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CH1 Bio Notes
Monday, August 24, 2015
6:06 PM

BIOLOGY AND THE TREE of LIFE:
-What Does it Mean to Say something is Alive?
 Organism- life form made o/ one or more cells
 Five fundamentals Energy; plants(sunlight), animals(food)
 Cells; membrane bound units making all organisms
 Information; heredity and genetic info coded in genes
...
Eveyrthing org
...
are bacteria
 Cell- compartment surrounded by a thin/ flexible plasma membrane
...
Mold in milk bread etc…
 Theory leads to a hypothesis
-experiment to settle the question
 Luois Pasteur set out to test hypothesis
 See if cells can spontaneously appear in broth
 Evidence supported cell divisio
 Means all cells formed through chemical evolution
 All cells are from common ancestry
-Theory of evolution
 TOE- all species related to common ancestry
 1858 Darwin / wallace say common ancestor
 Evo- change in the characteristics of a population over time
 Natural selection causes this evo
-Evolutionary change
 Heritable traits become more common: lead to having more offspring

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Characteristics of population then change due to natural selection
Evo change occurs

-Artificial selection
 Forecfully selecting desirable traits with domestic population
-Natural Selection
 Traits beneficial to the current environment are selected
 Fitness- the ability of an individual to produce offspring
 Adaptation- trait increasing the fitness of an individual in a particular environment
 Speciation- when natural selection causes populations of one species to diverge and form a
new species
-Tree of life
 Tree o/ organisms describing genealogical relationships with a single organism as its base
 Carl Woese- studied small sub unit rRNA (molecule in all organisms) to study evolutionary
relationsips
 Ribonucleotides- four chemical units: A, U, C, G
 Sequence in ribonucleotides in rRNA can change the species
-Phylogenetic Tree
 Shows relationships between species branches sharing recent common ancestor are closely
related
 3 major groups: eukaryotes, prokaryotes, archea
 Fungi and animals v related
Taxonomoy- effort to name & classify organisms
Taxon- a named group
Genus- closely related group of species
Species- individuals that regularly breed together



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