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Neoplasia-nomenclature and
morphology
ZURIEL 2015

Neoplasia
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•
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Definitions
Classification
Nomenclature
Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms

Neoplasia
• Cancer is one of the leading causes of death
worldwide
...

• Variable mortality rate …
...
OR … derived from glands but not
necessarily exhibiting gland pattern
– Papilloma : benign epithelial neoplasms growing
on any surface that produce microscopic or
macroscopic finger-like pattern

Neoplasia
• Polyp : a mass that projects above a mucosal
surface to form a macroscopically visible
structure
...
g
...
Differentiation and anaplasia:
•

Differentiation means : the extent to which
the parenchymal cells of the tumor resemble
their normal counterparts morphologically
and functionally

Neoplasia
• well differentiated = closely resemble their
normal counterparts
• Moderately differentiated
• Poorly differentiated
• Undifferentiated ( Anaplasia )

Neoplasia
• Benign tumors = well differentiated
• Malignant tumors =
well differentiated -----> anaplastic

Neoplasia
• In the histological examination of a tumor you
should look for :
– Pleomorphism : variation in size
– High nuclear/ cytoplasm ratio ( N/C ratio)
– Hyperchromasia ( dark cell )
– Mitosis …
...

– Generally, the more anaplastic and the larger the
primary tumor, the more likely is metastasis

Neoplasia
• Metastasis : three pathways
– Lymphatic spread :
– Hematogenous spread :
– Seeding of the body cavities: pleural, peritoneal
cavities and cerebral ventricles
...


Neoplasia
• Lymphatic spread :
– favored by carcinomas
– Breast carcinoma  axillary lymph nodes
– Lung carcinomas  bronchial lymph nodes

Neoplasia
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Hematogenous spread :
favored by sarcomas
Also used by carcinomas
Veins are more commonly invaded
The liver and lungs are the most frequently
involved secondary sites

Neoplasia
• In the histological examination of a tumor you
should look for :
– Pleomorphism : variation in cell size
– High nuclear/ cytoplasm ratio ( N/C ratio)
– Hyperchromasia ( dark cell )
– Mitosis …
...

– Occurs mainly in the epithelia
– Dysplastic cells shows a degree of : pleomorphism,
hyperchromasia,increased mitosis and loss of
polarity
...

– Applicable only to epithelial neoplasms
...


Skin

Brain tissue

Neoplasia
• Teratoma:
– Teratoma contains recognizable mature or
immature cells or tissues representative of more
than one germ-cell layer and some times all three
...


Neoplasia
• Such cells have the capacity to differentiate into any
of the cell types found in the adult body
...

• Most common sites are: ovary, testis

Neoplasia
• If all the components parts are well differentiated, it
is a benign (mature) teratoma
...


Neplasia
• Hamartoma is a developmental malformation that
presents as a mass of disorganized tissue indigenous
to particular site
...
they are a group of
tumor-like tissue masses which may be confused with
neoplasms

• Choristoma
– Congenital anomaly
– Heterotopic rest of cells

End



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