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Title: Cells and Their Studies
Description: Notes for Intro to Biology lecture 1 by Tim Whalley. Intended for first year biology students. General description of cell theory and the study of cells, including various microscopy techniques.
Description: Notes for Intro to Biology lecture 1 by Tim Whalley. Intended for first year biology students. General description of cell theory and the study of cells, including various microscopy techniques.
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What are cells?
● The simplest collection of matter that can be alive
● Some organisms are single cells
○ ex) Bacteria, protists, archaea
● Plants & animals are multicellular
● Eukaryotic cells w/o nucleus include red blood cells & cells in the process of
multiplying
● In Prokaryotic cells DNA is concentrated in a region w/o a membrane called the
nucleoid
● The interior of both types is cytoplasm
What is Cilia?
● Protrusions of the cell that allow movement
● Feature in many diverse organisms
Common Features of cells
● Sense changes to environment & respond by changing structure or behavior by
using the outer plasma membrane
● Replicate through cell cycle
● Stabilised by an internal fibrous cytoskeleton
Van Leeuwenhoek’s Microscope
● Assembled the first microscope
● Main tools used to study cell structure
● Cytology- the study of cell structure
● Biochemistry- the study of the chemical processes (metabolism) of cells
The Development of Cell Theory
● Possible b/c of microscope
● Schleiden found that plants & algae were made of “building blocks” each which
contained a nucleus
● Schwan noticed a nucleus in the cells of animals
● They met & created the cell theory
● Cell Theory- all living things are composed of building blocks called cells
The Size of Structures
● Limit of resolution of the human eye is 50 micrometers
● Some cells can be seen w/ naked eye
○ ex) amphibian & invertebrate eggs
● Smaller organelles can be seen w/ electron microscopes
● Fine details of cell structure require electron microscopy
● Cells are their size due to the plasma membrane, which lets in oxygen and water
...
Surface area is relative to
volume
○ Some cells that exchange a lot of materials with their surroundings (like
intestinal cells) have microvilli- long, thin projections that increase surface
area with a noticeable increase in volume
Light Microscopy (LM)
● Light is passed through the specimen and then through the glass lenses
● Lenses refract (bend) the light it so the image is magnified
● There are three parameters in microscopy
1) Magnification: Ratio of objects image size to real size
Title: Cells and Their Studies
Description: Notes for Intro to Biology lecture 1 by Tim Whalley. Intended for first year biology students. General description of cell theory and the study of cells, including various microscopy techniques.
Description: Notes for Intro to Biology lecture 1 by Tim Whalley. Intended for first year biology students. General description of cell theory and the study of cells, including various microscopy techniques.