Notesale: Turn your study into money

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The Assignments
02 August 2015

19:05

The learning outcomes of the module:
- Critically discuss the meaning of health and well-being
- Explain the nature and causes of inequalities in child health and the influences that these may have on the social, emotional , cognitive and physical
development of babies and young children
- Articulate the roles of professionals and agencies in addressing a range of health care issues in a multi -professional context
- Identify a range of appropriate strategies for promoting the health and well-being of babies and young children
- Understand the basic first aid for babies and young children
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The Case Study
DEADLINE: 1ST DECEMBER 2015

Critical thinking is important in this assignment!
It is concerned with how we understand and evaluate other people's work, simultaneously putting together your own claims and ideas
Ensure the concepts of health and wellbeing - your interpretation, theory, ideas - are critically analysed
Demonstrate knowledge of contemporary issues
Try not to use colloquial phrases - to avoid this you need to READ!
Build up a list of references of what extra reading you have done
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Maximising child health and safety is paramount to reach their potential in society
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World Health Organisation, 1948 (post-war), defines as health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well -being, & not merely
the absence of disease or infirmity
Global Strategy of Health for All (1981) by WHO:
defines health as by the year 2000 all people in all countries to have at least such a level of health that they are capable of working
productively and of participating actively in the social life of the community in which they live
WHO, 1986 - redefined health as the extent to which an individual or group is able on the one hand to realise aspirations and satisfy
needs; and, on the other hand, to change or cope with the environment
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There is an acknowledgement of environment as a determinant of health
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Angela Underdown, Young Children's Health and Wellbeing, p
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Birth to Three is a framework that focuses on the related factors of relationships and wellbeing when considering children's long term
development
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National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) - Provides guidance on the promotion of health and the prevention and
treatment of ill health, to healthcare workers, the local authorities, the voluntary sector, and general public
Three key areas:
Promotion of health in babies and young children
Accidental injury prevention
Drug misuse
Education focuses on prevention - through awareness, guidance, and information
Promotion emphasises how to be healthy, and how to improve health - through initiatives and campaigns
The purpose of these initiatives and campaigns is to protect and promote the health and wellbeing of young children
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1 - Children learn best when they are healthy, safe and secure, when their individual needs are met, and when they have positive
relationships with the adults caring for them
 The safeguarding and welfare requirements, specified in this section [3], are designed to help providers create high quality settings
which are welcoming, safe and stimulating, and where children are able to enjoy learning and grow in confidence
Whose responsibility is child health?
- Parents/Primary care givers
- Government
- Councils
- Schools
- Healthcare services
- Additional agencies
- Everyone who is involved in the child's life, i
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the care and education
The responsibility is over-layered!
The notion of a strong and healthy child is realistically attainable and measurable for every child
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The UK is now considered to be one of the most unequal industrialised nations in the world concerning child health (UNICEF)
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UNCRC - Provision Rights
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The right to life, survival and development
The right to an adequate standard of living
The right to healthcare
The right to education
The right to leisure and to engage in play
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- The right to leisure and to engage in play

UNCRC - Protection Rights
- The right to be protected from anyone and anything that will harm the child's health and wellbeing
UNCRC - Participation Rights
- Respect for their evolving capacities
- Have a say
- Freedom of thought, conscience and religion
What might cause inequalities in the health and wellbeing of children?

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Economic conditions
Education
Healthcare
Lack of training and education in healthcare

Children well-being in rich countries…
Unicef reports looked at 6 dimensions
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3
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5
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Material well-being
Health and safety
Educational well-being
Behaviours and risk
Family and peer relationships
Subjective well-being

The children in Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and Finland consistently score better than those in England when tested regardin g the 6
dimensions
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The biggest factors:
- Poverty
- Family
- Environment of where the child lives
- Education
- Government policies
- Diet
- Hygiene
Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model: The idea that the child's development is influenced by everything in their
surrounding environment
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Families who do not earn £21,000 are statistically recorded as living in poverty
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Tony Blair's 2020's date has been scrapped and replaced with a new duty to measure educational attainment,
unemployment levels and addiction, rather than relative material disadvantages
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The Marmot Report was the outcome of this proposal
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The two are linked: the more favoured people are socially and economically, the better their health
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The article Growing up healthy, or not
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The Allen Report Early Intervention: The Next Steps (2011) was produced on the request of David Cameron to MP
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The Allen Report Early Intervention: The Next Steps (2011) was produced on the request of David Cameron to MP
Graham Allen focusing on Early Intervention
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Donkin and Marmot (2014) consider that an early focus on child development is key to predict better health
outcomes in later life
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Physical Health
12 October 2015

18:20

The Child Health Promotion Programme - Pregnancy and the first five years of life
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One aspect of the document highlights the predictors of future child health during pregnancy
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It is not just about providing outdoor active play, rather it is a more holistic view of the child's
physical health and wellbeing
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The more obvious reasons are the increase in availability of the video games, some targeted
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The more obvious reasons are the increase in availability of the video games, some targeted
at the very youngest children
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Through movement and play, neural networks are formed and strengthened
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Babies and young children need these opportunities for unrestricted movement to allow
these connections to take place
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It is important not to rush babies
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It is the first system to be myelinated in the brain and is dedicated to posture, equilibrium,
muscle tome and spatial orientation
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The most advanced level of movement is the ability to not move at all! (Goddard Blythe,
2002)
Being still requires muscle groups to work together and is dependent on a level of maturity in
the nervous system
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Children have to move fast before they learn to be still!
A significant factor in child's physical health is the amount of sleep and rest they have
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A lack of sleep and rest is a determinant in a child's ability to be healthy and emotionally
well
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It is critical for the young child's holistic development
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Touch offers children a perception of the world
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Johnson (1997) called this the 'moral panic of touch'
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Childhood Illness and Disease
15 October 2015

10:37

There are an array of common childhood illnesses and diseases, many of which are mild
and have little or no long term effects on a child's health
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Communicable diseases can be spread from person to person, and so have an impact on
the health of children in a day nursery setting
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Infection can be spread 3 ways:
- Inhalation
- Cough/sneeze into hand or tissue
- Keeping children with illness out of setting
- Well ventilated rooms
- Promote good hygiene
- Plenty of fresh air
- Good hand washing
- Ingestion
- Clean water
- Personal items
- Food hygiene - prepped according to food hygiene standards
- Storage of food carefully - reduce food poisoning
- Strict procedures in place to dispose of bodily fluids, e
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vomit
- High standards of hygiene in regards to equipment, toys, blankets, resources
(especially in babies room)
- Inoculation (microorganisms enter via wounds)
- Children's cuts and grazes are properly washed
- Cover children's and practitioner's cuts
Babies and young children have a smaller body mass and can become poorly very quickly
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Less common illnesses include:
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Measles
Mumps
Rubella
Meningitis (viral)
Whooping cough
Tuberculosis
Tetanus

Meningitis
Inflammation of the lining around the brain and the spinal cord (the meninges)
Two types - viral and bacterial
Viral is unpleasant, rarely life threatening, and most recover quickly
Bacterial is the most common cause in the UK and is serious - early identification of
symptoms are crucial for effective treatment
More likely in babies under a year old
Septicaemia is blood poisoning caused by the same germs and is the most life threatening
in this form
The UK Vaccination Programme
All children in the uk are offered a childhood vaccination programme which starts at 8
weeks
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Controversy over links between autism and MMR vaccine saw a rapid decline in 2001, but
was found false and has since increased
It is discredited, and unnecessary link
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Measles is lifethreatening - can cause blindness and death
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Human beings whose foundations have not been well built will always struggle to be repaired - the foundations
within 0-2 years
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Strong foundations are laid in pregnancy an in the first two years of a child life - this is the time when the social brain
is shaped, and when emotional styles and resources are established
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Rees et al (2010) identified themes of family, friends, leisure, school education, behaviour and community (amongst
others)
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The Nutbrown Review
Every Child Matters
National Children's Bureau (combined with LMU)
Early Intervention: The Next Steps (2011)
The EYFS

The EYFS contains elements which aim to promote the emotional health and wellbeing of babies and young
children
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External factors have a meaningful link to the well-being of babies and young children
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The quality of familial and other relationships is fundamental
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Children should be able to live free from discrimination, and their experiences should be positively acknowledged
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Poverty and inequality, directly and indirectly, create conditions in which prejudice and intolerance can thrive
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(Siraj-Blatchford and Clarke, 2000)
Prejudice and discrimination in early years setting towards children and their families can mean that children are
limited by the effects of discrimination arising from the assumptions of others
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It is clear then that early years setting have a vital role in helping even very young children to make sense of their
social world and to create a community of positivity rather than negativity
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(Lindon, 2005)
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Attachment behaviour serve as a purpose to keep the child and the primary care giver close physically and
emotionally
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(Blatt, 1990)
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"…what is believed to be essential mental health is that the infant and young child should experience a warm,
intimate and continuous relationship with his mother (or permanent mother-substitute) in which both find satisfaction
and enjoyment" (Bowlby, 1975)
Attachment phases:
- 0-3 months: pre-attachment phase
Instinctive communication techniques (crying, smiling, grasping, gazing…) to establish a bond and
encourage response from other humans
- 3-6 months: attachment-in-the-making
Infants discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar adults
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The familiar adult is a secure exploration base
- 18-24 months: reciprocal relationship
Children begin to understand why their mother disappears and appreciate the fact that she is likely to
return
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Mary Ainsworth - developed the Strange Situation to investigate the security of attachment in one to two year olds
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Practitioners have a specific role in helping children to talk about their feelings
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Transitional objects is focused primarily on the grief experienced by babies attending day care centres s they
wrestle with being apart from their mother, and learn how to be a group member rather than an individual
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In psychological terms they are as important as the children themselves, intrinsically linked and inseparable from
each other
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Soft toys, bits of rag, blankets, handkerchiefs are examples
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Winnicott theorised that the object takes on value and importance, as parents carry it around when travelling and
allow it to retain its old and sometimes smelly appearance
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Contemporary Issues in Babies and Young Children's
Health - Obesity
22 October 2015

09:00

Nearly a third of children aged 2-15 years are overweight
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6% of children in the poorest decile are obese, compare to 6
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The Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH, 2015) acknowledge that the causes of obesity is complex
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During 1946 and 2001, children became obese earlier in life, however children born since 1980s were up to 3 times more likely to be obese than
older generations by the time they were 10
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As practitioners we are at the forefront to education and decrease the levels of obesity
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Obesity used to be thought of as a cosmetic, rather than a health problem
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Evidence is emerging that even very young children already have sigs of adverse effects to their health - metabolic markers of high cholesterol,
blood pressure, abnormal glucose metabolism (present at 9 years of age)
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Change4Life is public health programme in England, began in 2009, by Department of Health
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Aimed at families and encourages the adoption of 6 healthy behaviours:
High quality nursery and school dinners can ensure children eat at least one nutritious meal a day
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Free School Meals initiative - Set up by the Liberal Democrats
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Example of a meal plan for a nursery:

Breakfast

Snack (x2)

Lunch

Dinner

Cereal - Cornflakes, Weetabix, Porridge: with
Full Fat Milk
Toast with butter
Drinks: Water, Milk

Crackers - Cheese or Butter
Fruit
Natural Yoghurt - with pureed fruit/on its own
Toast
Crumpets
Breadsticks with Humous

Chicken Stew
Fish Pie
Pasta
Fruit
Water/Milk/Diluted Fruit
Juice

Wrap
Salad
Beans on Toast
Drink - Water/Milk

Communicate with parents about food arrangements so that they know what to expect
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Make food times enjoyable and attractive for the children - real plates, metal forks and knives, placemats, table cloths, colourful…
The eat well plate is not suitable for under 2's
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If children have sugary foods, these should be given with meals rather than snacks
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Change4Life updated, due to the concern of sugar in children's diet, to a new campaign
called Sugar Swaps
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The main concern is the hidden sugars in food
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No more of 10% of a person's daily energy or calorie intake should be made up of sugar
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National Child Measurement Programme - Statistical research project
Professional Nigel Hunt - called for sugary foods and drinks to carry cigarette-style warning
pictures to highlight the risk of rotting children's teeth
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26,000 of them are children under 9 years
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Early loss of teeth will displace the new set of teeth, and so adult teeth will suffer overall
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Multi Professional Working… Work with young children and families has involved
professionals from different agencies for many years
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Sure-Start Children's Centres' core purpose is to improve outcomes for young children and
their families, with a particular focus on those in greatest need
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They also offer support to parents
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Children centres are pivotal in cementing the early years and providing services for families
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They also have a role to bring together all professionals who work in the area
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Workforce development - 'Bringing together already established services with the difficulties
of ensuring all professionals have shared values and beliefs, and appreciate each other's
viewpoints, is far more of a challenge' (Mitchell, 2007)
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We are not yet at a position where we are recognised, by the wider society, as a profession
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Ensuring that high quality provision is available for effective
education, as well as stimulating PSED
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Progress Check at 2 Years
Statutory aspect of EYFS
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Aims to offer parents a short written summary of their child's development in the 3 prime
areas: PSED, Physical Development, Communication and Language
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No exact words - should be tailored to the unique child
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From Sept 2015, local areas will be expected to integrate the progress check with the health
review undertaken by health practitioners when the child is at a similar age
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children's development
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g
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Two different routes are being considered: either a joint review with child and parents, or two
separate meetings
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Effectiveness depends on:
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Staff having a good understanding of other professionals' roles
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Acheson (1986) suggests: 'Public health is the science and art of promoting health,
preventing disease and prolonging life through the organised efforts of society
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Socio-economic gap created the inequalities of public health
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Health promotion aims to improve health in a holistic and positive sense
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In addition disease prevention maybe an aspect of the above
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As a concept health promotion aims to work with both the individual and within the
community - need to empower others
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In society we may not just feel powerless, but also be powerless to affect change
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Such promotions aim to empower children and in turn the adults of our future
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Settings such as day nurseries or schools are an important concept in health promotion
practice
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Health promotions/strategies, in one nursery, that already exist include:

Knowledge about health and its determinants offers children agency
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This means they are empowered to act on issues which involve them and are able to speak
out in order to affect change
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Health education also has a role to transfer skills and build self-esteem
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Practitioners need to ensure that health promotions and strategies allows children to achieve
the early learning goal(s) in the Early Years Outcome
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Models of Health Promotion
Aim to present information about how and why people manage their health
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Work with individuals in concerned with helping children and families identify health
damaging behaviours and assess the costs and benefits of change
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Early years educator and practitioner are change agent, who generate the atmosphere for
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Early years educator and practitioner are change agent, who generate the atmosphere for
change to occur
They clarify issues with families, collate necessary resources and collaborate with those
appropriate
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Overall you, as a practitioner, instigate strategies to promote health

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