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Title: Educational Research Notes
Description: Some Notes for Educational Research course taken at Simon Fraser University (EDU222). This contains notes from lectures 1-5.
Description: Some Notes for Educational Research course taken at Simon Fraser University (EDU222). This contains notes from lectures 1-5.
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A theory is a claim about a phenomenon such as its causes, context, and
predictions
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“All mammals have livers, a cat is a mammal, therefore a cat must have a liver”
scientific method steps:
1
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Formulating hypotheses
3
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Analyzing data
5
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Educational research may be basic (theory focussed) or applied (practically focussed)
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Start with a theoretical explanation and or prediction and check it
against the evidence
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Look for a theoretical explanation without
preconceived ideas
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Shakespeare cannot be tested by educational research, neither are
SAT's a good indicator of university admission
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Research ethics: reduce harm, obtain consent, maintain confidentiality
Quantitative research: Broad Topic (review strategies to promote learning)> narrow
topic(compare effects of immediate review and delayed review)> data collection
Specific and determined before the study
Qualitative research: Broad topic> data collection OR narrow topic
Qualitative-‐ test hypothesis
Quantitative-‐ generate hypothesis (theory)
Research Hypothesis
1
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Nondirectional hypothesis (different)
3
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Research Ethics
• Ethical research minimizes harm or expose participants to risks
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Maintains confidentiality and anonymity if required
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g
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• Tips for reviewing lit: avoid temptation to include everything you find, review only
the works that are directly related if studying a big issue, and when studying a
new/little-‐researched field, review any study that is related in some meaningful way
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• Conducting a lit review:
o a) identify keywords to guide you
o b) locate primary/secondary sources
o c) evaluate your sources for quality
o d) abstract your sources
o e) organize
o f) write lit review
• Primary Source: firsthand information (original documents, study descriptions
written by the author)
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• Database: sortable, analyzable collection of records representing items such as books,
documents, dvds, videos
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• Research plan: detailed description of a study proposed to investigate a given
problem
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Introduction-‐ topic, lit review, hypothesis
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b
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Data analysis-‐ technique
d
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Budget
• Components of a quantitative research project:
a
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Method-‐ participants, instruments, design, procedure
c
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Time schedule
e
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• Instrument: test/tool used for data collection, and the instruments section of a
research plan describes the particular instruments to be used in the study and how
they will measure the variables stated in the hypothesis
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• Assumption: an assertion presumed to be true but not actually verified
...
• Components of a qualitative research study:
a
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Introduction-‐ purpose, frame as a practical problem, research question, related
literature
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Research procedures-‐ approach, sample selection, researchers role, data
collection methods, data management, trustworthiness features, ethical
d
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Limitations of the study
f
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• Pilot study: small scale trial of a study conducted before the full scale study
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Collecting data
Analyzing data: literature may help interpret data
Comparing result to hypothesis: adds to the literature
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Theories are tested and formed collectively in the literature through debate and
consensus
No single study (especially in quantitative research) should be taken as “true” or
“correct”
Multiple replications are needed to support theories §
Scientists are always looking for better explanations, research on a topic rarely
ends because a final answer is found
Peer-‐reviewed journals are best (assessed and verified by experts)
...
Justify research topic
b
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Refine research method
d
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Accessible population: the actual available group
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Simple random sampling: process of selecting a sample in such a way that all
individuals in the defined pop
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Stratified sampling: way to guarantee desired representation of relevant subgroups
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Systematic sampling: sampling where every Nth individual is selected from a list
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Nonprobability sampling: selecting samples using techniques that don’t permit the
researcher to specify the probability or chance that each member of a pop has of being
selected for the sample
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Purposive sampling: process of selecting a sample that is believed to be
representative of a given pop
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Or
quotas of individuals/groups with varying characteristics
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Quantitative focuses more on representative samples, generalizes
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Qualitative focuses on in-‐depth that look at particular perspectives and contexts
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Population: everyone we are interested in
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Reduce sampling errors by having larger samples
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o Larger samples are more representative of a population
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Random selection is good way to ensure a sample is representative by approximating
the population
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o Simple random sampling: anyone in pop has an equal chance
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o Cluster sampling: groups within the pop have an equal chance
Non-‐random sampling methods: convenience, quota, purposive
o Not usually ideal in quantitative research but common in qualitative
o Its cheaper, easier
...
Identify population > determine sample size > select the sample
Simple random sampling-‐ random selection from a pop
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Proportional stratified sampling-‐ chance at being selected from a group
...
A construct: is an abstraction that cannot be observed directly, but invented to explain
behaviour
...
o Nominal variable: values include two or more named categories
...
o Ratio variable: all properties of the previous, and its measurement scale has a
true zero point
...
o Dependent variable: hypothesized to depend on or to be caused by another
variable, the independent one
...
Attitude scale is and instrument that measures what an individual believes, perceives,
or feels about self, others, activities, institutions, or situations
...
Rating scale: may also be used to measure a respondent's attitudes toward self,
others, activities, institutions, or situations
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Validity is a fundamental consideration for making and assessing tests
o Content validity: is the degree to which a test measures an intended content
area
...
o Sampling validity: concerned with how well the test samples the total content
area being tested
...
o Predictive validity: degree that a test can predict how well and individual will do
in a future situation
...
Reliability: degree to which a test consistently measures whatever it is measuring
...
Equivalence: degree to which two forms of a test produce similar scores from a single
group of test takers
...
Interjudge reliability refers to the consistency of two or more independent scorers,
raters, or observers
...
LECTURE NOTES:
Variables: In quantitative-‐ uses info or data to test hypotheses
...
Composed of
collections of variables and values for these variables
...
Types of (quantitative) variables
§ Nominal (categorical), e
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, country of birth
...
g
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No mathematical meaning to values; has a rank
or order
§ Interval, e
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, temperature
...
g
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Mathematical meaning for values; has a zero; can meaningfully
multiply and divide
• Independent: Manipulated variable, cause, treatment
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Often variable
measured to see differences between groups
Operationalizing constructs: record observations, Instruments (standardized-‐ ideal for
being valid and reliable, or self-‐developed)
...
Validity: making sure we're measuring what we think we are measuring
Reliability: How close are we to the true value and if we measure it again will we be close to
the same answer?
Not reliable means not valid
...
Reliable and Valid
...
Content: measuring all content about the construct
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Criterion-‐related: do our measurements correlate with another test of same construct
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Construct: our measurements should measure the construct we want
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Test-‐retest: same results the second test?
2
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Interjudge/ Inter-‐rater: determine reliability by the extent that two observers agree
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1
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Rating items (1=least, 5=most)
3
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Nominal-‐ categorical variables (ex
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Ordinal-‐ ordered/ranked, unequal intervals
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Interval-‐ ordered/ranked, equal intervals
4
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criterion measure-‐> concurrent, predictive
• Construct: measuring intended construct
Reliability
• Test-‐retest: scores on same test consistent over time
• Internal consistency: questions about same construct= same results
• Scorer/rater: inter-‐rater(consistency of two+ independent scores), intra-‐rater
(consistency of one individual's scoring over time)
Title: Educational Research Notes
Description: Some Notes for Educational Research course taken at Simon Fraser University (EDU222). This contains notes from lectures 1-5.
Description: Some Notes for Educational Research course taken at Simon Fraser University (EDU222). This contains notes from lectures 1-5.