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NEUROANATOMY

THE DIV
...

DEPT ANATOMY
PHYSIOLOGY AND
PHARMACOLOGY, FVM-BAU

NEUROANATOMY
(THE ANATOMY OF THE
)
NERVOUS SYSTEM)
I
...

II The spinal cord and the spinal nerves
III
...
The autonomic nervous system

1

THE ANATOMY OF DOG’S
NERVOUS SYSTEM

The Nervous System’s Role
Integration and coordination
Maintenance of the body’s homeostasis
◙ As the body regulation system, the
nerves collaborate with the endocrine
(hormonal) system  Neuro-endocrine
◙ There are neurotransmitters: for
communication between nerve cells
and/or muscles and glands (effector)

2

Stimuli:
changes in the
environment
External
stimuli

The integration
process :

The brain & spinal
cord

Memory

analysis,
combination,
comparison,
coordination

Internal
stimuli
visceral organs

Decision
making

Contraction of smooth
muscles, striated muscles,
heart muscle
&
Gland secretion
HOMEOSTASIS

The Organization of the Nervous System
◙ The Central Nervous System (CNS): the

center of the body’s control system  the
body s
brain & spinal cord  processing stimuli
and designing work
◙ The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) 
cranial nerves, spinal nerves and ganglia:


receiving stimuli from the environment
(sensory)



stimulates muscles and glands (motoric)

3

THE ANATOMY OF DOG’S
NERVOUS SYSTEM

The Organization of the Peripheral
Nervous System
Afferent fibers (sensory fibers)
Efferent fib
Eff
t fibers ( t i fib )
(motoric fibers)

the direction of the stimuli

Somatic nerve system Afferent and Efferent
Visceral nerve system Afferent (sensory)

the object
of the stimuli

Efferent (ANS)
# The Autonomic Nerve System (ANS) Efferent

visceral)
- Sympathetic nerve system
- Parasympathetic nerve system

inhibition/excitation
(stimulation)

4

The Pathways of Somatic and Visceral Nerves Stimuli

The Anatomy of Nerve Cells (Neurons)
(the human brain: 100 billion neurons)
 Function: transmitter of long and short distance
stimuli (impulses)
 Characteristics:
1) excitability : responding to stimuli
2) conductivity : conducting signals/impulses
 Parts:
1) cell body: nucleus, organell, Nissl bodies, etc
2) dendrite

3) axon (neurite)

5

The anatomy of
nerve cells
- cell body
- nucleus
- dendrites
- neurites = axon
- myelin sheath
- Schwann sheath
(neurilemma)
- node of Ranvier
- telodendrion

Cross-section of an
axon with
- myelin sheath
and
-Schwann sheath
(neurilemma)
Neurolemmocyte=
Schwann cells

6

Classification of neuron sheaths
1
...
olfactorius) and NC II
(n
...
Myelin only:
N
...
Schwann only:
N
...
Sheathless:
the base of axon, motor
endplate, dendrites, and
node of Ranvier

Types of Neuron :
I
...


Based on the structure
1) multipolar neuron: in the brain and spinal cord
2) bipolar neuron

: retina, cochlea, vestibule, olfactory

3) unipolar neuron : ganglion

7

Schematic Forms of Neurons

Sensory Receptors
Based on location:
1
...
Teleceptor : eyes, ears, nose - light, sound, smell
3
...
)
4
...
Found in th skin
h
t F
d i the ki
 Baroreceptors: receptors for blood pressure, found in the carotid
sinus, the sinusoid in the wall of the base of the internal carotid artery,
next to the carotid glomus (body)

Receptors in the Skin

- Free nerve ending : pain,
temperature and soft touch
...
Paccini : fibration and deep
pressure touch
- C
...
Ruffini n Krause :
temperature, touch, position
and body movement
...
CNS: neuroglia
- Ependymal cells : cerebrospinal fluid, blood brain barrier

- Astrocytes: blood brain barrier, supplies nutrients to
neurons
- Microglia: absorb damaged cells
- Oligodendrocytes: form the myelin sheath

2
...
When the neuron is relaxed
(polarized), an absence of stimuli
In the cell, the concentration of K+ ions
is higher than that of the Na+ ions,
meaning:
g
- the inside of the cell has a negative
charge
- outside of the cell is the positive
charge

The neuron in its relaxed state (polarized):
negative charge inside the cell

14

2
...


The all-or-none law :

is the principle that the strength by which a nerve or muscle fiber
responds to a stimulus is independent of the strength of the stimulus

The Sodium-Potassium Pump

15

The Sodium-potassium Pump

www
...
com

Synapse:
- presynaptic
ti
neuron
- postsynaptic
neuron

16

Synapse

Various Kinds of Synapses

17

A

B

C

The stimulus’
journey along the
axon to the synapse
Video

Impulse
Transmission from
One Neuron to
Another

Video

18

next is……

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