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Chapter  4,  5,  6  
 

I
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III
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V
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People  and  What  They’ve  done  
A
...
Brain  seizures  
B
...
Prefrontal  cortex  orchestrates  the  functions  of  many  other  brain  regions  during  
development  
C
...
Revealed  how  people  develop  their  motor  skills  
Patterns  of  Growth  (107)  
A
...
Physical  growth  (top  –  down)  
i
...
Weight  
iii
...
Sensory  and  motor  development  
i
...
Use  hands  long  before  they  can  crawl  
B
...
Muscle  control  of  trunk  and  arms  before  hands  and  fingers  
Infancy  (108)  
A
...
20  inches  long  
b
...
5  pounds  
B
...
Most  newborns  lose  5  to  7%  of  body  weight  
C
...
4  months  
a
...
2
a
...
Girls  
a
...
6-­‐11  years  
B
...
Gain  5-­‐7  pounds  per  year  
D
...
Double  their  strength  
Adolescence  (109)  
A
...
Most  important  marker  for  the  beginning  of  adolescence  
B
...
Around  13  years  old  
C
...
8  years  in  girls  
b
...
Treated  medically  –  suppressing  gonadotropic  secretions  
D
...


E
...
Programmed  into  the  genes  of  every  human  being  is  a  timing  for  the  emergence  of  
puberty  
F
...
Powerful  chemical  substances  secreted  by  the  endocrine  gland    
b
...
Monitoring  eating,  drinking,  and  sex  
c
...
Controls  growth  and  regulats  glands  
d
...
Sex  glands  
e
...
Male  sex  hormones  
f
...
Female  hormones  
g
...
Androgen  –  development  of  puberty  in  boys  
h
...
Estrogen  –  female  pubertal  development  
G
...
Sexual  maturation  
a
...
Increase  in  penis  and  testicle  size  
ii
...
Minor  voice  change  
iv
...
Pubic  hair  
vi
...
Growth  of  hair  in  armpits  
viii
...
Growth  of  facial  hair  
b
...
Breasts  enlarge  
ii
...
Armpit  hair  
iv
...
Body  Image  (112)  
a
...
Girls  are  less  happy  with  their  bodies  
J
...
Early  –  maturing  boys  
i
...
Early  –  maturing  girls  
i
...
More  likely  to  smoke,  drink,  be  depressed,  eating  disorders,  earlier  
sexual  experiences  
Brain  Physiology  (114)  
A
...
Forebrain:  spinal  cord  
b
...
Perception  

VIII
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ii
...
Language  
c
...
Frontal:  voluntary  movement,  thinking,  personality,  intentionality  or  
purpose  
ii
...
Temporal:  hearing,  language  processing,  memory  
iv
...
Amygdala:  emotions  
e
...
Neurons  
a
...
Myelin  sheath  –  fat  cells  
1
...
Terminal  Buttons:  at  end  of  axons  
c
...
Synapses:  tiny  gamps  between  neurons  fibers  
e
...
Speech    
ii
...
Right  Hemisphere  
i
...
Use  of  metaphors  
g
...
Brain  development  occurs  extensively  during  prenatal  development  
B
...
Positron  emission  temograph  (PET):  pose  radiation  risk  to  babies,  babies  wriggle  too  much  
D
...
Early  Experience  and  the  Brain  
a
...
Michael  Rehbein  
c
...
Changing  Neurons  (116)  
a
...
2  yrs  –  brain  is  75%  of  adult  weight  
c
...
Myelin  sheath  
ii
...
Myelination:  process  of  encasing  axons  with  a  myelin  sheath,  begins  prenatally  and  
continues  after  birth  
e
...
Changing  Structures  
a
...
Primary  motor  areas  develop  first  
c
...
Brain  and  nervous  system  continue  to  develop  
B
...
Functional  Magnetic  Resonance  imaging  (fMRI)  
a
...


XI
...

XIII
...


D
...
Mark  Johnson  (2009)  
a
...
Shift  in  activation  areas  
a
...
Cognitive  Control  
Adolescence  Brain  (119)  
A
...
By  the  end  of  adolescence  individuals  have  “fewer,  more  selective,  more  effective  
neuronal  connections  than  they  did  as  children”  
B
...
Thickens  
b
...
Prefrontal  Cortex  
D
...
Development  Social  Neuroscience  
a
...
The  Sleep/Wake  Cycle  
a
...
Low  10  high  21  
b
...
Sleep  longer  at  night  
c
...
Adultlike  sleep  patterns  
d
...
Night  Waking  
B
...
Eyes  flutter  
b
...
Shared  Sleeping  
a
...
SIDS  (122)  
a
...
Stop  breathing  and  die  saddening  
c
...
American  Academy  of  Pediatrics  
i
...
11  -­‐13  hours  of  sleep  each  night  
B
...
Not  getting  enough  sleep    
B
...
9  hours  25  minutes  
Illness  and  Injuries  Among  Children  
A
...
Motor  vehicle  accidents  –  leading  cause  of  death  
b
...
Wheezing  

XV
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ii
...
Lead  poisoning  
B
...
Motor  vehicle  accidents  
b
...
3%  of  all  death  
ii
...
leukemia  
c
...
Health,  Illness,  and  Poverty  Among  the  Worlds  Children  (126)  
a
...
Infancy  
a
...
50  calories  per  day  for  each  pound  they  weigh  
ii
...
Overweight  if  above  95th  percentile  
iv
...
Overweight  –  breast  feed  or  bottle  
1
...
Breast  Versus  Bottle  Feeding  
i
...
1/3  breast  feed  6  month  old  
iii
...
Malnutrition  in  Infancy  
i
...
Mortality  rate  of  bottle  fed  is  5x  as  much  as  breast  feed  
iii
...
Kwashiorkor:  severe  protein  deficiency,  1-­‐3  yrs
...
 
B
...
Malnutrition  Among  Children  in  Low-­‐Income  Families  
i
...
Iron  deficiency  anemia  –  chronic  fatigue  
b
...
A  sensitive/responsive  caregiver  feeding  style  
c
...
Serious  health  problem  
ii
...
Weight  as  children  is  linked  to  weight  as  adults  
iv
...
Environmental  factors  
Exercise  (135)  
A
...
Cognitive  development  

  
XVII
...
Arnold  Gesell  
a
...
Dynamic  Systems  Theory:  infants  assemble  motor  skills  for  perceiving  and  acting  
a
...
Motor  development  is  not  a  passive  process  
XVIII
...
Reflexes:  built  in  reactions  to  stimuli  
B
...
Sucking  reflex:  occurs  when  newborns  automatically  suck  an  object  placed  in  their  mouth  
D
...
Grasping  reflex:  occurs  when  something  touches  the  infants  palm  
F
...
T
...
Observed  how  infant’s  sucking  changed  as  they  grew  older  
XIX
...
Skills  that  involve  large-­‐muscle  activities  
B
...
A  dynamic  process  that  is  linked  with  sensory  information  in  the  skin,  joints,  and  
muscles,  which  tell  us  where  we  are  in  space  
C
...
Locomotion  and  postural  control  are  closely  linked  
b
...
Karen  Adolph  (147)  
i
...
Specificity  of  Learning  
i
...
The  First  Year:  Motor  Development  Milestones  and  Variations  
a
...
Karen  Adolph  and  Sarah  Berger  (2005)  
E
...
Exploration  
b
...
Vital  to  child’s  competent  development  
F
...
Developmental  Changes  
i
...
3  years  
1
...
Jumping  
3
...
4  years  
1
...
5  years  
1
...
Middle  and  Late  Childhood  
1
...
Sports  (150)  
i
...

Fine  Motor  Skills  (151)  
A
...
Infancy  
a
...
Palmar  grasp  
c
...
Childhood  
a
...
What  are  Sensations  and  Perception  (154)  
A
...
Information  interacts  with  sensory  receptors  
B
...
Interpretation  of  what  is  sensed  
XXII
...
Eleanor  and  James  J
...
We  do  not  have  to  take  bits  and  pieces  of  data  from  sensations  and  build  up  
representations  of  the  world  in  our  minds  
B
...
Affordances:  opportunities  for  interaction  offered  by  objects  that  fit  within  our  capabilities  
to  perform  activities  
XXIII
...
Infancy  
a
...
William  James  1890/1950  (157)  
ii
...
Face  Perception  
i
...
Pattern  Perception  
i
...
Robert  Fantz  1963  (158)  
d
...
Longest  at  red  hues  shortest  at  green  
e
...
Perception  goes  beyond  the  information  provided  by  the  senses  
ii
...
Size  Constancy  
1
...
Shape  Constancy  
1
...
Perception  of  Occluded  Objects  

i
...
Depth  Perception  
i
...
Concluded  in  their  laboratory  a  miniature  cliff  with  a  dropoff  covered  
by  glass
...
Childhood  
a
...
Other  Senses  (160)  
A
...
Last  two  month  of  pregnancy  it  can  hear  sounds  
b
...
 Seuss  
c
...
Loudness  
ii
...
Localization    
B
...
Do  respond  to  touch  
b
...
Megan  Gunnar  1987  (161)  
i
...
Smell  
a
...
Taste  
a
...
Intermodal  Perception  (162)  
A
...
Exists  in  newborns  
C
...
Nature,  Nurture,  and  Perceptual  Development  
A
...
Nature  proponents  
b
...
Empiricists  
a
...
Piaget  (172)  
A
...
Laurent  
b
...
Jacqueline  
B
...
Adaptation  
a
...
Processes  of  Development  (172)  
A
...
As  the  child  seeks  to  construct  an  understanding  of  the  world,  the  developing  brain  
creates  schemes
...
Actions  or  mental  representations  that  organize  knowledge  
B
...
Assimilation  
i
...
Accommodation  
i
...
Organization  
a
...
Continual  refinement  of  this  organization  is  an  inherent  part  of  development  
D
...
Equilibration  
i
...
Cognition  is  qualitatively  different  in  one  stage  compared  with  another  
XXIX
...
Sensorimotor  Stage:  lasts  from  birth  to  about  2  years  of  age  
B
...
Substages  (174)  
a
...
First  habits  and  primary  circular  reactions  
c
...
Coordination  of  secondary  circular  reactions  
e
...
Internalization  of  schemes  
D
...
The  understanding  that  objects  and  events  continue  to  exist  even  when  they  cannot  
be  seen,  heard,  or  touched  
b
...
Evaluating  Piaget’s  Sensorimotor  Stage  
a
...
The  A-­‐not-­‐B  Error  
i
...
   But  when  the  
toy  is  subsequently  hidden  at  location  B,  they  make  the  mistake  of  continuing  
to  search  for  it  at  location  A
...
Might  be  due  to  failure  in  memory    

c
...
Eleanor  Gibson  and  Elizabeth  Spelke  
1
...
Infants  develop  the  ability  to  understand  how  the  world  works  at  a  very  early  
stage  
d
...
Elizabeth  Spelke  
1
...
States  that  infants  are  born  with  domain-­‐specific  innate  
knowledge  systesm  
b
...
Number  sense  
d
...
Language  
ii
...
Mark  Johnston  
1
...
 
2
...
”  
e
...
Piaget  wasn’t  specific  enough  
ii
...
Preoperational  Stage  (180)  
A
...
Operations:  which  are  internalized  actions  that  allow  children  to  do  mentally  what  they  
could  formerly  do  only  physically  
C
...
Preoperational  Stage:  lasts  from  approximately  2  to  7  years  of  age,  2nd  Piagetian  Stage  
a
...
The  Symbolic  Function  Substage  
a
...
Egocentrism:  is  the  inability  to  distinguish  between  one’s  own  perspective  and  
someone  else’s  perspective  
c
...
Three-­‐mountains  task  
d
...
The  Intuitive  Thought  Substage  
a
...
Children  seem  so  sure  about  their  knowledge  and  understanding  yet  are  unaware  of  
how  they  know  what  they  know  
G
...
Conservation:  the  awareness  that  altering  an  object’s  or  a  substance’s  appearance  
does  not  change  its  basic  properties  
b
...
Failing  the  conservation  –of-­‐liquid  task  is  a  sign  that  children  are  at  the  
preoperational  stage  of  cognitive  development  
d
...
Showed  that  when  the  child’s  attention  to  relevant  aspects  of  the  
conservation  task  I  improved,  the  child  is  more  likely  to  conserve  
XXXI
...
Lasts  approximately  from  7  to  11  years  of  age  
B
...
Logical  reasoning  replaces  intuitive  reasoning  as  longs  as  the  reasoning  can  be  applied  to  
specific  or  concrete  examples  
D
...
Demonstrate  a  child’s  ability  to  perform  concrete  operations  
b
...
Horizontal  Decalage:  Piaget’s  concept  that  similar  abilities  do  not  appear  at  the  same  
time  within  a  stage  of  development  
E
...
Concrete  operational  children  can  understand  
i
...
Seriation  (184)  
1
...
Transivity  (185)  
1
...
Dividing  things  into  sets  and  subsets  
XXXII
...
Appears  between  11  and  15  years  of  age  
B
...
Individuals  move  beyond  concrete  experiences  and  think  in  abstract  and  more  logical  ways  
D
...
The  abstract  quality  of  the  adolescent’s  thought  at  the  formal  operational  level  is  
evident  in  the  adolescent’s  verbal  problem-­‐solving  ability  
b
...
Thinking  more  abstractly,  idealistically,  and  more  logically  
d
...
Adolescent  Egocentrism  (186)  
a
...
Imaginary  audience:  refers  to  the  aspect  of  adolescent  egocentrism  that  involes  
attention  getting  behavior,  the  attempt  to  be  notices,  visible,  and  onstage  
c
...
Invincibility  
XXXIII
...
Take  a  constructivist  approach  

B
...

D
...

F
...

A
...
Piaget    
B
...
Estimates  of  Children’s  Competence  
i
...
Stages  
i
...
Developmental  synchrony  
c
...
Children  who  are  at  one  cognitive  stage  can  be  trained  to  reason  at  a  higher  
cognitive  stage  
d
...
Exert  stronger  influences  on  children’s  development  than  Piaget  reasoned  
e
...
Argue  that  Piaget  got  some  things  right  but  that  his  theory  needs  
considerable  revision  
ii
...
The  Zone  of  Proximal  Development  (ZPD)  
A
...
Scaffolding  (191)  
A
...
Dialogue  is  an  important  tool  
XXXVII
...
Children  use  speech  not  only  for  social  communication,  but  also  to  help  them  solve  tasks  
B
...
Private  Speech  
a
...
Initially  develop  independently  of  each  other  and  the  merge  
E
...
Inner  Speech  
a
...
Teaching  Strategies  (192)  
A
...
Use  the  child’s  ZPD  in  teaching  
C
...
Monitor  and  encourage  children’s  use  of  private  speech  
E
...
Transform  the  classroom  with  Vygotskian  ideas  
XXXIX
...
Learned  about  Vygotsky  later  than  Piaget  
B
...
Emphasizes  the  social  contexts  of  learning  and  the  construction  of  knowledge  
through  social  interaction  



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