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I
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III
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V
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Chapter  7,  8,  9  
 

Front  Page  (200)  
A
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Master  teacher  
b
...
Shares  basic  characteristic  with  theories  of  cognitive  development  
B
...
Analyzes  how  children  manipulate  information,  monitor  it,  and  create  strategies  for  
handling  it
...
Computer  Metaphor  
a
...
Developmental  changes  in  information  processing  are  likely  influenced  by  increases  in  both  
capacity  and  speed  of  processing  
B
...
Both  biology  and  experience  contribute  to  growth  in  cognitive  resources  
D
...
The  speed  with  which  children  can  articulate  a  series  of  words  affects  how  many  words  
they  can  remember  
F
...
Push  a  button  as  soon  as  they  see  a  stimulus  such  as  light  
Mechanism  of  Change  (202)  
A
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Encoding  
i
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Letter  shape  –  cursive  versus  print  being  the  same  letter  
b
...
Refers  to  the  ability  to  process  information  with  little  or  no  effort  
1
...
Strategy  Construction  
i
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Metacognition  
i
...
Piaget  
a
...
Thinking  develops  in  distinct  stages  
B
...
Some  versions  are  constructivist  
b
...
Do  not  see  development  as  occurring  abruptly  in  distinct  stages  with  a  brief  
transition  period  
d
...
Focuses  on  more  precise  analysis  of  change  an  on  the  contributions  made  by  
ongoing  activity  
What  is  Attention  (204)  
A
...
Improves  cognitive  processing  

VII
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IX
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Selective  attention:  is  focusing  on  a  specific  aspect  of  experience  that  is  relevant  while  
ignoring  others  that  are  irrelevant  
C
...
Sustained  attention:  the  ability  to  maintain  attention  to  a  selected  stimulus  for  a  prolonged  
period  of  time  
E
...
Orienting/Investigative  Progress  
a
...
Involves  directing  attention  to  potentially  important  locations  in  the  environment  
(where)  and  recognizing  objects  and  their  features  (what)  
c
...
Allows  infants  to  learn  about  and  remember  characteristics  of  a  stimulus  as  it  
becomes  familiar  
ii
...
Habituation  and  Dishabituation  (205)  
a
...
Dishabituation:  the  recovery  of  a  habituated  response  after  a  change  in  stimulation  
c
...
More  prone  to  distraction  
C
...
Joint  Attention:  which  individuals  focus  on  the  same  object  or  event  
i
...
Requires  
i
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One  person  directing  another’s  attention  
iii
...
Emerging  forms  of  attention  occur  at  7-­‐8  months  
d
...
Rechele  Brooks  and  Andrew  Meltzoff  
i
...
1st  birthday  infants  have  begun  to  direct  adults  to  objects  that  capture  their  interest  
g
...
Wanders  around,  shifts  attention,  spends  little  time  focused  on  any  one  object  
B
...
Advances  
a
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Sustained  attention  
D
...
Why  advances  in  executive  and  sustained  attention  are  so  important  
E
...
Cognitive  control  
a
...
School  readiness  (207)  
Adolescence  Attention  (207)  
A
...
Sustaining  attention  is  critical  in  completing  tasks  
C
...


XI
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Dividing  attention  not  just  between  two  activities,  but  even  among  three  or  more  
b
...
Forces  the  brain  to  sharing  processing  resources  
What  is  Memory?  (208)  
A
...
Processes  and  Types  of  Memory  
a
...
Short  Term  Memory:  memory  system  with  a  limited  capacity  in  which  information  
is  usually  retain  for  up  to  15  to  30  seconds  unless  strategies  are  used  to  retain  it  
longer  
c
...
Working  Memory:  mental  “workbench”  where  individuals  manipulate  and  assemble  
information  when  they  make  decisions,  solve  problems,  and  comprehend  written  
and  spoken  language  
e
...
Two  short  terms  
1
...
Visual  and  spatial  
ii
...
Monitor  and  control  system  
f
...
Welsh  
ii
...
Asian,  Zellner,  Bauml  
C
...
Schema  Theory  
i
...
Schemas:  metal  frameoworks  that  organize  concepts  and  information  
iii
...
Fuzzy  Trace  Theory  
i
...
A  verbatim  memory  trace  
a
...
A  fuzzy  trace,  gist  
a
...
Content  Knowledge  and  Expertise  
i
...
Expertise  
Infancy  Memories  
A
...
6-­‐8  month  old  babies  cannot  hold  in  their  mind  a  picture  of  their  mom  or  dad  
B
...
First  Memory  
a
...
Research  demonstrating  infants  can  remember  perceptual-­‐motor  
information  
b
...
Explicit  memory:  refer  to  the  conscious  memory  of  facts  and  experiences  

d
...

f
...


XII
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2nd  year  explicit  memory  improves  substantially  
6  months  =  24  hour  memory  
20  months  =  12  months  earlier  
6-­‐12  months    
i
...
Infantile  Amnesia  
a
...
During  these  early  years  the  prefrontal  lobes  of  the  brain  are  immature  
i
...
Young  children  can  remember  a  great  deal  of  information  if  given  appropriate  cues  and  
prompts  
B
...
Begin  to  use  gist  more  
a
...
Memory  Span  
a
...
Then  asked  to  repeat  them  
b
...
5  digits  =  7  ear  old  
d
...
Rehearsal  is  important  
E
...
Organization  
i
...
Elaboration  
i
...
Thinking  of  examples  
iii
...
Imagery  
i
...
Works  better  for  older  children  
d
...
Understand  the  material  versus  memorizing  it  
ii
...
Patricia  Bauer’s  
iii
...
Peter  Ornstein  
F
...
There  are  age  differences  in  children  susceptibility  to  suggestion  
i
...
There  are  individual  differences  in  susceptibility  
i
...
Others  succumb  to  the  slightest  suggestion  
c
...
Working  memory  increases  during  adolescents  
B
...
Adolescent  years  are  an  important  development  period  

XIV
...


XVI
...
Thinking:  involves  manipulating  and  transforming  information  in  memory  
B
...
Concept  formation  and  categorization  
B
...
Concepts:  are  ideas  about  what  categories  represent,  or  said  another  way,  the  sort  of  thing  
we  think  category  members  are  
D
...
Infants  form  concepts  
F
...
Jean  Mandler  (217)  
a
...
Size  
ii
...
Movement  
b
...
Young  children  can  form  an  intense  passionate  interest  in  one  category  
I
...
Critical  Thinking:  involves  thinking  reflectively  and  productively,  and  evaluating  evidence  
a
...
Ellen  Langer  
b
...
Jacqueline  and  Martin  Brooks  
d
...
 
C
...
Children  place  a  great  deal  of  emphasis  on  causal  mechanisms  
b
...
Children  tend  to  maintain  their  old  theories  regardless  of  the  evidence  
d
...
Effective  science  teaching  helps  children  distinguish  between  fruitful  errors  and  
misconceptions  and  detect  plainly  wrong  ideas  that  need  to  be  replaced  by  more  
accurate  conceptions  
D
...
Involves  finding  and  appropriate  way  to  attain  a  goal  
b
...
3-­‐4  year  olds    
1
...
Fail  to  understand  that  it  is  possible  to  provide  multiple  descriptions  
of  the  same  stimulus  
ii
...
children  acquire  the  concept  of  perspectives  
iii
...
Robert  Siegler  
1
...
Results  
1
...
9  year  olds  =  used  rule  2  or  3  
3
...
Using  Analogies  to  Solve  Problems  (221)  
i
...
Judy  DeLoache  
iii
...
Using  Strategies  to  Solve  Problems  (222)  
i
...
Benefit  from  generating  variety  of  alternative  strategies  and  experimenting  
with  different  approaches  to  a  problem,  discovering  what  works  well,  when,  
and  where  
XVII
...
Critical  Thinking  
a
...
Occurred  only  in  43  percent  of  11th  graders  
c
...
Cognitive  changes  
e
...
Decision  Making  
a
...
Dual-­‐process  model:  states  that  decision  making  is  influenced  by  two  cognitive  
systems,  one  analytical  and  one  experiential,  which  compete  with  each  other  
i
...
What  is  Metacognition?  (225)  
A
...
Knowledge  about  when  and  where  to  use  particular  strategies  for  learning  or  for  solving  
problems  
C
...
Includes  general  knowledge  
XIX
...
Theory  of  Mind:  refers  to  awareness  of  one’s  own  mental  processes  and  the  mental  
processes  of  others  
B
...
Theory  of  mind  changes  as  they  develop  
b
...
Perception  
ii
...
Desires  
c
...
Year  olds  understand  the  way  that  desires  are  related  to  actions  and  to  
simple  emotions  

XX
...

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

d
...
3-­‐5  children    
i
...
False  beliefs  
iii
...
Sally  and  Anne  
g
...
Have  a  deepening  appreciation  of  the  mind  itself  rather  than  just  and  
understanding  of  mental  states  
ii
...
Individual  Differences  (226)  
a
...
Executive  Function:  describes  several  functions  that  are  important  for  flexible,  
future-­‐oriented  behavior,  also  may  be  connected  to  theory  of  mind  development  
Metacognition  in  Childhood  (227)  
A
...
children  know  that  familiar  items  are  easier  to  learn  than  unfamiliar  ones,  short  lists  
are  easier  than  long  ones,  that  recognition  is  recall,  and  that  forgetting  becomes  
more  likely  over  time  
Metacognition  in  Adolescence  (228)  
A
...
Front  Page  (234)  
A
...
First  grade  teacher  
b
...
F
...
What  is  Intelligence  (235)  
A
...
Capacity  to  adapt  and  learn  from  experience  
C
...
Cannot  be  directly  measured  
E
...
Individual  Differences:  the  stable,  consistent  ways  in  which  people  differ  from  one  another  
G
...
Howard  Gardner  
I
...
Ability  to  use  tools  of  the  culture  with  help  from  more-­‐skilled  individuals  
XXIV
...
The  Binet  Test  
a
...
Alfred  Binet  
c
...
Theophile  Simon  
i
...
1905  scale  
i
...
Ranging  in  ability    
f
...
Intelligence  quotient  (IQ):  refers  to  a  person’s  mental  age  divided  by  chronological  
age  
i
...
Mental  age  is  same  as  chronological  IQ=100  
i
...
If  mental  age  is  below  chronological  age  IQ<100  
k
...
Normal  distribution:  is  symmetrical,  with  a  majority  of  the  scores  falling  in  the  
middle  of  the  possible  range  of  scores  and  few  scores  appearing  toward  the  
extremes  of  the  range
...
Age  2  through  adult  
B
...
David  Wechsler  
b
...
Primary  Scale  of  Intelligence-­‐Third  Edition  
i
...
Yields  several  composite  indexes  
i
...
Working  Memory  Index  
iii
...
The  Use  and  Misuse  of  Intelligence  Tests  (237)  
A
...
Many  other  factors  other  than  IQ  contribute  to  success  in  school  

XXVI
...
Is  it  more  appropriate  to  think  of  a  child’s  intelligence  as  a  general  ability  or  as  a  number  of  
specific  abilities?  
a
...
Sternberg’s  Triarchic  Theory  
a
...
 Sternberg  
b
...
Analytical  
1
...
Creative  
1
...
Practical    
1
...
High  Analytic  Ability  
i
...
Do  well  in  class  
iii
...
Do  well  on  IQ  SAT  tests  
d
...
Not  in  top  run  of  class  
ii
...
Unique  answers  
e
...
Do  not  relate  well  to  demands  
ii
...
Most  tasks  require  some  combination  of  the  three  
C
...
Howard  Gardner  
b
...
Verbal  skills  
ii
...
Spatial  skills  
iv
...
Musical  skills  
vi
...
Interpersonal  skills  
viii
...
Ninth  Frame  of  Mind  
i
...
Key  School  
D
...
Daniel  Goleman  
b
...
Do  Children  Have  One  Intelligence  or  Many  Intelligences?  
a
...
Concept  of  g  (general  intelligence)  
c
...
People  who  excel  at  one  type  of  intellectual  task  are  likely  to  excel  at  other  
intellectual  tasks  

  
XXVII
...
MRI  scans  assess  total  brain  volume,  indicate  a  moderate  correlation  between  brain  size  
and  intelligence  
B
...
Temporal  and  occipital  lobes  and  cerebellum  have  been  linked  to  higher  brain  functions  
XXVIII
...
Genetic  Influences  
a
...
Researchers  determine  whether  the  behavior  of  adopted  children  is  more  
like  that  of  their  biological  parents  or  their  adoptive  parents  
b
...
Computed  using  correlated  techniques  
c
...
Has  several  flaws  
i
...
Data  are  virtually  all  from  traditional  IQ  test  
B
...
Improving  children’s  environments  can  raise  their  IQ  
b
...
James  Flynn  
c
...
Revisiting  the  Nature/Nurture  Issue  (243)  
a
...
Disagreement  about  how  strongly  each  factor  influence  intelligence  
i
...
 nurture  
XXIX
...
Cross-­‐Cultural  Comparisons  
a
...
Easter  cultures  –  intelligence  as  a  way  for  members  of  a  community  to  successfully  
engage  in  social  roles  
c
...
Robert  Serpell  (244)  
i
...
Cultural  Bias  in  Testing  
a
...
Urban  rather  than  rural  
ii
...
White  rather  than  African  American  
b
...
Most  tests  tend  to  reflect  what  the  dominant  culture  thinks  is  important  
C
...
As  African  American’s  have  gained  social,  economic,  and  educational  opportunities,  
the  gap  between  scores  of  African  Americans  and  Whites  on  standardized  
intelligence  tests  has  begun  to  narrow
...
Stereotype  Threat:  the  anxiety  that  one’s  behavior  might  confirm  a  negative  
stereotype  about  one’s  group  
XXX
...
Less  verbal  
B
...
Social  interactions  
D
...
Helped  sort  out  potentially  normal  babies  from  abnormal  ones  
E
...
Bayley  Scales  of  Infant  Development:  were  developed  to  asses  infant  behavior  and  predict  
later  development  
a
...
Five  Scales  
i
...
Language  
iii
...
Socioemotional  
v
...
First  2  =  infant  
d
...
6  month  old  
i
...
Persistently  search  for  objects  just  out  of  reach  
iii
...
12  months  
i
...
Imitate  words  the  examiner  says  
iii
...
Fagan  Test  of  Infant  Intelligence  
a
...
Correlated  with  measures  of  intelligence  in  older  children  
XXXI
...
Based  on  measures  of  groups  of  individuals  
B
...
Mental  retardation  and  intellectual  giftedness  are  extremes  of  intelligence  
XXXII
...
Most  distinctive  feature  of  mental  retardation  is  inadequate  intellectual  functioning  
B
...
Low  IQ,  usually  below  70  on  a  traditional  intelligence  test  
b
...
First  exhibits  these  characteristics  by  age  18  
C
...
The  American  Association  of  Mental  Retardation  
a
...
Intermittent  
ii
...

A
...

C
...


E
...


XXXIV
...

B
...

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

iii
...
Pervasive  
Giftedness  
Gifted:  have  above  average  intelligence  and/or  superior  talent  for  something  
Lewis  Terman  
a
...
Three  criteria  that  characterize  gifted  children  
i
...
Marching  to  their  own  drummer  
iii
...
Individuals  who  are  fitted  recall  that  they  had  signs  of  high  ability  in  a  particular  
area  at  a  very  young  age  
b
...
John  Colomba  
i
...
Individuals  who  are  highly  gifted  are  typically  not  gifted  in  many  domains  
c
...
Identifying  an  individual’s  domain-­‐specific  talent  and  providing  the  individual  with  
individually  appropriate  and  optional  educational  opporutnities  needs  to  be  
accomplished  by  adolescence  at  the  latest  
Education  of  Children  Who  Are  Gifted  
a
...
Ellen  Winner  
i
...
Front  Page  (259)  
A
...
Defining  Language  (260)  
A
...
Infinite  generativity:  is  the  ability  to  produce  an  endless  number  of  meaningful  sentences  
using  a  finite  set  of  words  and  rules  
XXXVII
...
Ralph  Waldo  Emerson  
B
...
Phonology:  is  the  sound  system  of  a  language,  including  the  sound  that  are  used  and  
how  they  may  be  combined  
i
...
Morphology:  the  rule  system  that  governs  how  words  are  form  in  a  language  
i
...
Syntax:  involves  the  way  words  are  combined  to  form  acceptable  phrases  and  
sentences  
i
...
Semantics:  refers  to  the  meaning  of  words  and  sentences  
i
...
Pragmatics:  the  appropriate  use  of  language  in  different  contexts  
i
...
Infancy  
A
...
Practice  making  sounds,  to  communicate,  and  to  attract  attention  
b
...
Crying  
ii
...
Babbling  
c
...
Babble  with  their  hands  
B
...
Showing  and  pointing  at  8  months  to  12  months  
C
...
Long  before  they  begin  to  learn  words  infants  can  make  fine  distinctions  among  the  
sounds  of  the  language  
b
...
Research,  phonemes  from  languages  all  over  the  world  are  piped  through  a  
speaker  for  infants  to  hear  
c
...
First  Words  
a
...
First  word  
i
...
Important  people  
iii
...
Vehicles  
v
...
Food  
vii
...
Clothes  
ix
...
Greeting  terms  
c
...
Two-­‐Word  Utterances  (265)  
a
...
To  convey  meaning  with  just  two  words,  the  chil  relies  heavily  on  gesture,  tone,  and  
context  
c
...
Identification  
ii
...
Repetition  
iv
...
Attribution  
vi
...
Question    
d
...
Early  Childhood  (266)  
A
...
Understanding  Phonology  and  Morphology  
a
...
Begin  using  plural  and  possessive  forms  of  nouns  
c
...
Use  prepositions,  articles,  various  forms  of  verbs  
e
...
Experiment  designed  to  study  children’s  knowledge  of  morphological  rules  
C
...
Preschool  children  learn  to  apply  rules  of  syntax  
b
...
18  months-­‐6  years  
i
...
First  Grade  =  14,000  words  
e
...
How  parents  talk  to  their  children  is  linked  with  vocabulary  growth  
D
...
4  years  old  –  develop  remarkable  sensitivity  to  the  needs  of  others  in  conversation  
b
...
Early  Literacy  (269)  
a
...
Supportive  environment  
c
...

Middle  and  Late  Childhood  (270)  
A
...
Increasingly  use  language  to  talk  about  things  that  are  not  physically  present  

XLI
...
Learning  what  a  word  is  
c
...
Vocabulary,  Grammar,  and  Metalinguistic  Awareness  
a
...
7  years  –  respond  with  same  part  of  speech    
i
...
Metalinguistic  Awareness:  knowledge  about  language,  such  as  understanding  what  a  
preposition  is  or  being  able  to  discuss  the  sounds  of  a  language  
C
...
Five  stages  in  development  of  reading  
b
...
Rich  Mayer  
i
...
Being  aware  of  sound  units  in  words,  which  consists  of  recognizing  
phonemes  
2
...
Accessing  word  meaning,  which  consists  of  finding  a  mental  
representation  of  a  words  meaning  
d
...
Whole  Language  Approach:  stresses  that  reading  instruction  should  parallel  
children’s  natural  language  learning  
f
...
Writing  (273)  
a
...
4  year  olds  
i
...
5  year  olds  
i
...
The  following  interventions  were  the  most  effective  in  improving  fourth-­‐through  
twelfth-­‐grade  students’  writing  quality  
i
...
Summarization  
iii
...
Setting  goals  
e
...
Students  become  good  writers  when  teachers  spend  considerable  time  on  
writing  instruction  and  are  passionate  about  teaching  students  to  write  
f
...
It  was  claimed  that  if  individuals  did  not  learn  a  second  language  prior  to  
puberty,  they  would  never  reach  native-­‐language  learners’  proficiency  in  the  
second  language  
ii
...
Children  who  are  fluent  in  two  languages  perform  better  than  their  single-­‐
language  counterparts  on  tests  of  control  of  attention,  concept  formation,  
analytical  reasoning,  cognitive  flexibility,  and  cognitive  complexity  
iv
...
Increased  sophistication  in  the  use  of  words  

B
...
Satire:  the  use  of  irony,  derision,  or  wit  to  expose  folly  or  wickedness  
D
...
Biological  influences  
A
...
The  ability  to  speak  and  understand  language  requires  a  certain  vocal  apparatus  as  
well  as  a  nervous  system  with  certain  capabilities  
b
...
Broca’s  Area:  an  area  in  the  left  frontal  lobe  of  the  brain  involved  in  speech  
production  and  grammatical  processing  
d
...
Aphasia:  which  is  a  loss  or  impairment  of  language  processing  
B
...
Noam  Chomsky  
i
...
Language  Acquisition  Device  (LAD):  
i
...
Environmental  Influences  
A
...
Language  is  a  complex,  learned  skill  
b
...
Doesn’t  explain  how  people  create  novel  sentences  
ii
...
Roger  Brown  
a
...
Spent  long  hours  observing  parents  and  their  young  children  
C
...
Never  learned  to  communicate  effectively  
D
...
Stresses  that  young  children  are  intensely  interested  in  their  social  world  and  that  
early  in  their  development  they  can  understand  the  intentions  of  other  people  
E
...
Strategies  
a
...
Expanding:  is  restating,  in  a  linguistically  sophisticated  form,  what  a  child  has  said  
c
...
An  Interactionist  View  of  Language  (280)  
A
...
Language  does  not  have  strong  biological  foundations  
C
...
Jerome  Bruner  

a
...
Wendy  Verougstraete  
a
...
A  genetic  birth  disorder  that  was  first  described  in  1961  and  affects  1  in  
20,000  births  
ii
...
Features  
1
...
Extremely  low  IQ  
3
...
Natural  born  story  tellers  
v
...
Good  interpersonal  skills  
vii
...
Physical  Characteristics  
1
...
Pixielike  facial  appearances  
ix
...
Piaget’s  concept  of  object  performance  (283)  



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