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Science in Civilization: Exam 3
CHAPTER 7: LIGHT
Visible Light – ROYGBV

Angle of Incidence – the angle between the
incident ray
(equal to the angle of reflection 0 i = 0r)

Blackbody Radiation – an idealized material (the Refraction – Light crossing a boundary surface
and changing direction
blackbody) that perfectly absorbs and perfectly
omits electromagnetic radiation
...
As light in some transparent material, v
c
temp increases, more radiation and shorter
n=
v
wavelengths are emitted
Speed of Light: C = 299,792,458 m/s
Light:
C = f λ (velocity = freq x wavelength)
• electromagnetic waves which can be sensed
by our eyes
• generally produced when electrons or other Convex Lenses – converging lenses, they bring
together parallel rays of light, most common!
charged particles are accelerated
(Cameras, magnifiers, eyeglasses, telescopes)
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Measured in:
• Frequency = Hertz (Hz)
• Wavelengths = meters
• Energy = Joules
• Temperature = Kelvin

Concave Lenses – diverging lenses, they spread
apart parallel rays of light

Light Through Prism - The separation of visible
light into its different colors is known as
dispersion
...

Electrons – negatively charged particles
result of energy acquired from light
Protons – positively charged particles
Neutrons – no charge
Planck – introduced quantized energy
Einstein – light made up of quantized protons
Atomic Number – number of protons in an atom
Planck's Constant – light was made of discrete
Isotopes – same number of protons; different
unites called “quanta”
• Einstein applied Planck's quantum concept number of neutrons
to the problem of the photoelectric effect
◦ described the energy in a light wave as Atomic Weight – equivalent to the number of
protons and neutrons in the atom
quanta of energy called photons
(weighted average of the isotopes based on their
mass compared to carbon-12 and their relative
E=hxf
abundance found on Earth)
h (constant) f (freq

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