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Chapter 14
Anatomy— cut apart the body
physiology—function study
Pathology—diseases study
Gerontology—aging study
everything is from the chemical level, first level of organization

Levels
Chemical—C, H, Molecules
Cellular—Cell basic structural and functional unit of living thin
—cell wall or membrane
—cytoplasm
—Nucleus (genetic information) Chromosomes 46 or 23 pairs, characteristics
mixed characteristics
...
this is why we have pain and
feeling
...
EX: Blood pressure 130/60 or 110/80, fever, body trying to eliminate
sickness
...

largest system of the body
opening in the skin the barrier is lost and infection can enter
epidermis—living and dead cells, thin layer compared to the dermis, it is a cellular layer, they
grow from the bottom layer( developing from top of the dermas ) Avascular layer—no blood
supply
...
Gland the sebaceous or oil gland they
make Sebum, keeps moist and helps grow
...
In addition they have arteritis and veins and highly developed close to the Epidermis
...


Chapter 14
Hypodermis—fatty tissue,
subcutaneous tissue

Nails, present over the skin
Epidermis— becomes weak
hair loss—
Loss of Nerves
Skin becomes loose

Protective (first line of defence)
Nerve endings
Regulating body temperature
...
(green table: 17-1)
*PSW only deal with the outside, these are the two systems we need to know
...

The colour of the skin can tell you a lot about a client health ( circulation)
...
the blood vessels are narrowing the warmth of the blood is gone, the skin is
not getting full nourishment
...

Go one by one thought the layers
...
they do not have heat protection,
lack energy
...
All
bones must not be of the same size and shape
...

Figure 14-7 ( may be on test)
appendicular—movement
axel—the movement
Long bone: bears the weight of the body, femur is the longest bone
...

This system protects provides the frame work for the body
allows the body to move
protect the body and give it shape
bones, muscles, ligaments, tendons, cartilage
...

Blood tissue, it makes blood cells, rapid turn over 3 months
...


Movable connection is a Joint:
different types but there are many types of joints
Cartilage is connective tissue that cushions the joint so the bone ends do not rub together
...
Uni axial ( only move in one axis)
ball and socket— most freely moving door shoulder and hip
...
people will be in pain due to continuous use
...


Smooth
smooth in structure
they line your internal organs
...

The muscles will atrophy due to lack of exercise

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
HEART+BLOOD+VESSELS= 3 PARTS
TOGETHER

Heart is small size of the fist, left side, Apex
is towards left heft hip
...
Lower half and upper half
...
Atrium, Valve opens
due to pressure ( AV valve tricuspid
valve) blood going to the Lungs VIA the
Pulmonary Artery
...
The blood Returns to
the Lt
...
Bicupic valve and will be
pushed out into the Aorta
...
to stop black flow
...


This is the cardiac cycle, 60 to 100 times per min
Bradycardia—slower then 60 bpm
Tachycardia—Fast heart rate above 100 bpm
heart contracts (Systolic) and blood pushed out, when it relaxes (diastole) to allow to receive
the blood in
...
Less blood flow to the organs
...
Narrow due to fat, blood
colt can form, NON MOVABLE Thrombus
...

Hemorrhage from vein or artery,

Ischemia (less flow of blood to any organ),
Angina for heart,
Transient Ischemia Attack (TIA)

Infraction ( NO flow of blood to any organ)—heart attack, lack of oxygen
...
can originate in the heart or from
anywhere
...
Plasma is mostly H2O and some solids Electrolytes ( Salts, K, P, Na,) the
plasma carries nutrients and waste
...

Red Blood cells

White blood cells

Platlets

Erythrocytes

Leukocytes

Thrombocytes

Oxygen carrying cells:
blood is red due to
haemoglobin protein,
Hemoglobin is what picks up
the O2

Used for fighting infections
anything foreign or bad they are
there to protect them
...
clot forming cells
...


Leukaemia ( Blood Cancer)—Bone barrow is not able to produce blood cells, the white bloods
are over made and are abnormal
...
Poor circulation in many body parts
...


THE PATH OF AIR:
1
...
Air entering is filtered and warms and
humidifies
...

2
...

3
...
Rt, Lt Bronchus/ Bronci—looks like an upside down tree
...
Rt
...
Bronchi —> Bronchioles —> Bronchioles sac or Alveoler sac or alveoli (this is where gas
exchange takes place, deoxygenated blood comes here
...

Breathing rate:12-20 times
per min
...

Protective membrane:
double laired membrane
...

Plurofluid
...
Dyspnea (breathing)
Orthopnea— straight up right to have smooth breathing
...


Muscles that help breathing:
Under the lungs there s a thick umbrella—the DIAPHRAGM, a partition between the thoracic
cavity from the abdominal cavity
...

Respiration disorders:
Asthma

paroxysmal disorder, wheezing on expression, inspiration
genetic runs in the family, allergies, temperature, shock, emotional stress
bronco constriction the area become narrow the inflamed, the create mucus
secretions
...

the large path way, Caused by bacteria or virus
...
Treated with antibiotics
...


Pneumonia

Infection of lung tissue (virus, bacteria, fungi, aspiration), O2 is not exchanged
effectively, can be gradual or sudden, Rust coloured sputum=flem

Chronic Obstruction
Pulmonary Diseases
(COPD)

the 4th leading cause of death, blocks the air way, worsening over time
...
breathing excesses and
intake
...
the alveoli bust and expansion
collecting in the lungs but cannot exit
...
the air
inside is mostly CO2
...

Chronic Bronchitis, excess mucus and infection, coughing and difficult
breathing
they can exist together or individually
...
Normal breathing
should be promoted, deep breathing
...
Cyanosis
...
Pair of kidneys—one is Rt, Lt
...
filter blood thought
tube system it absorbs good material and waste goes into the lumen of the tube and is
removed
...
Renal pelvis urine collects here, ureter collects
urine to the bladder ( storage sack ~ 200-250 ml )
...
down ureters
3
...
Urethra
Loosing control of eternal bladder
...
Frequency of
peeing
...


UTI (Urinary track infection):
Blader:
Nephritis:
infections
Renal Calculi / Stones / Renal Lithiasis ( stone) / Urolithiasis (stone anywhere)
Causes: Minerals water and if you are drinking too many, many seeds they tend to go to go to
kidney and become are stone like a rice
...

Water is lost in capillaries
the lymphatic capillaries pick up the
H2O, and they bring the H2o back to the
heart
...
Main function: also a part of
immune system
...
any waste that was picked up,
they will kill micro-organisms
...

infections they get swollen, hard nodules,
people develop cancer there are to many,
they get all over— not treatable
...
B and T lymphocytes
...
vessels—contain a liquid Lymph
2
...
Extra lymphoid tissue— named by location—Tonsils (oral cavity ), Adenoid (nose), Gut
4
...
spleen—recycling and cleaning, after 120 days the blood cells go there
...

Testosterone is also produced in the
testes
...
They are
suspended in a sac called the scrotum,
made of skin and muscle
...
From there the
sperm travel thought a tube called the
Vas deferens which joins up with a
seminal vesicle they STORE sperm
and create semen ( the fluid that carries the sperm from the reproductive track)
...
the
Prostate gland ( donut shaped) secretes liquid in to the semen
...
Finally joins the Urethra to exit ( both for urine and Semen)
The penis is outside the body and erectile muscles, arousal allows the penis to fill with blood
and become stiff and effect
...
sperm is released inside
...

Ovaries are on the inside above the uterus
in the abdomen and contain Ova (eggs)
which are female sex cell
...

ovaries secrete hormone Progesterone,
and Estrogen
...
Uterus is a hallow
muscular organ that is shaped like a pear
...
the neck is
called the cervix
...
IF the male and
female cell unite it will attach tot he

Chapter 14
Endometrium and develops into a fetus
...
Glands in the Wall keep it moist
...

External: Vulva
...
Labia
majora and labia minora folds
...

Mammary glands—secrete milk after childbirth, mild drains into ducts that open to the nipple
...
IF prelacy does not occur the
endometrium breaks down and is discharged out of the body
...
~3-7 days
...
if there is no pregnancy [ ] progesterone decreases
...

Millions of sperm are injected into the female
...
The cells then travels down the tube and attaches
on the endometrium
...
Walnut
...
underneath the skill the membrane is 3
layered:
outer—dura matter
mid—arachnoid matter
internal—Pia matter
Small amount of fluid between the layers
...
(CSF)
Meningitis infected, meningitis inflammation of the Meningitis
epidermal hematoma
subdural hematoma;
Mass bleed it will be a Hemorrhage
...
Right handed Left brain is stronger
...

Gyrus
Sukus (sulci)
Cerebral cortex— Cognitive functions: all higher functions that set us aside from other animals,
logical factions, memorizing critical thinking, problem solving
...

These are lost in allzimers—1st symptom, forgetting things
...
most diseases start physical functions
...
Plaques
forms on the dendrites
...

Cerebral cortex—neuron specialized cell
...
Loss of myelin sheath will result in Multiple
sclerosis
...
Also released,
Dopamine helps neurotransmitter to release at the muscle
...

Front—Frontal lobe ( critical thinking)
Back —Occipital lobes ( vison)
Each side—temporal lobes (speech and hearing)

Chapter 14
Top and bottom—Partita lobe (motor and sensory)

Cerebellum—regulates and coordinates movement
...

Damage— can be shown as drunk
...
but still
alive, brain is working
...
in vert
...


Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
cranial nerves—12
spinal nerves—31
sympathetic Nervous system ( sympathizing with you so it helps)
—active during emergency sates
(Fight or Flight)

Parasympathetic Nervous system ( tries to balance the Sympathetic)
Rest and digest
go relax or hang with friends
...
activates digestion
...
Hormones regulate the body, other hormones, metabolism, h2o absorption
...
It
controls other glands and its close to hypothalamus, makes the hormones that act on glands its
a stimulating gland
...


Anterior secretes ( produced and released):
1
...
Growth of body
...
TSH—thyroid stimulating hormone (thyroid function) acting on the gland
...

3
...
Acts on Adrenal gland
Cortisol and Adrenal Androgens
4
...

5
...
Gondotopmic hormon—FSH folical sitimulating hormone, Leutinising hormone (LH)

Posterier:
(produced in the hypothalamus)
Antidiuretic hormone—prevents kidneys from excreting excess amounts of water
Oxytocin—causes uterus to contract during child birth

Thyroid Gland—shaped like a butterfly in the neck, front of the larynx and secretes TH
(Thyroxin)
...


Chapter 14
Polyuria—increased urination
Polydypsia—increased thrust
Polyphasgia—Increased hunger

Illnesses:
Diabetes:
Insulin deficiently means high blood sugar volume
...

Type 1: Damage to pancreas, child, the pancreas does not produce insulin (require injection),
insulin depended insulin
...
Its not diet
...

Type 2: the body does not produce enough or, diet and exercise
...

Increasing with diet
...

Gestational Diabetes: developed during pregnancy
...

Increased thirst constant
hunger, blurred eye sight,
extreme fatigue, dry itchy skin
...
irritability constipation,
low heart rate
...
All the
bodies metabolism increases
surgically removing he gland
...
It is a continuous track
...


System made of two parts:

Alimentary canal:
Oral cavity—mouth
—Tongue ( taste buds)
—chew help of teeth (mastication)
—Alamos ( carbohydrate digestion)
—Food after chewed BOLUS
After SWALLOWING (Phagia, Phago)
(epiglottis closes)

pharynx
esophagus
—smooth muscles
Reflux ( backward motion)

Stomach
—enzymes and gastric juice
Acid HCl pH ~3-4
similar using a blender—Chyme
Rugae ( folds in the stomach) increase
in S
...


Small intestine
—sphincter, food is liquid
...


Large intestine
Large in diameter
—Cecum entrance to Large intestine,
Appendix
4 parts: Accending, transverse,
decending, sigmoid
—Colon from Cecum to Anus
—Anus

Chapter 14
Changes with aging:
loss of teeth, broken tooth, gum infections, taste buds declined wont eat (loss of appetite), they
can burn themselves, decreased saliva chewing is difficult, not enough water
...
food does not leave stomach quickly
Fibre, water, physical activity
...

Hepatitis—inflammation of the liver
Gallbladder
—bile stored, and released in Duodenum
...

Stones, bile has cholesterol in it
...
carbs, proteins, fats



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