got water and road connections
...
Airways : Airways is also known as skyways
...
For fast movement of passengers and cargo, the air
is the best medium
...
Fig
...
, internal air service and the
international air service
...
Dhaka is connected with Chittagong, Jessore, Sylhet, Ishwardi,
Saidpur, CoxÕs Bazar, Thakurgaon, Barisal and Rajshahi under the internal air service
system and Jessore, CoxÕs Bazar, Sylhet, can also be travelled from Chittagong
...
Different countries of the world are linked with Dhaka and Chittagong in the
international route (Fig
...
Kurmitola of Dhaka is an international airport
...
Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport is the biggest airport of the country, next
to it is the Chittagong Shah Amanat and Sylhet Osmani International Airport
...
Trade
Selling and purchasing of goods to meet the demands of the people and the related
activities are known as trade
...
In
ancient times, trade was introduced through exchange of commercial goods due to
non-existence of currency i
...
one would receive pulses or any other equal quantity of
goods in exchange of same quantity of rice
...
On the basis of kind and nature, trade can be divided into
two, viz
...
Internal trade : When the commodities are sold or exchanged between the different
regions within the country, it is called internal trade
...
International trade : When the commodities or goods are sold and purchased
between different countries, then it is called international trade
...
Import trade : To meet the requirements of the country when the goods are brought
from another country, then it is called import trade
...
to meet the needs of the country
...
Bangladesh
185
Industrial goods : Main imported items for the industrial development are machineries,
instruments, coal, cement, diesel, petrol, cotton yarn, electrical goods, iron and steel
...
Agricultural implements, insecticides, high quality seeds
and fertilizers are necessary to increase agricultural productivity
...
are necessary
...
Besides these, Bangladesh imports medicine, glass, motor cars, bicycles, radioes,
watches, televisions, refrigerators, buses, trucks, rubber goods etc, from foreign
countries
...
S
...
,
Canada, the U
...
, India, Japan, France, Singapore, China and Taiwan
...
As for example, the ready-made garments, jute, jute
goods, leather and tea of Bangladesh are sent to other countries of the world
...
During 1997-98, ready-made garments worth taka
12,924 crore, and during 2003-04 worth taka 20,853 crore were exported
...
Raw jute : Once, about 75 per cent of the total world production of jute was produced
in Bangladesh
...
K
...
Jute goods : Bangladesh earns foreign currency by exporting hessains, bags, gunny
bags, carpets etc
...
About 35 per cent of the total export earnings
come from jute goods
...
S
...
, the U
...
,
France, Germany, Italy, India and China
...
There are 158 tea
gardens in Bangladesh
...
K
...
S
...
, Russia, Netherlands,
Japan and Pakistan
...
The leather and leather goods have
occupied the fourth place in the field of exports
...
S
...
, the U
...
, Germany, France, Italy, Belgium and Japan
...
186
Secondary Geography
Table 13 : Foreign currency earned through exports, Bangladesh, 2000-2010
(Million US Dollar)
Item
1
...
Jute and Jute
goods
3
...
Leather
5
...
Tea
7
...
Others
Total
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
297
305
339
326
403
509
363
254
97
22
7
2063
6467
276
207
67
17
6
1983
5986
322
191
100
15
6
2317
6548
390
211
121
16
4
2995
7603
421
221
197
16
5
3794
8655
459
257
206
12
4
4995
10526
3364
3125
3258
3538
3598
4084
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
468
483
417
476
515
266
215
7
8
6041
12178
534
284
216
15
5
7407
14111
455
177
280
12
6
8299
15565
300
153
149
5
4
6126
11541
4658
5167
5919
4329
Source : Bangladesh Economic Survey, 2010, Table 49
Paper and Newsprint : Bangladesh after meeting the local requirements, exports
paper and newsprint every year
...
Others : Other exportable items are naptha, furnace oil, handicrafts and agricultural
products
...
We have got enough quantity of natural
resources
...
For this,
there is no balance between imports and
exports
...
In
2009-10, Bangladesh imported goods worth
taka 1,20,217 crore and exported goods
worth taka 80,706 crore (Source :
Bangladesh Economic Survey, 2010)
...
For this,
increase in production, improvement of the
quality of goods, reduction of the cost of
production,
reduction
in
internal
consumption, reduction of export duties,
development of transport system, wide
advertisement of the exportable items are
indespensible
...
The area is
1,47,570 square kilometres
...
Physiographically,
Bangladesh can be divided into three divisions :
1
...
2
...
3
...
Rivers : The main rivers of Bangladesh are the Padma, the Brahmaputra, the Jamuna,
the Meghna, and the Karnaphuli
...
The
climate of Bangladesh is divided into three divisions
...
These are summer season, rainy season and
the winter season
...
Maximum rainfall occurs during rainy season
...
The
products of forest are called the forest resources
...
The forestland is divided into three, (1) The
Tropical Evergreen and Deciduous Forest, (2) The Tropical Deciduous Forest, and (3)
The Mangrove Forest
...
Bangladesh is abundant in natural resources, but not in coal and mineral oil
...
The
electricity which is produced harnessing the water current is known as hydroelectricity
...
Thermal plant : Thermal electricity is one of the sources of power
...
188
Secondary Geography
Mineral Resources : Mineral resources are not abundant in Bangladesh
...
Of all these, only natural gas is
in abundant quantity
...
Population Resources : Bangladesh stands 9th in the world in respect of population
...
15 crore of population with a
density of 755 persons per square kilometre
...
17 per
cent per annum
...
93 crore, the rate
of increase is 1
...
At present, the total population stands at 14
...
39 per cent and the density of population is about 993 persons per square
kilometre (Source : Bangladesh Statistical Pocketbook, 2009/February 2010, Page 7)
...
Land transportation : Land transportation includes roads and railways
...
04 kilometres
respectively
...
Waterways : Waterways include river and ocean routes
...
There are two sea ports, viz
...
3
...
The
main airport is Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport
...
Major exportable goods : The major exported goods are ready-made garments, raw
jute, jute goods, tea, leather and leather goods, fish and frozen food, paper and
newsprint
...
Industry
Number of Industries
Employment
Jute
99 (Public)
1 lakh 10 thousand
Cotton textile
63
10 lakh
Paper
06
2 thousand 409
Fertilizer
07
6 thousand 318
Garments
715
7 lakh (Approximately)
Total =
18,18,757
1
...
80%
b
...
90%
d
...
Which economic r eason has contributed a great deal in to build-up large
number of garments industry?
a
...
The practical industrial policy of Govt
...
Labour at the cheapest w age d
...
What is the per centage of employment in Jute industry mention in the five
sectors of the table?
a
...
02
b
...
03
c
...
04
d
...
05
4
...
Due to the widespread use of synthetic f ibbers in the world
ii
...
The production cost of the jute goods increased
Which one is correct below?
a
...
ii
c
...
i, ii and iii
190
5
...
In the fertile plains
b
...
In the coastal re
d
...
In the coastal region with sandstone
gion of mixed-clay
gion of newly formed alluvial
The most important role plays in respect to the strip of sandy land rising out
of ri
ver bed in Bangladesh -
i
...
The change of the origin of the river
iii
...
i and ii
b
...
ii and iii
d
...
The sudden over flood has caused river
erosion as a result RahelaÕs family along with other families become homeless
...
7
...
The water current originated from the Gangatri glacier
b
...
Hea
vy rainfall in the Sylhet region
d
...
a
...
c
...
To control the flow of the river
9
...
Relief
c
...
d
...
An important part of the recent flood plains is Southern coastal region
...
Upon the light of the information
which statement is correct?
a
...
New landforms are formed due to the deposition of the sediments in the
waterlands and lowlands
c
...
The rivers in the southern region are widely scattered around like a net as
result river transportation is excessively used
11
...
Which one
belo w is the major cause of increasing the use of electricity?
i
...
The population towards the town is increased
iii
...
i and ii
b
...
i and iii
d
...
The ratio of the population in urban area increased enormously for the last
10 years
...
The plenty of lodging facility in the urban area
b
...
Man y people are shifting their abode from village to town
d
...
From the information of the table and from your own
knowledge regarding the kinds of transport system in Bangladesh answer question
number 13 to 15
...
)
Railways (kms
...
)
Monsoon period
Dry season
Sour
2001
20,797
1,245
1,523
-
21,571
1,446
1,389
5,968
3,865
ce : BRTA, R and H BIWTA, quaded in Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics website
192
Secondary Geography
13
...
The main road of Bangladesh is increased in between the year 2001 and 2005
ii
...
One-third of the riverways has become useless during the dry season of the year
Which one is correct below?
a
...
i and iii
c
...
i, ii and iii
14
...
Passengers travel through road transport thrice more than riverways
b
...
The new main road has been constructed in between the year 2001 and 2005
d
...
Which statement belo is correct against transport system in Bangladesh?
w
a
...
There are rail ays in every district in Bangladesh
w
c
...
Chittagong is the only port in Bangladesh
According to the map stated below about the climate in Bangladesh answer
question number 16 to 19
...
193
Which city belo is near to the line of the Tropic of Cancer?
w
a
...
c
...
Gopalg
17
...
Mymensingh
b
...
Khagrachhari
d
...
Chittagong
Which city belo has become 28° Celsius average temperature in the month
w
J
uly?
a
...
c
...
Khulna
Barisal
19
...
w
a
...
320 kilometres
d
...
280 kilometres
360 kilometres
Creative Questions
1
...
(Million US Dollar)
Financial Year
Export Income Import Expenses
2004-05
13,147
2005-06
10,526
14,746
2006-07
Sour
8,655
12,178
17,157
ce : Bangladesh Economic Survey, 2010
a
...
Explain an important reason of the deficit of export income and import
expenses in different economic years
...
Draw a bar graph using the information from the table
...
What are the ways in overcoming this sort of export income in Bangladesh?
Give reasons for your answers
...
Secondary Geography
Answer the f ollowing questions from the information shown in the map
...
What type of climate is prevailed in Bangladesh?
b
...
c
...
d
...
3
...
Commodities
Freezing
Tea
food
Chemical
Leather
Raw
Jute
materials
Substances
goods
Knitwear Garments
Others
Total
Countries
Other countries
of the world
363
22
97
254
67
230
1496
3364
535
6467
USA
132
0
1
1
0
13
467
1540
347
2501
36
0
1
0
0
6
31
46
64
39
The percentage
of the USA
a
...
Why are the garments clothes important in the export business?
c
...
d
...
Bangladesh
4
...
0
0
a
...
c
...
5
...
Analyze the importance of the river in building-up shadow landform in the
map
...
One-fourth
of the worldÕs Jute is produced in this country
...
Of course, in between 1990Õs the production of Jute goods and export price has
declined at the rate of 10 per cent
...
a
...
b
...
c
...
d
...
196
Practical Geography
Part Four
Practical Geography
Chapter One
Drawing of Scales
Definition of scale : Scale is defined as a ratio of the distance between two points on
the map to the corresponding actual distance on the ground
...
and the corresponding actual distance
between those two points on the ground is 10 kms
...
to 10 kms
...
and 10 kms
...
It is necessary to keep in mind that the expression of 1 cm
...
is not
mathematically correct
...
Hence, the actual area or the distance is
measured and according to the requirement, it is reduced and then drawn on the paper
...
Method of showing scale on the map : There are three ways the scale is depicted on
the map
...
F
...
As for
instance, 1 inch to 4 miles, 16 inches to a mile, 1 cm
...
Here, in every
case, the first figure (either expressed in inches or in cms
...
(b) By graphical method : By dividing a line of inches or of cms
...
As, for instance, if the scale of 1 cm
...
is to be expressed
graphically, then a line of 5 cms
...
Leaving aside 1 part to the left, the divisions are
marked as 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 sequentially and the unit of kms
...
The left part
further would be divided into smaller 10 divisions (to show the smaller units of 10
kms
...
98 a)
...
98 (a) : Liner scale
Practical Geography
197
The same rule is also to be followed in case of scale of inches (Fig
...
Here, a line
of 3 inches long is to be divided, first, into three equal parts, then leaving one division
to the left, each division is marked and the left part divided further into smaller
divisions
...
The left part is also
divided into 4 equal parts (1 inch = 4 miles)
...
Miles 4
3
2
1
0
4
8 Miles
Fig
...
F
...
If the scale in a map is expressed in the
unit of one country, then it may not be acceptable to another country due to language
problem
...
F
...
In
English, it is known as Representative Fraction and the abbreviation is R
...
This
expresses the proportion of the scale by a fraction in which the numerator is 1 which
denotes the length on the map and the denominator in the same unit denotes the
corresponding length on the ground
...
to 1 metre in R
...
, then the metre is to be converted into cms
...
1 mt
...
Therefore, the numerator is
1 and the denominator is 100
...
It means that
when the distance on the map is 1 cm
...
Again, in the British system, the R
...
1 t 36, means the distance of 1 inch on the map
and the corresponding distance of 36 inches on the ground, i
...
, 1 yard (36 inches =
1 yard)
...
The scale of 1 inch to 1 mile is
expressed as R
...
1 t 63360, as 1 mile = 63360 inches
Conversion of scale
From statement to R
...
1
...
So, R
...
is 1 t 72
2
...
So, R
...
is 1 t 190080
198
3
...
(8 furlongs = 1 mile;
or , 8 furlongs = 63360 inches,
63360
I furlong =
= 7920 inches)
8
So, R
...
1t 7920
4
...
= 1 km
...
= 100000 ´ 2 = 200000 cms
...
F
...
1 centimetr e to 5 metres
W e know that 100 cms
...
So, 5 mts
...
1 cm
...
So, R
...
1 t 500
From R
...
to statement
1
...
F
...
Here, it is easier to convert the given R
...
into English
system
...
So, 633600 ¸ 63360 = 10 miles
...
2
...
F
...
Here it is easier to convert the given R
...
into metric system
...
= 1 hectometre
...
Hence, the statement is 1 cm
...
3
...
F
...
Here, it is easier to convert the given R
...
into metric system
...
= 1 metre
...
Hence, the statement is 1 cm
...
4
...
F
...
= 1 furlong
...
Hence, the statement is 1 inch to 10 furlongs
...
R
...
1 t 120
W e know, 12 inches = 1 feet
...
Hence, the statement is 1 inch to 10 feet
...
Generally, the
simple scale, diagonal scale, comparative scale, time scale, scale of slope,
proportional scale and vernier scale are in use
...
Drawing of simple scale : A line of required length is divided into a number of big
equal divisions and the values of each division is put leaving one division to the left
which is further sub-divided into smaller divisions and each smaller division is
marked
...
It is remarkable to note that the length of the scale and the number
of divisions would depend on the nature of the scales to be drawn
...
But it is necessary to draw
the scale taking into consideration the beauty and the size of the paper
...
5 inches to 6
inches or 12 kms
...
So, it becomes befitting and gives a good look, otherwise
it looks odd
...
or 2 to 3 inches length is
drawn
...
Hence, thin or narrow scales are drawn
...
2 inch width or even less than this is chosen and divided
horizontally into two parts
...
(a) It is possible to divide a line with the help of a divider by trial and error method
...
5 inches long, then the length of one division is 4
...
125
inches
...
13 inches instead of 1
...
(c) Firstly, a line AB of any length is taken
...
To the left of this line, an angle
Mark these
points as d, e, f, c
...
With the help of set squares the parallel lines to
BC are drawn from d, e, f
...
Keeping one part to the left, the divisions are marked as 0, 1, 2 and 3
...
These two lines are divided into 5 equal parts of any length
...
The points 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0 of the above
perpendicular line are joined respectively with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 of the line below
...
Starting from Ô0Õ at increasing rate
towards left the points are marked as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (Fig
...
Fig
...
Drawing procedure : A line of 5 inches long is divided into 5 equal parts
...
Keeping I primary part to the left, the points
are marked towards right as 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
...
On the right, the unit of mile and on the left the
unit of furlongs is mentioned
...
So, 63360 x 5 = 316800 inches
...
F
...
100 a)
...
F
...
100 (a) : Liner scale
Example 2 : 1 cm
...
; a simple scale is to be drawn
...
to 1 km
...
= 100000 cms
...
is 12 kms
...
F
...
long is divided primarily into 12 equal parts
...
11
and the unit of km
...
1 km = 10 hectometres
...
The divisions are marked towards left starting
from 0 as 1, 2, 3,
...
Just below the
scale at central position, the R
...
1 t 100000 is written (Fig
...
Hecms 10
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
R
...
I t 100000
Fig
...
When the distance between two points on the ground is 4 miles, then the
map distance is 1inch
...
When the distance between two points on the ground is 20 miles then,
the map distance is 1 x 20 = 5 inches
...
Say, I will draw a scale of 5 inches in length
...
When the map distance is 5 inches the ground distance is 4 x 5" = 20 miles
...
It cannot be shown as 4, 8, 12 or 3, 6, 9
...
Leaving I part to the left,
the values of the divisions are put as 0, 5, 10, 15 sequentially to the right
...
The mile unit is mentioned both to the left and right of the scale
...
4 miles = 63360 x 4 = 253440 inches
...
F
...
This R
...
is to be
mentioned just below the scale
...
l00 c)
Miles 5
4
3
2
1
0
5
R
...
1t 253440
10
15 Miles
Fig
...
1 centimetre reprents 1 hectometre; as 1 hectometre = 10 centimetre
Hence, R
...
1 t 10000
Drawing procedure : Primarily, a line of 10 cms
...
Keeping 1 part to the left, other divisions are marked as 0, 1, 2, 3,
...
As, 1 hec
...
202
Secondary Geography
The unit hectometre is mentioned to the right of the scale and the decametre to the
left
...
F
...
100 d)
...
F
...
100 (d) : Linear scale
Example 5 : With 3 inches to 15 yards, draw a simple scale
...
We know 36 inches = 1 yard
...
5 yards = 36 x 5 = 180 inches
...
F
...
1 yard is the ground distance, the map distance is 1 inch
...
Drawing procedure : A line of 5 inches long is drawn
...
Each division represents 5 yards
...
Each division on this secondary part would represents 1 yard each (Fig
...
Yards 5 4 3 2 1 0
5
10
11
20 Yards
R
...
I t 180
Fig
...
Scale is used to measure correctly the distance between tw o points on the map
...
Scale is used during surv ey work
...
Scale is used to determine the area of a map or of a plan
...
Scale is used to f ind out the length of a railway track and the roads shown on the
map
...
During map dra wing and map reading, the scale is used
...
The distance existing between two points on the map is known
...
The linear scale for general use is very simple to follow
...
A map with linear scale, if enlarged or reduced using photostat machine, the scale
is also proportionately enlarged or reduced
...
If R
...
is supplied in any map, then we can use it according to our unit
...
The measurement unit of length is different in different countries
...
2
...
3
...
Map expressed
in the language of one country cannot be understood by the people of another
country
...
Drawing of Scales
What we learnt from this chapter :
Scale : Scale is defined as a ratio of the distance between two points on the map to the
corresponding distance on the ground
...
F
...
5" to 6" length should be drawn in practical khata
...
Anis wanted to know from his sister how the map of Bangladesh was drawn while
he was on a visit to the school library
...
Then she explained about the use of scale
...
a
...
What is the use of scale publication?
c
...
d
...
204
Secondary Gerography
Chapter Two
Drawing of Plans
Definition of plan : Representation of houses, schools, play grounds etc
...
Scale is also used to draw sketches as that of maps
...
In reality, a big school and its yard occupies a great area on the ground
...
Drawing procedure of a plan : During plan preparation, a metallic tape of feet,
inches or metre is used
...
The linear and the angular measurements are noted in a field book or in a
sheet of paper
...
Generally, the surveyors or Amins use a scale of 1 inch to 8 feet or 1 cm
...
A procedure for
plan drawing of a school is shown below (Fig
...
Plan of a school : The play ground, garden and the boundary wall is measured
...
A
scale of 1 cm
...
10 metres = 1000 centimetres
So, R
...
is 1 t 1000
The length of the boundary wall is 135 metres breadth is 70 metres
...
5 cms
...
0 cms
...
0 cms
...
5 cms
...
5 cms
...
0 cms
...
5 cms
...
2 cms
...
0 cms
...
40
Practical Geography
205
R
...
I t 1,000
Fig
...
5 cms
...
long at each end of this line to get the school premises
...
5
cm
...
8 cm
...
1
...
to the west and 1 cm
...
101)
...
102 : A model drawing of a house
Drawing of plans
What we learnt from this chapter :
Plan : Representation of house, school, play ground etc
...
206
Secondary Geography
Plan drawing procedure : Measurements with the help of a metallic tape is to be
completed first before drawing a plan of any area
...
According to a selected scale, the plan is drawn as that of the draft sketch
...
Exercise
Creative Questions
1
...
a
...
c
...
d
...
Practical Geography
207
Chapter Three
International Conventional Signs
Definition : The internationally accepted signs used in maps and plan to show the
boundary of any area, roads, railways, rivers, canals, wells, ponds, lakes, marshy
lands, grasslands, deserts with oasis, mountains, mountain peaks, small and big towns,
mosque, idgah, temple, church, pagoda, graveyard, port, lighthouse, oil-well,
battlefield etc
...
The cartographers of
the world use these conventional signs in maps and plans
...
103 and 104)
...
103 : International conventional signs
208
Secondary Geography
Fig
...
International conventional signs : The cartographers of the world use special
symbols and signs in maps and plans known as International Conventional Signs
...
Eshee crosses a railway crossing while she was travelling with her father
...
In reply her father talked about the use of sketches and
maps, geographical aspects and some other images
...
What are conventional signs?
b
...
Draw a map of Bangladesh and show the rail-line from Dhaka to Chittagong
...
ÔSketches and maps require to depict many specified features in order to show
dif ferent geographical aspectsÕ explain
...
To draw a map of any part of the world (continent, country, district, thana, village
etc
...
Classification of map : There may be various types of maps
...
According to the scale used, again the maps are of two types :
(a) Large scale maps, and
(b) Small scale maps
...
are all
large scale maps
...
Atlasses, wall maps etc
...
The whole
world or the continent or any big region like that of a country when shown on a sheet
of paper, small space remains in the map
...
According to subject matter, the maps are of two types :
(a) Qualitative map, and
(b) Quantitative map
...
(b) Quantitative map : Air temperature, amount of rainfall, distribution of
population, density of population, mineral extraction, forest production, agricultural
production etc
...
Map reading procedure : We not only see the map, but also read it
...
The procedure to read the
map according to the types and nature is also different
...
are shown using the conventional signs
...
57
...
in Asia can
be studied using this map
...
It is not possible to study such maps without having the knowledge of
the definition, the characteristics of contours, location of vertical and normal slope
...
54
...
Again, the
weather map is of different type
...
Boundary
of each plot of a mouza is shown in the mouza map, hence, the boundary of the plot
can be determined according to the Dag number of the plot and these maps are used to
realise the government revenue
...
Physical features such as
Fig
...
can be shown using the conventional signs
...
too can be shown
...
before
reading such maps
...
105 represents a map of a village
...
There are North Para, South Para, West Para, mosques, temples, post office,
school, market, crop fields etc
...
To study this map, one should have the knowledge beforehand about the directions
...
Then the location of the market,
post office etc
...
It is better to give different titles of
the subject matter studied
...
105, and the steps to be
followed are explained below
...
There does not exist any parallel and meridian in a topo map
...
105)
...
There is a marshy land
to the east-central place and one swamp to the south-east
...
Drainage system : A major meandering river is found to pass through the central part
of the village from north-west to south-east
...
A bit bigger river coming from
south-west joins the main stream
...
Communication system : An unmetalled road coming from the west has crossed the
river
...
Two unmetalled roads coming from north and north-east join this
metalled road
...
The railway line in the south of this village runs from
north-east to south-west
...
The water
communication is maintained by boat in other rivers
...
The communication system of the village is
developed
...
, North Para,
South Para, East Para, Central Para, West Para and FishermenÕs Para, there is a
mosque by the side of the school at West Para and a temple in the FishermenÕs Para
...
There is a
school located almost at the central place of the village
...
There is a post office
in this village
...
Agricultural land : 80 per cent of the total land of the village is under crop
...
It is
possible to irrigate the land from rivers and swamps during the dry season
...
Map Reading
What we learnt from this chapter :
Definition of map : Map is the representation of any part of the earth or the earth as a
whole on some reduced scale on a plain sheet of paper
...
According to the scale, the map can be sub-divided into two, (a)
large scale map, and (b) small scale map
...
Map reading : The techniques of map reading of different maps are different
...
For climatic map
reading, one should have clear ideas about cloud cover, amount of rainfall, conditions
of the ocean etc
...
Exercise
Creative Questions
1
...
Farid in reply to her
question about map said that, that was a map
...
As a result, Asha was
encouraged to learn how to draw map
...
What is map?
b
...
c
...
d
...
Practical Geography
213
Chapter Five
Drawing of Bangladesh Map
It is easy to draw a map by square method and the learners will be able to acquire this
method very quickly and easily
...
4 times more than the east-west extension
...
27° N
26°
25°
24°
23°
22°
21°
88° E
89°
90°
91°
92°
Fig
...
Hence, for north to south extension 7 squares
to cover 20° to 27° north parallels and for east to west extension, 5 squares to cover
88° to 93° of east longitude are to be drawn to accommodate 35 full squares
...
A vercal line of 5
...
0 inches
long have to be divided into 7 and 5 equal parts respectively (Fig
...
After this, a
standard map of Bangladesh, is followed to draw the boundary line of the map in this
net of squares (Fig
...
107 : Drawing method of Bangladesh boundary map
In reality, though the latitudes and longitudes are not equally spaced, but for the learners
these have been equally spaced for the convenience of the learners (Fig
...
7 squares
from north to south and 5 squares from east to west i
...
a total of 35 squares have been
drawn taking each side of vertical and horizontal squares as 1 inch (Fig
...
Practical Geography
215
To the drawn net of squares, put the values on the right line from bottom to the top
(south to north) as 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 degrees and 88, 89, 90, 91, 92 and 93
degrees to the bottom line from left to right (west to east)
...
The learners would be able to draw the map
themselves in the net of squares without using the original map if they practice on it
for 4 to 5 times
...
107)
...
108 a)
...
M
...
108 (a) : Drawing method of Bangladesh map
216
Secondary Geography
Sample 2 : An outline map of Bangladesh is drawn and on it are shown the district
boundaries, important cities and towns including the capital, Dhaka, river ports and
sea ports (Fig
...
30
0
50 Km
Fig
...
108 c)
...
108(c) : Drawing technique of Bangladesh
218
Secondary Geography
Sample 4 : An outline map of Bangladesh is drawn and the location of forest areas are
shown on it (Fig
...
BANGLADESH
FORESTS
LEGEND
Tropical Evergreen and Deciduous Forest
Tropical Deciduous Forest or Salban
Mangrove Forest or Sunderban
Fig
...
While, drawing the boundary line of Bangladesh, an ideal map is to be
followed strictly
...
Practical Geography
219
Exercise
Creative Questions
1
...
27° North
26°
25°
24°
23°
22°
21°
20°
88° East
a
...
c
...
89°
90°
91°
92°
93°
What is the method of drawing the map?
Why does the square system use in drawing a map? Explain
...
ÔWhat is the importance of Latitude and Longitude in drawing mapÕ? Explain
...
The data thus available
when presented using some special techniques in graphical form is known as
representation of data
...
related to climatic
data and the area of any country or region, population, acreage of cropped area,
production of crop, exports and imports or the money spent for imported goods,
foreign currency earned through exports etc
...
All the data in the
form of statistics are known as geographical data
...
The learners should know the techniques for graphical representation
of data
...
Generally, the data
are presented using isotherms, isobars, bar columns, pie-graphs, circular diagrams, dot
method, shading etc
...
Bar graph : It is better to use graph paper by the learners for practising for the first
time and repeating the process for several times, the learners would be able to draw
graphs on a plain sheet of paper
...
Sample 1 : In the following table, the rice productions of Bangladesh for different
years are shown
...
109)
...
Year
Production in Ô000Õ tons
If 1 inch represents 5000 tons
1987 - 88
15,413
...
5,000 = 3
...
1988 - 89
15,544
...
5,000 = 3
...
1989 - 90
17,856
...
5,000 = 3
...
1990 - 91
17,852
...
5,000 = 3
...
1991 - 92
18,251
...
5,000 = 3
...
1992 - 93
18,340
...
5,000 = 3
...
Practical Geography
221
Thousand Ton
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
1987-88
88-89
89-90
90-91
91-92
92-93
Fig
...
The data are to be represented by double bar columns
(Fig
...
Table 16 : Compeare the area and population of 6 districts of Bangladesh
Name of the
Area
Length of bar
districts
(in sq
...
) as per scale
Population
(1991)
Length of bar as
per scale
Bhola
3,400
3
...
98
Chandpur
1,704
1
...
35
Dhaka
1,464
1
...
89
Sylhet
3,490
3
...
44
Jessore
2,567
2
...
40
Lalmonirhat
1,242
1
...
63
222
Secondary Gerography
For Area, 1 inch = 1000 sq
...
and for population inch = 15,00,000
persons are taken
...
1,000 = 3
...
14,76,328 •
...
98 inches
...
1,000 = 1
...
20,32,449 •
...
35 inches
...
...
46 inches
...
15,00,000 = 3
...
...
15,00,000 = 1
...
...
15,00,000 = 1
...
...
15,00,000 = 0
...
...
49 inches
...
2,567 • 1,000 = 2
...
...
24 inches
...
...
AREA
Sq
...
POPULATION
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
BHOLA
CHANDPUR
DHAKA
SYLHET
JESSORE
LALMONIANAT
Fig
...
The line
graphs are used to show the body temperature of the patients, the air temperature, air
pressure, amount of water, moisture in the air, the amount of imports and exports in
foreign trade of any country, the trend of development of any insurance company, the
loss and profit of any business institution etc
...
112)
...
The data are to be represented by line graphs (Fig
...
Table 17 : Production of textile mills of Bangladesh
...
)
428
425
474
1991-92
421
478
1992-93
440
338
1993-94
430
320
FABRICS
Matre in Loc
550
519
1990-91
YARN
600
(in lakh mits
...
111 : Graph of yarn and cloth production
Observation Unit
J
...
72
Rainfall
Cms
...
26
F
...
A
...
J
...
19
...
89
28
...
50
28
...
30
2
...
21
21
...
94
A
...
O
...
D
...
78
28
...
61
26
...
56
18
...
64
33
...
70
13
...
96
0
...
of rainfall of Bogra town
...
112)
...
are known as data
...
Bar column and line graphs are the
easiest methods for graphical representation of data
...
Crop and industrial production etc
...
It is easy to
draw and people can understand it
...
The inter-related
data is generally presented by line graph
...
are shown by this method
...
Exercise
Creative Questions
1
...
Observation Jan
...
Mar
...
May Jun
...
Sep
...
Nov
...
Temperature
(centigrade)
15
20
25
31
33
34
33
31
32
28
23
18
Rainfall
(centimetre)
1
...
5
5
12
22
35
33
34
29
22
12
2
a
...
Explain what are the ways to draw graph?
c
...
d
...