Notesale: Turn your study into money

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Recombinant-DNA technology is now commonly used in virtually every aspect of the biological
sciences
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This is generally accomplished by linking or
recombining the desired DNA fragment with a DNA molecule, termed the vector, which is
capable of directing the replication of itself in a suitable host cell and any DNA segment
covalently attached to it
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Moreover, it is now possible to construct variants of naturally-occurring
proteins with improved biological or physical properties
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The
second phase is to cut that item of DNA with a limitation compound and then ligate the DNA,
place into the vector with DNA Ligase
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An anti-biotic marking is often used so a coordinator cell
without a vector passes away when revealed to a certain anti-biotic, and the coordinator with the
vector will stay because it is resistant
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The only change
between the two is non-bacterial does not use viruses such as E
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In
microinjection, the DNA is injected straight into the nucleus of the cell being modified
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Phage Introduction:
Phage release is the procedure of transfection, which is comparative to transformation, except a
phage is used instead of viruses
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This uses lambda or MI3
phages to generate phage plaques which contain recombinants
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As stated in Chapter 2, the genomes of eukaryotes are larger
and more complex than those of bacteria, so modifications of the techniques are needed to handle the
larger amounts of DNA and the array of different cells and life cycles of eukaryotes
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Transgenic Eukaryotes
DNA is introduced into a eukaryotic cell by a variety of techniques, including transformation, injection,
viral infection, or bombardment with DNA-coated tungsten particles (Figure 11-9 on the following page)
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If the DNA is a transgene
from another species, it inserts ectopically
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)
The possibility of transgenic modification of eukaryotes such as plants and animals (including humans)
opens up many new approaches to research because genotypes can be genetically engineered to make
them suitable for some specific experiment
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Sometimes it is difficult to detect the activity of a particular gene in the tissue where it normally functions
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Wherever and whenever the gene
in question is active, the reporter gene will announce that activity in the appropriate tissue
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Furthermore, because plants, animals, and fungi form the basis for a large part of the economy,
transgenic “designer” genotypes are finding extensive use in applied research
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Recombinant DNA technology in the treatment of diabetes: insulin analogs
After more than half a century of treating diabetics with animal insulins, recombinant DNA
technologies and advanced protein chemistry made human insulin preparations available in the
early 1980s
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The first clinically available insulin analog, lispro, confirmed the hopes by showing that
improved glycemic control can be achieved without an increase in hypoglycemic events
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Thus, it appears
that a rapid acceleration of basic and clinical research in this arena will be seen, which will have
direct significance to both patients and their physicians
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Data on the currently available and tested
analogs, as well as data on those currently being developed, are reviewed
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Constructing a recombinant DNA molecule involves cutting the DNA into fragments with restriction
endonucleases and rejoining the fragments in novel arrangements with ligase
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Recombinant DNA
drug products have been developed that represent the communicator, structural, and modifier
classes of proteins
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Recombinant structural proteins include hepatitis B virus vaccine
and CD4 protein, and recombinant modifier proteins include tissue plasminogen activator and
superoxide dismutase (agents that split or splice organic molecules)
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Recombinant protein drugs will be
further tailored to enhance their activity and specificity
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In cloning genes, investigators
directly use the protein designs that occur naturally
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Recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA technology emerged as a response to the need for specific DNA segments in
amounts sufficient for biochemical analysis
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The success of recombinant DNA
technology, by which microbial cells can be engineered to produce foreign proteins, relies on the
faithful reading of the corresponding genes by bacterial cell machinery, and has fueled most of

the recent advances in modern molecular biology
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Genetic engineering, by which an
organism can be modified to include new genes designed with desired characteristics, is now
routine practice in basic research laboratories
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Recent advances in this technology have also changed the course of medical research
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The new ability to manipulate human genetic
material has opened radically new avenues for diagnosis and treatment, and has far-reaching
consequences for the future of medicine
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Synthetic substances are
known as chimeras
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After the discovery of restriction enzymes by the Swiss biochemist Werner Arber in viruses,
Geneticists have discovered how to cut DNA molecules from Arber and soon to follow was the
understanding that ligase could be used to "glue" them together in human history these two
achievements allowed Man to "play god" for the first time by releasing rDNA technology

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