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Almeyda 1
JA
Professor Idleman
EMS 121EM3
Chapter 2 Class Notes
Concepts of Wellbeing:
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Maintain solid personal relationships
Exercise
Sleep
Eating well
Limit alcohol and caffeine intake
See a physician regularly and upkeep vaccinations

Pathogens – Organisms that cause infection such as viruses and bacteria
Standard Precautions – a strict form of infection control that is based on the assumption that all blood and
other body fluids are infectious
Airborne Pathogens – spread by tiny droplets sprayed during breathing or sneezing
BSI – Body Substance Isolation
PPE – Personal Equipment – equipment that protects the EMS worker from infection/exposure to the
dangers of rescue operations
Contamination – the introduction of dangerous chemicals, disease, or infectious materials
-Eye protection is just as important as gloves-when you suspect a patient who may have tuberculosis; wear an NIOSH approved filterTwo methods for correct hand cleaning technique
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Hand washing
Alcohol-based hand cleaners

-Arterial bleeding merits wearing a gown in certain situations4 Major diseases of concern:
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Hepatitis B
o Infection and inflammation of the liver
o Can live for many days in blood spills
o Can be deadly
Hepatitis C – No vaccine to protect against
Tuberculosis
o Infection that settles in the lungs
o Highly contagious

Almeyda 2

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AIDs
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Avoid nursing homes, homeless shelters, and correctional facilities
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Immune system attacked by the HIV virus
Destroys the immune system

Disease
AIDS

Chicken Pox
German Measles
Ebola
Influenza
Hepatitis
Meningitis, bacterial
Mumps
Staphylococcal
Tuberculosis
Whooping Cough

Transport Mode
HIV infected blood via drug use,
unprotected sexual contact,
blood transfusions
Airborne droplets
Airborne droplets
Body fluids
Respiratory Droplets
Blood, stool, other
Oral/nasal secretions
Droplets
Skin, direct wound contact
Respiratory Secretions
Respiratory Secretions

Incubation Period
Months-years

11-21 Days
10-12 Days
2-21 Days
1-3 Days
Weeks-Months
2-10 days
Days
Several days
2-6 Weeks
6-20 days

Ryan White Care Act/Ryan White HIV-AIDS Act – allows ems workers to get test results on the person
who’s body fluids they came in contact with
Preventative OSHA Standards
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Infection exposure control plan
Adequate education
Vaccinations
Wear PPE
Methods of control
Housekeeping
Labelling
Postexposure and follow up

An EMT is required to wear an N-95 mask under the following circumstances:
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Caring for suspected tuberculosis patients
Transporting TB patients in closed vehicles
Performing high-risk procedures such as endotracheal suctioning and intubation

General Adaptation Syndrome:
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Alarm reaction (fight or flight)
Stage of Resistance – coping; stimulus no longer produces stress
Exhaustion – stress triad; enlargement (adrenaline) wasting (autroph); bleeding, gastric ulcers,
can become seriously ill

Almeyda 3
Types of Stress Reactions:
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Acute Stress Reactions – Occur simultaneously or immediately after an incident
Delayed stress reactions – any time (days to years)
Cumulative Stress Reaction – burnout after prolonged stressors

Causes of Stress:
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Multiple casualty incidents
Infant and children patients
Severe injuries
Abuse and Neglect
Death of a Coworker

MCI – Multiple Casualty Incident – an emergency involving multiple patients
CISM – Critical incident stress management – a comprehensive system that involves education and
resources to both prevent and teal with stress
Reactions to death
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Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance

Steps on Death:
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Recognize the patient’s needs
Be tolerant
Listen empathetically, not sympathetically
Do not falsely reassure
Offer Realistic Comfort

Hazardous incident – the release of a harmful substance into the environment
Violence Plan:
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Wear safe, practical clothing
Prepare equipment
Carry a portable radio
Decide on safety roles

Observe:
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Violence
Crime Scenes
Drug use
Weapons

Almeyda 4
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Family members
Bystanders
Perpetrators
Pets

React:
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Flee
Get rid of cumbersome equipment
Take cover and conceal

Key Words and Concepts:
Contamination – the introduction of dangerous chemicals, disease, or infectious materials
Critical Incident Stress Management – CISM – A comprehensive system that includes education and
resources to both prevent stress and to deal with stress appropriately when it occurs
Decontamination – The removal or cleansing of dangerous chemicals and other dangerous or infectious
materials
Hazardous Material Incident – the release of a harmful substance into the environment
Multiple-Casualty Incident - an emergency involving multiple patients
Pathogens – the organisms that cause infection, such as viruses and bacteria
Personal Protective Equipment – PPE – Equipment that protects the EMS worker from infection and or
exposure to the dangers of rescue operations
Standard Precautions – A strict form of infection control that is based on the assumption that all blood
and other body fluids are infectious
Stress – a state of physical and or physiological arousal to a stimulus



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