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Module: BIOM – 1010

Lecturer: Dr Bonab

Date: 14/10/16

Techniques to Study Anatomy & Anatomical Terms
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Dead tissue can be studied using the following techniques:
 Gross anatomy (with the naked eye)
 Microscopic anatomy
 Light microscope, up to 1000x magnification
 Electron microscope, over 35,000x magnification
 Transmission EM (passes through tissue)
 Scanning EM (passes over tissue)

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Live tissue can be studies by:
 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging (NMR)
 This gives the anatomy of the body
 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fNMR)
 Combining the anatomy and physiology of the body by picking up the amount of oxygen in
the blood vessels and tissue
 Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
 This uses radioactive materials to localise what is being searched for#

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Any anatomical term is derived from when the person is stood up and their palms facing the anterior
position, these are the terms used to describe a patient:
 Superior (cranial)
 Going from one point to another, moving towards the head
 Inferior (caudal)
 Going from one point to another, moving away from the head
 Medial
 Going from one point to another, moving towards the midline of
the body
 Lateral
 Going from one point to another, moving away from the midline
of the body
 Anterior
 The point of reference on the body is location on the front side
of the body
 Posterior
 The point of reference on the body is location on the back/rear side of the body
 Superficial
 The point of reference is near the skins surface
 Deep
 The point of reference is further from the skin
 Proximal
 Being proximal means being nearer to the root of the
structure, for example, the forearm is proximal to the
hand
 Distal
 Being distal means being further from the root of the
structure, for example, the forearm is distal to the
elbow
 Median Plane
 A vertical plane that divides the midline of the body
into left and right

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Sagittal (Lateral) Plane
 Any front to back plane that is parallel to the median plane
Coronal (Frontal) Plane
 A vertical plane at a right angle to the median plane
Axial (Transverse) Plane
 A horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower halves
Palmar
 The palm side of the hand
Plantar
 The sole of the foot
Dorsal
 The top of the foot or the back of the hand
Flexion
 Decreasing the angle between bones via bending
Extension
 Increasing the angle between bones via straightening out
Abduction
 A movement away from the midline of the body
Adduction
 A movement towards the midline of the body
Circumduction
 A combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
Rotation
 A twisting movement in the long axis of a bone, it can be lateral or medial
Pronation
 Rotating the radius and ulna bone to face the forearm downwards/outwards
Supination
 Rotating the radius and ulna bones to face the forearm upwards/inwards
Inversion
 The inner border of the foot is raised so that the sole is tilted to face medially
Eversion
 The outer border of the foot is raised to that the sole is tilted to face laterally



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