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Situation
Tone

Choice of
diction

Author’s attitude towards something
Ø Descriptive, informative, judgmental, analytic, sarcastic, persuasive
Positive:
Cheerful, compassionate, ecstatic, gleeful, humorous, lively, serene, sympathetic, straightforward, tranquil, wistful,
fervent, euphoric, elated, ebullient
Negative:
Commanding, questioning, unconcerned, apprehensive, apathetic, anxious, annoyed, bewildered, conceited,
demanding, depressed, desolate, isolate, doubtful, frantic, frightened, greedy, gloomy, hopeless
Abstract: ideas or concepts
Ø love, success, freedom, good, moral, democracy
Concrete: objects or events that are available to the senses
Ø spoon, table, velvet eye patch
General: refer to groups (Furniture)
Specific: refer to individuals (Chair)
Ø The images we form are likely to be fairly similar, and we're all likely to have some similar associations
(comfort, relaxation, calm)
Ø visualize the object, and how much attitude we can form about it
Writers often use concrete terms to express abstract ideas
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The feeling continues long after the initial shock
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• Melancholy: a feeling of pensive sadness
• Mysterious: In this mood, things are hidden and puzzling
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Relate to setting and language
Ø The sky is black è Creates fear
Ø She is cheerfulè Creates a happy atmosphere
Identifying a story’s theme:
Ø Character’s situation and the plot: Why do they do it?
Ø Examine the central conflict
Ø Look closely at the events and characters that seem relevant to the main line of action
Ø Look for literacy devices (Symbolism, irony)
First person narrative (I, we, my)
• Often used in autobiographies and memoirs
Ø Conveys personal thoughts and makes the passage subjective
Ø Makes an emotional appeal that engages the readers
Ø Creates sense of authenticity and relates to the readers
Second person narrative (you)
• Often used in persuasive, analytic writings
Ø Creates sense of urgency and engages the readers
Ø Feeling involved in what the writer is encountering
Ø Intensifies emotions by addressing readers directly
Third person narrative (He, she, it)
Ø More objective and view things from different perspectives
Ø Emotions of several people can be presented so that readers can view the situation clearly
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Person vs
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Person vs
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Person vs
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Person vs
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Person vs
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Internal conflict)

4 elements to be analyzed in an unseen short story
1
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3
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Setting analysis
Character analysis
Plot analysis
Author Style and Language Analysis

Structure of poems
Title

Form

Rhyme

Title The title of a story may carry important meaning
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Ø Does the title create expectations about the text?
Ø Arouse curiosity?
Ø Suggest an interpretation?
Lyric Poetry
• Poet expresses strong thoughts and feelings
Ø Ode: A praise
Ø Elegy: Mourns the dead (reminiscing dead people)
Narrative
• Tells a story (conflict, character, rising action, climax, falling action)
Ø Ballad: Has musical rhythm and can be sung
Descriptive
• Describes the world that surrounds the speaker (using imageries and adjectives)
• More outward focused
It keeps the poem in harmony, and a rhyme scheme helps the audience to understand what is coming
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It also creates a cyclical pattern that reflects
the events of the poem
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the audience now has a better characterization of the persona
Ø The first sentence has a neutral tone and mood, while the second sentence has a more negative tone
and a darker mood
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Using concrete terms to describe
something, makes it easier to comprehend
• Helps readers to visualize the image
• Pertinent and persuasive which engages to readers’ imaginations
Giving objects human attributes
• Personification can make descriptions of non-human entities more vivid, or can help readers understand,
sympathize with, or react emotionally to non-human characters
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Notice the soft, soothing effect of the “h”
sounds and the sharp, percussive effect of the “b” sounds
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It emphasizes a particular point or evoking a certain emotion that the author is trying to evoke
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To create feelings of intrigue and interest in readers’ minds to make them think deeper and harder to
enjoy the real message of the poem
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The audience's role in realizing the difference between what is said and what is normal or
expected is essential to the successful use of irony
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They can be humorous, obvious, or reflective
Authors achieve this by providing details that make characters individual and particular
Good characterization gives readers a strong sense of characters' personalities and complexities
• It makes characters vivid, alive and believable
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Ø storm clouds on the horizon suggesting that danger is coming
• adds dramatic tension to a story by building anticipation about what might happen next
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• Easier for the readers to relate to the abstract emotions when they observe it in their natural
surroundings
It enhances the beauty of a sentence and stresses on the point of main significance
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