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01 | A Brief History of Microbiology

Science:

The Study of nature that proceeds by posing questions and observations



THE EARLY YEARS OF MICROBIOLOGY:


WHAT DOES LIFE REALLY LOOK LIKE?
✦ Leeuwenhoek was one of the first to discover a previously unknown microbial world
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He examined specimens such as drops of blood, plaque, bee stingers, etc
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Microbes are microscopic organisms and can consist of bacterial, single called
plants, animals, or fungi
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Today we describe the vast ecosystem of microbes as more species than
there are men in a kingdom" Today divided microorganisms into 6 categories:

- Bacteria

- archaea

- fungi

- Protozoa

- Algae

- small multicellular animals
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✦ Microorganisms can be grouped into 7 basic categories:

• Bacteria

• Archaea

• Fungi

• Protozoa

• Algae

• Small multicellular animals

• Viruses




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01 | A Brief History of Microbiology







Bacteria & Archaea:
• Are prokaryotic meaning they lack nuclei

There genes are not surrounded by a membrane
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• Bacteria and Archaea reproduce asexually
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• They live singly or in pairs, chains or clusters in almost every habitat containing
sufficient moisture
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• No archaea are known to cause disease
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- W/O microbial recyclers, the world would be buried under the corpses
of uncountable dead organisms
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Fungi:
• Plural - fungus, meaning "mushroom"

• Are eukaryotic

- Each of their cells contains a nucleus composed of genetic material
surrounded by a distinct membrane
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• Microscopic fungi include some mold and yeast
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• They reproduce sexual and asexual spores, which a re cells that
produce a new individual without fusing with another cell
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• They reproduce asexually by budding, a process in which a daughter
cell grows off the mother cell
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Protozoa:
• single-called eukaryotes that are similar to animals in their nutritional need and
cellular structure
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• Typically live freely in water, but some live inside animal hosts, where they can
cause disease
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How do cilia and flagella differ?



Cilia are short, numerous, and often cover the cell, whereas flagella are long
and relatively few in number
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• Unicellular algae are common in freshwater ponds, streams, and lakes and in the
oceans as well
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Other Organisms of Importance to Microbiologists


• Microbiologists also study parasitic worms, which range in size from microscopic
forms
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• All viruses are acellular (not composed of cells) obligatory parasites composed of
small amounts of genetic material (either DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein
coat
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• Yeast are single called round organisms and reproduce sexually or asexually
through budding
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• are classified by their means of locomotion (pseudopods, cilia, flagella)

- Algae

• Plant cells, contain a cell wall
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Eukaryotic cells:

• Have membrane bound organelles and a nucleus

• are plant, animal, or fungi



Leeuwenhoek reported the existence of Protozoa in 1674 and of bacteria in 1676
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