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Title: Reproductive Physiology
Description: University notes on Reproductive Physiology.
Description: University notes on Reproductive Physiology.
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Reproductive Physiology
Ultrasonography
Holstein Dairy cow
Influence of Increasing Milk Production on
Conception Rate
%
100
90
80
70
60
kg
Conception rate, %
9000
Milk production, kg/year
8000
7000
6000
5000
50
4000
40
3000
30
20
2000
1000
10
0
1
0
1951
1975
1985
1996
from
Butler
The outcome of first
postpartum insemination
1996 - 1999
1975 - 1982
24
Objective today
Fertilisation failure
Calving Rate
Fertilisation failure
1
...
Reproductive tract differentiation
3
...
Sexual determination
Each human
cell contains __
chromosomes
Mice have 20 pairs
Chromosomes contain the genetic material
In mammals the Y chromosome is
chromosome and determines _________
the
sex
In birds and amphibians the female carries the sex
chromosome (W)
CAT = 38
HUMANS = 46
SHEEP = ___
Each human gamete
22 autosomes
1 sex chromosome
CATTLE = ___ HORSES
= 64
Gene(s)
___ gene (_____ determining Region on the ____
chromosome)
...
Reproductive tract differentiation
Reproductive tract differentiation
2
___________
Start with
_______
= male
______ and
______
srY gene codes for a
protein called testisdetermining factor
Reproductive Tract Differentiation
Control of tract differentiation
Rat/Rabbit
_________ duct
Fetal
Developed at birth
Mullerian duct Wolffian duct
(female)
( male )
normal male
No
Yes
normal female
Yes
No
castrate male
Yes
No
Surgery
= female
castrate female
Yes
No
...
Female development
Freemartin
3
Free = _________; martin = bovine
Female:
Freemartin = a sterile heifer that is born twin to a male
No _______ hormones = no inhibition of the female
system or stimulation of the male system
Why?
Therefore the female phenotype develops
Fusion of ____________ membranes
Later _______ assists in the development of the
reproductive tract
...
Freemartin
Hormones from the male fetus inhibit
reproductive tract development in the
female fetus
Foster OVC, U of Guelph
Freemartin reproductive tract
Freemartin
Diagnosis = freemartin has a short vagina
Female = __________________ Male
=
____________ fertility
Other litter bearing species?
Foster OVC, U of Guelph
3
...
Behaviour differentiation
Rodents
At birth
Adult behaviour
Male ___________
Females have reproductive
cycles males do not
Female
Female
Castrate male Female (feminized)
Male and female
sexual behaviour is
quite different Why /
How ??
Female + testosterone
____
(androgenised)
_________ male + testosterone _________
Testes control maleness, otherwise female
Title: Reproductive Physiology
Description: University notes on Reproductive Physiology.
Description: University notes on Reproductive Physiology.