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Title: Year 10 Biology notes.
Description: Notes made for year 10 biology. The notes cover Genetics and Cells.
Description: Notes made for year 10 biology. The notes cover Genetics and Cells.
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Genetics
Structure of Cell:
Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic vs Non cells:
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic cells are found in animals, plants, fungi and protoctists (e
...
protists and
algae)
...
Prokaryotic
Prokaryotic cells are those of bluegreen algae and bacteria
...
In these cells metabolic processes take place throughout the
cytoplasm
...
They penetrate a ‘host cell’
and make them produce more virus particles
...
Characteristics
Characteristics are features or qualities typically found in a person
...
Mendel's Experiment: regor Mendel, an Australian Monk, carried out experiments on pea
G
plants in a monastery garden for 17 years
...
Genes: unit of of heredity which is transferred from the parent to the offspring and is held to
A
determine some characteristics of the offspring
...
Dominant
A dominant allele means the phenotype will be present
...
Hybrid vs pure breed:
Hybrid
A plant/person etc
...
Pure breed
A plant/person etc
...
Chromosomes in human cells:
Diploid
The number of chromosomes in each body cell is called the diploid number
...
A diploid cell is represented as 2n ( 2 x the
number of chromosomes)
...
Gametes (sex
cells) are also called haploid cells
...
Division processes:
Mitosis
New body cells resulting from cell division have to have the same number of
chromosome as their parent cell if they are to possess all the necessary coding instructions
...
There are 2 diploid daughter cells that are produced
through mitosis
...
Chromosomes carried in the sperm from the father are called paternal, The
chromosomes in the ovum from the mother are called maternal
...
It then divides rapidly by mitosis to
form the embryo, each cell carrying a full set of chromosomes
...
Inheritance and predicting offspring's:
Inheritance is the passing down of traits from one
generation to the next
...
Punnett squares: punnett square can be used to determine the possibility of a particular trait
A
of an offspring
...
Brown is dominant to blue
...
Dad Bb Mumbb
B
b
b
Bb
bb
b
Bb
bb
%Brown 2/4 = 50%
%Blue 2/4 = 50%
Genotype and Phenotypes:
Genotype
A genotype is the possible combinations of alleles
YY,Yy/yY,yy
...
Heterozygous and Homozygous:
Homozygous
Genotype with the same alleles
YY
Heterozygous
Genotype with different alleles
Yy
Dominant / Recessive, Codominance, Incomplete dominance:
Dominant
If the cell is hybrid and one of these alleles is dominant ( to the other, it will always
B
)
be shown
...
b
)
Codominance
The organism shows both parents phenotypes
...
g
...
A white cattle breeds with a red cattle
...
e
...
Snapdragons
...
Sex Chromosomes and autosomes:
Chromosome pairs 1 to 22 are the non sex ones
autosomes
...
e
...
Autosomal recessive: cystic fibrosis
...
Find percentage chance of having CF offspring
...
Broken into two sections:
1
...
● Women are less likely affected because they need two defective X chromosomes which
is rare (unless it's a dominant xlinked condition)
...
Ylinked
● Only men are affected because they have a Y chromosome while women do not
...
g
...
H
Normal: X
h
Haemophilia: X
Femal
e
Male
100%
normal
H
X H
X
H
X h
X
Carrier
H
X h
X
_
Affected
h
X h
X
h
X
Y
e
...
A haemophilia man and a carrier women
...
Location
DNA is located in the nucleus
...
Structure
The structure of DNA is a double helix
...
“Sides” of the ladder (DNA structure) are made out of a sugarphosphate
backbone
...
The four bases of DNA are
Guanine and Cytosine, Adenine and Thymine (with their complementary bases)
...
The main role of DNA in the cells is the longterm storage of information
...
G
Title: Year 10 Biology notes.
Description: Notes made for year 10 biology. The notes cover Genetics and Cells.
Description: Notes made for year 10 biology. The notes cover Genetics and Cells.