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Title: Growth - Child Development
Description: Here are notes on growth and what to expect in children through adolescents.
Description: Here are notes on growth and what to expect in children through adolescents.
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Chapter 4, 5, 6
I
...
III
...
V
...
People and What They’ve done
A
...
Brain seizures
B
...
Prefrontal cortex orchestrates the functions of many other brain regions during
development
C
...
Revealed how people develop their motor skills
Patterns of Growth (107)
A
...
Physical growth (top – down)
i
...
Weight
iii
...
Sensory and motor development
i
...
Use hands long before they can crawl
B
...
Muscle control of trunk and arms before hands and fingers
Infancy (108)
A
...
20 inches long
b
...
5 pounds
B
...
Most newborns lose 5 to 7% of body weight
C
...
4 months
a
...
2
a
...
Girls
a
...
6-‐11 years
B
...
Gain 5-‐7 pounds per year
D
...
Double their strength
Adolescence (109)
A
...
Most important marker for the beginning of adolescence
B
...
Around 13 years old
C
...
8 years in girls
b
...
Treated medically – suppressing gonadotropic secretions
D
...
E
...
Programmed into the genes of every human being is a timing for the emergence of
puberty
F
...
Powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine gland
b
...
Monitoring eating, drinking, and sex
c
...
Controls growth and regulats glands
d
...
Sex glands
e
...
Male sex hormones
f
...
Female hormones
g
...
Androgen – development of puberty in boys
h
...
Estrogen – female pubertal development
G
...
Sexual maturation
a
...
Increase in penis and testicle size
ii
...
Minor voice change
iv
...
Pubic hair
vi
...
Growth of hair in armpits
viii
...
Growth of facial hair
b
...
Breasts enlarge
ii
...
Armpit hair
iv
...
Body Image (112)
a
...
Girls are less happy with their bodies
J
...
Early – maturing boys
i
...
Early – maturing girls
i
...
More likely to smoke, drink, be depressed, eating disorders, earlier
sexual experiences
Brain Physiology (114)
A
...
Forebrain: spinal cord
b
...
Perception
VIII
...
ii
...
Language
c
...
Frontal: voluntary movement, thinking, personality, intentionality or
purpose
ii
...
Temporal: hearing, language processing, memory
iv
...
Amygdala: emotions
e
...
Neurons
a
...
Myelin sheath – fat cells
1
...
Terminal Buttons: at end of axons
c
...
Synapses: tiny gamps between neurons fibers
e
...
Speech
ii
...
Right Hemisphere
i
...
Use of metaphors
g
...
Brain development occurs extensively during prenatal development
B
...
Positron emission temograph (PET): pose radiation risk to babies, babies wriggle too much
D
...
Early Experience and the Brain
a
...
Michael Rehbein
c
...
Changing Neurons (116)
a
...
2 yrs – brain is 75% of adult weight
c
...
Myelin sheath
ii
...
Myelination: process of encasing axons with a myelin sheath, begins prenatally and
continues after birth
e
...
Changing Structures
a
...
Primary motor areas develop first
c
...
Brain and nervous system continue to develop
B
...
Functional Magnetic Resonance imaging (fMRI)
a
...
XI
...
XIII
...
D
...
Mark Johnson (2009)
a
...
Shift in activation areas
a
...
Cognitive Control
Adolescence Brain (119)
A
...
By the end of adolescence individuals have “fewer, more selective, more effective
neuronal connections than they did as children”
B
...
Thickens
b
...
Prefrontal Cortex
D
...
Development Social Neuroscience
a
...
The Sleep/Wake Cycle
a
...
Low 10 high 21
b
...
Sleep longer at night
c
...
Adultlike sleep patterns
d
...
Night Waking
B
...
Eyes flutter
b
...
Shared Sleeping
a
...
SIDS (122)
a
...
Stop breathing and die saddening
c
...
American Academy of Pediatrics
i
...
11 -‐13 hours of sleep each night
B
...
Not getting enough sleep
B
...
9 hours 25 minutes
Illness and Injuries Among Children
A
...
Motor vehicle accidents – leading cause of death
b
...
Wheezing
XV
...
ii
...
Lead poisoning
B
...
Motor vehicle accidents
b
...
3% of all death
ii
...
leukemia
c
...
Health, Illness, and Poverty Among the Worlds Children (126)
a
...
Infancy
a
...
50 calories per day for each pound they weigh
ii
...
Overweight if above 95th percentile
iv
...
Overweight – breast feed or bottle
1
...
Breast Versus Bottle Feeding
i
...
1/3 breast feed 6 month old
iii
...
Malnutrition in Infancy
i
...
Mortality rate of bottle fed is 5x as much as breast feed
iii
...
Kwashiorkor: severe protein deficiency, 1-‐3 yrs
...
B
...
Malnutrition Among Children in Low-‐Income Families
i
...
Iron deficiency anemia – chronic fatigue
b
...
A sensitive/responsive caregiver feeding style
c
...
Serious health problem
ii
...
Weight as children is linked to weight as adults
iv
...
Environmental factors
Exercise (135)
A
...
Cognitive development
XVII
...
Arnold Gesell
a
...
Dynamic Systems Theory: infants assemble motor skills for perceiving and acting
a
...
Motor development is not a passive process
XVIII
...
Reflexes: built in reactions to stimuli
B
...
Sucking reflex: occurs when newborns automatically suck an object placed in their mouth
D
...
Grasping reflex: occurs when something touches the infants palm
F
...
T
...
Observed how infant’s sucking changed as they grew older
XIX
...
Skills that involve large-‐muscle activities
B
...
A dynamic process that is linked with sensory information in the skin, joints, and
muscles, which tell us where we are in space
C
...
Locomotion and postural control are closely linked
b
...
Karen Adolph (147)
i
...
Specificity of Learning
i
...
The First Year: Motor Development Milestones and Variations
a
...
Karen Adolph and Sarah Berger (2005)
E
...
Exploration
b
...
Vital to child’s competent development
F
...
Developmental Changes
i
...
3 years
1
...
Jumping
3
...
4 years
1
...
5 years
1
...
Middle and Late Childhood
1
...
Sports (150)
i
...
Fine Motor Skills (151)
A
...
Infancy
a
...
Palmar grasp
c
...
Childhood
a
...
What are Sensations and Perception (154)
A
...
Information interacts with sensory receptors
B
...
Interpretation of what is sensed
XXII
...
Eleanor and James J
...
We do not have to take bits and pieces of data from sensations and build up
representations of the world in our minds
B
...
Affordances: opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities
to perform activities
XXIII
...
Infancy
a
...
William James 1890/1950 (157)
ii
...
Face Perception
i
...
Pattern Perception
i
...
Robert Fantz 1963 (158)
d
...
Longest at red hues shortest at green
e
...
Perception goes beyond the information provided by the senses
ii
...
Size Constancy
1
...
Shape Constancy
1
...
Perception of Occluded Objects
i
...
Depth Perception
i
...
Concluded in their laboratory a miniature cliff with a dropoff covered
by glass
...
Childhood
a
...
Other Senses (160)
A
...
Last two month of pregnancy it can hear sounds
b
...
Seuss
c
...
Loudness
ii
...
Localization
B
...
Do respond to touch
b
...
Megan Gunnar 1987 (161)
i
...
Smell
a
...
Taste
a
...
Intermodal Perception (162)
A
...
Exists in newborns
C
...
Nature, Nurture, and Perceptual Development
A
...
Nature proponents
b
...
Empiricists
a
...
Piaget (172)
A
...
Laurent
b
...
Jacqueline
B
...
Adaptation
a
...
Processes of Development (172)
A
...
As the child seeks to construct an understanding of the world, the developing brain
creates schemes
...
Actions or mental representations that organize knowledge
B
...
Assimilation
i
...
Accommodation
i
...
Organization
a
...
Continual refinement of this organization is an inherent part of development
D
...
Equilibration
i
...
Cognition is qualitatively different in one stage compared with another
XXIX
...
Sensorimotor Stage: lasts from birth to about 2 years of age
B
...
Substages (174)
a
...
First habits and primary circular reactions
c
...
Coordination of secondary circular reactions
e
...
Internalization of schemes
D
...
The understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot
be seen, heard, or touched
b
...
Evaluating Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage
a
...
The A-‐not-‐B Error
i
...
But when the
toy is subsequently hidden at location B, they make the mistake of continuing
to search for it at location A
...
Might be due to failure in memory
c
...
Eleanor Gibson and Elizabeth Spelke
1
...
Infants develop the ability to understand how the world works at a very early
stage
d
...
Elizabeth Spelke
1
...
States that infants are born with domain-‐specific innate
knowledge systesm
b
...
Number sense
d
...
Language
ii
...
Mark Johnston
1
...
2
...
”
e
...
Piaget wasn’t specific enough
ii
...
Preoperational Stage (180)
A
...
Operations: which are internalized actions that allow children to do mentally what they
could formerly do only physically
C
...
Preoperational Stage: lasts from approximately 2 to 7 years of age, 2nd Piagetian Stage
a
...
The Symbolic Function Substage
a
...
Egocentrism: is the inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and
someone else’s perspective
c
...
Three-‐mountains task
d
...
The Intuitive Thought Substage
a
...
Children seem so sure about their knowledge and understanding yet are unaware of
how they know what they know
G
...
Conservation: the awareness that altering an object’s or a substance’s appearance
does not change its basic properties
b
...
Failing the conservation –of-‐liquid task is a sign that children are at the
preoperational stage of cognitive development
d
...
Showed that when the child’s attention to relevant aspects of the
conservation task I improved, the child is more likely to conserve
XXXI
...
Lasts approximately from 7 to 11 years of age
B
...
Logical reasoning replaces intuitive reasoning as longs as the reasoning can be applied to
specific or concrete examples
D
...
Demonstrate a child’s ability to perform concrete operations
b
...
Horizontal Decalage: Piaget’s concept that similar abilities do not appear at the same
time within a stage of development
E
...
Concrete operational children can understand
i
...
Seriation (184)
1
...
Transivity (185)
1
...
Dividing things into sets and subsets
XXXII
...
Appears between 11 and 15 years of age
B
...
Individuals move beyond concrete experiences and think in abstract and more logical ways
D
...
The abstract quality of the adolescent’s thought at the formal operational level is
evident in the adolescent’s verbal problem-‐solving ability
b
...
Thinking more abstractly, idealistically, and more logically
d
...
Adolescent Egocentrism (186)
a
...
Imaginary audience: refers to the aspect of adolescent egocentrism that involes
attention getting behavior, the attempt to be notices, visible, and onstage
c
...
Invincibility
XXXIII
...
Take a constructivist approach
B
...
D
...
F
...
A
...
Piaget
B
...
Estimates of Children’s Competence
i
...
Stages
i
...
Developmental synchrony
c
...
Children who are at one cognitive stage can be trained to reason at a higher
cognitive stage
d
...
Exert stronger influences on children’s development than Piaget reasoned
e
...
Argue that Piaget got some things right but that his theory needs
considerable revision
ii
...
The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
A
...
Scaffolding (191)
A
...
Dialogue is an important tool
XXXVII
...
Children use speech not only for social communication, but also to help them solve tasks
B
...
Private Speech
a
...
Initially develop independently of each other and the merge
E
...
Inner Speech
a
...
Teaching Strategies (192)
A
...
Use the child’s ZPD in teaching
C
...
Monitor and encourage children’s use of private speech
E
...
Transform the classroom with Vygotskian ideas
XXXIX
...
Learned about Vygotsky later than Piaget
B
...
Emphasizes the social contexts of learning and the construction of knowledge
through social interaction
Title: Growth - Child Development
Description: Here are notes on growth and what to expect in children through adolescents.
Description: Here are notes on growth and what to expect in children through adolescents.