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Title: Attention and Memories - Child Development
Description: These are notes on Piagets Theory of thinking and attention from infancy to adulthood. These notes also cover memory from infancy to adulthood. These notes are good for anyone taking a child development class or for those looking to work with children and adolescents.
Description: These are notes on Piagets Theory of thinking and attention from infancy to adulthood. These notes also cover memory from infancy to adulthood. These notes are good for anyone taking a child development class or for those looking to work with children and adolescents.
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I
...
III
...
V
...
Chapter 7, 8, 9
Front Page (200)
A
...
Master teacher
b
...
Shares basic characteristic with theories of cognitive development
B
...
Analyzes how children manipulate information, monitor it, and create strategies for
handling it
...
Computer Metaphor
a
...
Developmental changes in information processing are likely influenced by increases in both
capacity and speed of processing
B
...
Both biology and experience contribute to growth in cognitive resources
D
...
The speed with which children can articulate a series of words affects how many words
they can remember
F
...
Push a button as soon as they see a stimulus such as light
Mechanism of Change (202)
A
...
Encoding
i
...
Letter shape – cursive versus print being the same letter
b
...
Refers to the ability to process information with little or no effort
1
...
Strategy Construction
i
...
Metacognition
i
...
Piaget
a
...
Thinking develops in distinct stages
B
...
Some versions are constructivist
b
...
Do not see development as occurring abruptly in distinct stages with a brief
transition period
d
...
Focuses on more precise analysis of change an on the contributions made by
ongoing activity
What is Attention (204)
A
...
Improves cognitive processing
VII
...
IX
...
Selective attention: is focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while
ignoring others that are irrelevant
C
...
Sustained attention: the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged
period of time
E
...
Orienting/Investigative Progress
a
...
Involves directing attention to potentially important locations in the environment
(where) and recognizing objects and their features (what)
c
...
Allows infants to learn about and remember characteristics of a stimulus as it
becomes familiar
ii
...
Habituation and Dishabituation (205)
a
...
Dishabituation: the recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation
c
...
More prone to distraction
C
...
Joint Attention: which individuals focus on the same object or event
i
...
Requires
i
...
One person directing another’s attention
iii
...
Emerging forms of attention occur at 7-‐8 months
d
...
Rechele Brooks and Andrew Meltzoff
i
...
1st birthday infants have begun to direct adults to objects that capture their interest
g
...
Wanders around, shifts attention, spends little time focused on any one object
B
...
Advances
a
...
Sustained attention
D
...
Why advances in executive and sustained attention are so important
E
...
Cognitive control
a
...
School readiness (207)
Adolescence Attention (207)
A
...
Sustaining attention is critical in completing tasks
C
...
XI
...
Dividing attention not just between two activities, but even among three or more
b
...
Forces the brain to sharing processing resources
What is Memory? (208)
A
...
Processes and Types of Memory
a
...
Short Term Memory: memory system with a limited capacity in which information
is usually retain for up to 15 to 30 seconds unless strategies are used to retain it
longer
c
...
Working Memory: mental “workbench” where individuals manipulate and assemble
information when they make decisions, solve problems, and comprehend written
and spoken language
e
...
Two short terms
1
...
Visual and spatial
ii
...
Monitor and control system
f
...
Welsh
ii
...
Asian, Zellner, Bauml
C
...
Schema Theory
i
...
Schemas: metal frameoworks that organize concepts and information
iii
...
Fuzzy Trace Theory
i
...
A verbatim memory trace
a
...
A fuzzy trace, gist
a
...
Content Knowledge and Expertise
i
...
Expertise
Infancy Memories
A
...
6-‐8 month old babies cannot hold in their mind a picture of their mom or dad
B
...
First Memory
a
...
Research demonstrating infants can remember perceptual-‐motor
information
b
...
Explicit memory: refer to the conscious memory of facts and experiences
d
...
f
...
XII
...
2nd year explicit memory improves substantially
6 months = 24 hour memory
20 months = 12 months earlier
6-‐12 months
i
...
Infantile Amnesia
a
...
During these early years the prefrontal lobes of the brain are immature
i
...
Young children can remember a great deal of information if given appropriate cues and
prompts
B
...
Begin to use gist more
a
...
Memory Span
a
...
Then asked to repeat them
b
...
5 digits = 7 ear old
d
...
Rehearsal is important
E
...
Organization
i
...
Elaboration
i
...
Thinking of examples
iii
...
Imagery
i
...
Works better for older children
d
...
Understand the material versus memorizing it
ii
...
Patricia Bauer’s
iii
...
Peter Ornstein
F
...
There are age differences in children susceptibility to suggestion
i
...
There are individual differences in susceptibility
i
...
Others succumb to the slightest suggestion
c
...
Working memory increases during adolescents
B
...
Adolescent years are an important development period
XIV
...
XVI
...
Thinking: involves manipulating and transforming information in memory
B
...
Concept formation and categorization
B
...
Concepts: are ideas about what categories represent, or said another way, the sort of thing
we think category members are
D
...
Infants form concepts
F
...
Jean Mandler (217)
a
...
Size
ii
...
Movement
b
...
Young children can form an intense passionate interest in one category
I
...
Critical Thinking: involves thinking reflectively and productively, and evaluating evidence
a
...
Ellen Langer
b
...
Jacqueline and Martin Brooks
d
...
C
...
Children place a great deal of emphasis on causal mechanisms
b
...
Children tend to maintain their old theories regardless of the evidence
d
...
Effective science teaching helps children distinguish between fruitful errors and
misconceptions and detect plainly wrong ideas that need to be replaced by more
accurate conceptions
D
...
Involves finding and appropriate way to attain a goal
b
...
3-‐4 year olds
1
...
Fail to understand that it is possible to provide multiple descriptions
of the same stimulus
ii
...
children acquire the concept of perspectives
iii
...
Robert Siegler
1
...
Results
1
...
9 year olds = used rule 2 or 3
3
...
Using Analogies to Solve Problems (221)
i
...
Judy DeLoache
iii
...
Using Strategies to Solve Problems (222)
i
...
Benefit from generating variety of alternative strategies and experimenting
with different approaches to a problem, discovering what works well, when,
and where
XVII
...
Critical Thinking
a
...
Occurred only in 43 percent of 11th graders
c
...
Cognitive changes
e
...
Decision Making
a
...
Dual-‐process model: states that decision making is influenced by two cognitive
systems, one analytical and one experiential, which compete with each other
i
...
What is Metacognition? (225)
A
...
Knowledge about when and where to use particular strategies for learning or for solving
problems
C
...
Includes general knowledge
XIX
...
Theory of Mind: refers to awareness of one’s own mental processes and the mental
processes of others
B
...
Theory of mind changes as they develop
b
...
Perception
ii
...
Desires
c
...
Year olds understand the way that desires are related to actions and to
simple emotions
XX
...
d
...
3-‐5 children
i
...
False beliefs
iii
...
Sally and Anne
g
...
Have a deepening appreciation of the mind itself rather than just and
understanding of mental states
ii
...
Individual Differences (226)
a
...
Executive Function: describes several functions that are important for flexible,
future-‐oriented behavior, also may be connected to theory of mind development
Metacognition in Childhood (227)
A
...
children know that familiar items are easier to learn than unfamiliar ones, short lists
are easier than long ones, that recognition is recall, and that forgetting becomes
more likely over time
Metacognition in Adolescence (228)
A
...
Front Page (234)
A
...
First grade teacher
b
...
F
...
What is Intelligence (235)
A
...
Capacity to adapt and learn from experience
C
...
Cannot be directly measured
E
...
Individual Differences: the stable, consistent ways in which people differ from one another
G
...
Howard Gardner
I
...
Ability to use tools of the culture with help from more-‐skilled individuals
XXIV
...
The Binet Test
a
...
Alfred Binet
c
...
Theophile Simon
i
...
1905 scale
i
...
Ranging in ability
f
...
Intelligence quotient (IQ): refers to a person’s mental age divided by chronological
age
i
...
Mental age is same as chronological IQ=100
i
...
If mental age is below chronological age IQ<100
k
...
Normal distribution: is symmetrical, with a majority of the scores falling in the
middle of the possible range of scores and few scores appearing toward the
extremes of the range
...
Age 2 through adult
B
...
David Wechsler
b
...
Primary Scale of Intelligence-‐Third Edition
i
...
Yields several composite indexes
i
...
Working Memory Index
iii
...
The Use and Misuse of Intelligence Tests (237)
A
...
Many other factors other than IQ contribute to success in school
XXVI
...
Is it more appropriate to think of a child’s intelligence as a general ability or as a number of
specific abilities?
a
...
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
a
...
Sternberg
b
...
Analytical
1
...
Creative
1
...
Practical
1
...
High Analytic Ability
i
...
Do well in class
iii
...
Do well on IQ SAT tests
d
...
Not in top run of class
ii
...
Unique answers
e
...
Do not relate well to demands
ii
...
Most tasks require some combination of the three
C
...
Howard Gardner
b
...
Verbal skills
ii
...
Spatial skills
iv
...
Musical skills
vi
...
Interpersonal skills
viii
...
Ninth Frame of Mind
i
...
Key School
D
...
Daniel Goleman
b
...
Do Children Have One Intelligence or Many Intelligences?
a
...
Concept of g (general intelligence)
c
...
People who excel at one type of intellectual task are likely to excel at other
intellectual tasks
XXVII
...
MRI scans assess total brain volume, indicate a moderate correlation between brain size
and intelligence
B
...
Temporal and occipital lobes and cerebellum have been linked to higher brain functions
XXVIII
...
Genetic Influences
a
...
Researchers determine whether the behavior of adopted children is more
like that of their biological parents or their adoptive parents
b
...
Computed using correlated techniques
c
...
Has several flaws
i
...
Data are virtually all from traditional IQ test
B
...
Improving children’s environments can raise their IQ
b
...
James Flynn
c
...
Revisiting the Nature/Nurture Issue (243)
a
...
Disagreement about how strongly each factor influence intelligence
i
...
nurture
XXIX
...
Cross-‐Cultural Comparisons
a
...
Easter cultures – intelligence as a way for members of a community to successfully
engage in social roles
c
...
Robert Serpell (244)
i
...
Cultural Bias in Testing
a
...
Urban rather than rural
ii
...
White rather than African American
b
...
Most tests tend to reflect what the dominant culture thinks is important
C
...
As African American’s have gained social, economic, and educational opportunities,
the gap between scores of African Americans and Whites on standardized
intelligence tests has begun to narrow
...
Stereotype Threat: the anxiety that one’s behavior might confirm a negative
stereotype about one’s group
XXX
...
Less verbal
B
...
Social interactions
D
...
Helped sort out potentially normal babies from abnormal ones
E
...
Bayley Scales of Infant Development: were developed to asses infant behavior and predict
later development
a
...
Five Scales
i
...
Language
iii
...
Socioemotional
v
...
First 2 = infant
d
...
6 month old
i
...
Persistently search for objects just out of reach
iii
...
12 months
i
...
Imitate words the examiner says
iii
...
Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence
a
...
Correlated with measures of intelligence in older children
XXXI
...
Based on measures of groups of individuals
B
...
Mental retardation and intellectual giftedness are extremes of intelligence
XXXII
...
Most distinctive feature of mental retardation is inadequate intellectual functioning
B
...
Low IQ, usually below 70 on a traditional intelligence test
b
...
First exhibits these characteristics by age 18
C
...
The American Association of Mental Retardation
a
...
Intermittent
ii
...
A
...
C
...
E
...
XXXIV
...
B
...
iii
...
Pervasive
Giftedness
Gifted: have above average intelligence and/or superior talent for something
Lewis Terman
a
...
Three criteria that characterize gifted children
i
...
Marching to their own drummer
iii
...
Individuals who are fitted recall that they had signs of high ability in a particular
area at a very young age
b
...
John Colomba
i
...
Individuals who are highly gifted are typically not gifted in many domains
c
...
Identifying an individual’s domain-‐specific talent and providing the individual with
individually appropriate and optional educational opporutnities needs to be
accomplished by adolescence at the latest
Education of Children Who Are Gifted
a
...
Ellen Winner
i
...
Front Page (259)
A
...
Defining Language (260)
A
...
Infinite generativity: is the ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences
using a finite set of words and rules
XXXVII
...
Ralph Waldo Emerson
B
...
Phonology: is the sound system of a language, including the sound that are used and
how they may be combined
i
...
Morphology: the rule system that governs how words are form in a language
i
...
Syntax: involves the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and
sentences
i
...
Semantics: refers to the meaning of words and sentences
i
...
Pragmatics: the appropriate use of language in different contexts
i
...
Infancy
A
...
Practice making sounds, to communicate, and to attract attention
b
...
Crying
ii
...
Babbling
c
...
Babble with their hands
B
...
Showing and pointing at 8 months to 12 months
C
...
Long before they begin to learn words infants can make fine distinctions among the
sounds of the language
b
...
Research, phonemes from languages all over the world are piped through a
speaker for infants to hear
c
...
First Words
a
...
First word
i
...
Important people
iii
...
Vehicles
v
...
Food
vii
...
Clothes
ix
...
Greeting terms
c
...
Two-‐Word Utterances (265)
a
...
To convey meaning with just two words, the chil relies heavily on gesture, tone, and
context
c
...
Identification
ii
...
Repetition
iv
...
Attribution
vi
...
Question
d
...
Early Childhood (266)
A
...
Understanding Phonology and Morphology
a
...
Begin using plural and possessive forms of nouns
c
...
Use prepositions, articles, various forms of verbs
e
...
Experiment designed to study children’s knowledge of morphological rules
C
...
Preschool children learn to apply rules of syntax
b
...
18 months-‐6 years
i
...
First Grade = 14,000 words
e
...
How parents talk to their children is linked with vocabulary growth
D
...
4 years old – develop remarkable sensitivity to the needs of others in conversation
b
...
Early Literacy (269)
a
...
Supportive environment
c
...
Middle and Late Childhood (270)
A
...
Increasingly use language to talk about things that are not physically present
XLI
...
Learning what a word is
c
...
Vocabulary, Grammar, and Metalinguistic Awareness
a
...
7 years – respond with same part of speech
i
...
Metalinguistic Awareness: knowledge about language, such as understanding what a
preposition is or being able to discuss the sounds of a language
C
...
Five stages in development of reading
b
...
Rich Mayer
i
...
Being aware of sound units in words, which consists of recognizing
phonemes
2
...
Accessing word meaning, which consists of finding a mental
representation of a words meaning
d
...
Whole Language Approach: stresses that reading instruction should parallel
children’s natural language learning
f
...
Writing (273)
a
...
4 year olds
i
...
5 year olds
i
...
The following interventions were the most effective in improving fourth-‐through
twelfth-‐grade students’ writing quality
i
...
Summarization
iii
...
Setting goals
e
...
Students become good writers when teachers spend considerable time on
writing instruction and are passionate about teaching students to write
f
...
It was claimed that if individuals did not learn a second language prior to
puberty, they would never reach native-‐language learners’ proficiency in the
second language
ii
...
Children who are fluent in two languages perform better than their single-‐
language counterparts on tests of control of attention, concept formation,
analytical reasoning, cognitive flexibility, and cognitive complexity
iv
...
Increased sophistication in the use of words
B
...
Satire: the use of irony, derision, or wit to expose folly or wickedness
D
...
Biological influences
A
...
The ability to speak and understand language requires a certain vocal apparatus as
well as a nervous system with certain capabilities
b
...
Broca’s Area: an area in the left frontal lobe of the brain involved in speech
production and grammatical processing
d
...
Aphasia: which is a loss or impairment of language processing
B
...
Noam Chomsky
i
...
Language Acquisition Device (LAD):
i
...
Environmental Influences
A
...
Language is a complex, learned skill
b
...
Doesn’t explain how people create novel sentences
ii
...
Roger Brown
a
...
Spent long hours observing parents and their young children
C
...
Never learned to communicate effectively
D
...
Stresses that young children are intensely interested in their social world and that
early in their development they can understand the intentions of other people
E
...
Strategies
a
...
Expanding: is restating, in a linguistically sophisticated form, what a child has said
c
...
An Interactionist View of Language (280)
A
...
Language does not have strong biological foundations
C
...
Jerome Bruner
a
...
Wendy Verougstraete
a
...
A genetic birth disorder that was first described in 1961 and affects 1 in
20,000 births
ii
...
Features
1
...
Extremely low IQ
3
...
Natural born story tellers
v
...
Good interpersonal skills
vii
...
Physical Characteristics
1
...
Pixielike facial appearances
ix
...
Piaget’s concept of object performance (283)
Title: Attention and Memories - Child Development
Description: These are notes on Piagets Theory of thinking and attention from infancy to adulthood. These notes also cover memory from infancy to adulthood. These notes are good for anyone taking a child development class or for those looking to work with children and adolescents.
Description: These are notes on Piagets Theory of thinking and attention from infancy to adulthood. These notes also cover memory from infancy to adulthood. These notes are good for anyone taking a child development class or for those looking to work with children and adolescents.