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Title: HOW TO WRITE AN EFFECTIVE BUSINESS PLAN
Description: After reading this PDF, you should be able to create a winning business plan. These effective and clear guidelines will certainly provide an A+ business proposal, DON'T MISS READING THIS!
Description: After reading this PDF, you should be able to create a winning business plan. These effective and clear guidelines will certainly provide an A+ business proposal, DON'T MISS READING THIS!
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Page 1 of 31
Business Plan for a Startup Business
The business plan consists of a narrative and several financial worksheets
...
It contains more than 150 questions divided
into several sections
...
Skip any questions that do not apply
to your type of business
...
Then you’ll want to
edit them into a smooth‐flowing narrative
...
The act of planning helps you to think things through thoroughly,
study and research if you are not sure of the facts, and look at your ideas critically
...
This business plan is a generic model suitable for all types of businesses
...
Before you begin, review the
section titled Refining the Plan, found at the end
...
It also has
tips for fine‐tuning your plan to make an effective presentation to investors or bankers
...
You will be judged by the quality and appearance of your work as well as by your
ideas
...
Most of that time is spent in
research and re‐thinking your ideas and assumptions
...
So make time to do the job properly
...
And
finally, be sure to keep detailed notes on your sources of information and on the
assumptions underlying your financial data
...
score
...
Call 1‐800‐634‐0245 to get the
contact information for the SCORE office closest to you
...
Table of Contents
I
...
3
II
...
4
III
...
5
IV
...
6
V
...
7
VI
...
16
VII
...
21
VIII
...
22
IX
...
23
X
...
24
XI
...
27
XII
...
28
Page 4 of 31
II
...
We suggest that you make it two pages or fewer
...
Explain the fundamentals of the proposed business: What will your product be? Who
will your customers be? Who are the owners? What do you think the future holds for
your business and your industry?
Make it enthusiastic, professional, complete, and concise
...
Page 5 of 31
III
...
If you
want to draft a mission statement, this is a good place to put it in the plan, followed by:
Company Goals and Objectives: Goals are destinations—where you want your business
to be
...
For example,
a goal might be to have a healthy, successful company that is a leader in customer
service and that has a loyal customer following
...
Business Philosophy: What is important to you in business?
To whom will you market your products? (State it briefly here—you will do a more
thorough explanation in the Marketing Plan section)
...
Is it a growth industry? What changes do you foresee in the
industry, short term and long term? How will your company be poised to take
advantage of them?
Describe your most important company strengths and core competencies
...
Products and Services
Describe in depth your products or services (technical specifications, drawings, photos,
sales brochures, and other bulky items belong in Appendices)
...
What are the pricing, fee, or leasing structures of your products or services?
Page 7 of 31
V
...
And this begins with careful, systematic research
...
You need to
do market research to make sure you’re on track
...
Your time
will be well spent
...
Secondary research means using published information such as industry profiles, trade
journals, newspapers, magazines, census data, and demographic profiles
...
Start with your local library
...
You will be amazed at what is there
...
Your chamber of commerce has good information
on the local area
...
Primary research means gathering your own data
...
Professional market research can be very costly, but there are many books that show
small business owners how to do effective research themselves
...
The marketing plan will be the basis, later on, of the all‐important sales projection
...
)
•
Current demand in target market
...
•
Growth potential and opportunity for a business of your size
...
Now describe them from your customers’ point of view
...
For each product or service:
•
Describe the most important features
...
That is, what will the product do for the customer?
Note the difference between features and benefits, and think about them
...
Its benefits include pride of ownership, financial
security, providing for the family, and inclusion in a neighborhood
...
What after‐sale services will you give? Some examples are delivery, warranty, service
contracts, support, follow‐up, and refund policy
...
The description will be completely different depending on whether you plan to sell to
other businesses or directly to consumers
...
You may have more than one customer group
...
Then, for each customer group, construct what is called a demographic profile:
•
Age
•
Gender
•
Location
Page 10 of 31
•
Income level
•
Social class and occupation
•
Education
•
Other (specific to your industry)
•
Other (specific to your industry)
For business customers, the demographic factors might be:
•
Industry (or portion of an industry)
•
Location
•
Size of firm
•
Quality, technology, and price preferences
•
Other (specific to your industry)
•
Other (specific to your industry)
Competition
What products and companies will compete with you?
List your major competitors:
(Names and addresses)
Will they compete with you across the board, or just for certain products, certain
customers, or in certain locations?
Will you have important indirect competitors? (For example, video rental stores
compete with theaters, although they are different types of businesses
...
In the first column are key competitive factors
...
Page 11 of 31
In the column labeled Me, state how you honestly think you will stack up in customersʹ
minds
...
Sometimes it is hard to analyze our own weaknesses
...
Better yet, get some disinterested strangers to assess you
...
And remember that you cannot be all things to all people
...
You want an
honest assessment of your firmʹs strong and weak points
...
In a few words, state how you think they compare
...
1 = critical; 5 = not very important
...
Niche
Now that you have systematically analyzed your industry, your product, your
customers, and the competition, you should have a clear picture of where your
company fits into the world
...
Strategy
Now outline a marketing strategy that is consistent with your niche
...
Should you have a system to identify repeat customers and then systematically contact
them?
Promotional Budget
How much will you spend on the items listed above?
Before startup? (These numbers will go into your startup budget
...
)
Pricing
Explain your method or methods of setting prices
...
It robs you of needed profit margin; customers
may not care as much about price as you think; and large competitors can under price
you anyway
...
Does your pricing strategy fit with what was revealed in your competitive analysis?
Compare your prices with those of the competition
...
This is the time to think
about what you want and need in a location
...
You will describe your physical needs later, in the Operational Plan section
...
Page 14 of 31
Is your location important to your customers? If yes, how?
If customers come to your place of business:
Is it convenient? Parking? Interior spaces? Not out of the way?
Is it consistent with your image?
Is it what customers want and expect?
Where is the competition located? Is it better for you to be near them (like car dealers or
fast food restaurants) or distant (like convenience food stores)?
Distribution Channels
How do you sell your products or services?
Retail
Direct (mail order, Web, catalog)
Wholesale
Your own sales force
Agents
Independent representatives
Bid on contracts
Sales Forecast
Now that you have described your products, services, customers, markets, and
marketing plans in detail, it’s time to attach some numbers to your plan
...
The forecast should be
based on your historical sales, the marketing strategies that you have just described,
your market research, and industry data, if available
...
Page 15 of 31
Remember to keep notes on your research and your assumptions as you build this sales
forecast and all subsequent spreadsheets in the plan
...
Page 16 of 31
VI
...
Production
How and where are your products or services produced?
Explain your methods of:
•
Production techniques and costs
•
Quality control
•
Customer service
•
Inventory control
•
Product development
Location
What qualities do you need in a location? Describe the type of location you’ll have
...
Construction? Most new companies should not sink capital into construction, but if you
are planning to build, costs and specifications will be a big part of your plan
...
These numbers will become part of your financial plan
...
They really help internal communications with employees
...
e
...
)
•
Do you know what it will cost you to extend credit? Have you built the costs into
your prices?
Managing Your Accounts Receivable
If you do extend credit, you should do an aging at least monthly to track how much of
your money is tied up in credit given to customers and to alert you to slow payment
problems
...
This helps
you plan whom to pay and when
...
(Hint: If you know you
will be late making a payment, call the creditor before the due date
...
Accounts Payable
Aging
Total
Current
30 Days
60 Days
90 Days
Over 90 Days
Page 21 of 31
VII
...
Include position descriptions for key employees
...
Professional and Advisory Support
List the following:
•
Board of directors
•
Management advisory board
•
Attorney
•
Accountant
•
Insurance agent
•
Banker
•
Consultant or consultants
•
Mentors and key advisors
Page 22 of 31
VIII
...
Owners will
often have to draw on personal assets to finance the business, and these statements will
show what is available
...
Page 23 of 31
IX
...
It’s important to estimate these expenses accurately and then to plan where you will get
sufficient capital
...
Even with the best of research, however, opening a new business has a way of costing
more than you anticipate
...
The first is to add a little “padding” to each item in the budget
...
The second approach is to add a separate line item, called contingencies, to
account for the unforeseeable
...
Talk to others who have started similar businesses to get a good idea of how much to
allow for contingencies
...
Explain your research and how you arrived at your forecasts of expenses
...
Also explain in detail how much will be
contributed by each investor and what percent ownership each will have
...
Financial Plan
The financial plan consists of a 12‐month profit and loss projection, a four‐year profit
and loss projection (optional), a cash‐flow projection, a projected balance sheet, and a
break‐even calculation
...
More important, the process of thinking through the
financial plan will improve your insight into the inner financial workings of your
company
...
This is where you put it all together in numbers and get an
idea of what it will take to make a profit and be successful
...
Profit projections should be accompanied by a narrative explaining the major
assumptions used to estimate company income and expenses
...
Four-Year Profit Projection (Optional)
The 12‐month projection is the heart of your financial plan
...
Of course, keep notes of your key assumptions, especially about things that you expect
will change dramatically after the first year
...
Businesses fail because they cannot pay their bills
...
The point of this worksheet is to plan how much you need before startup, for
preliminary expenses, operating expenses, and reserves
...
It will enable you to foresee shortages in time to do something
Page 25 of 31
about them—perhaps cut expenses, or perhaps negotiate a loan
...
There is no great trick to preparing it: The cash‐flow projection is just a forward look at
your checking account
...
You should track essential operating data, which is not necessarily part of cash flow but
allows you to track items that have a heavy impact on cash flow, such as sales and
inventory purchases
...
You
should have already researched those for your startup expenses plan
...
Clearly, if
your projected cash balance ever goes negative, you will need more start‐up capital
...
Explain your major assumptions, especially those that make the cash flow differ from
the Profit and Loss Projection
...
Be sure to include them
...
Opening Day Balance Sheet
A balance sheet is one of the fundamental financial reports that any business needs for
reporting and financial management
...
When liabilities are
subtracted from assets, the remainder is owners’ equity
...
Then detail how you calculated the account balances on your
opening day balance sheet
...
This is especially useful
when selling your proposal to investors
...
In other words, it’s the sales level that is the dividing line between operating
at a loss and operating at a profit
...
)
Include all assumptions upon which your break‐even calculation is based
...
Appendices
Include details and studies used in your business plan; for example:
•
Brochures and advertising materials
•
Industry studies
•
Blueprints and plans
•
Maps and photos of location
•
Magazine or other articles
•
Detailed lists of equipment owned or to be purchased
•
Copies of leases and contracts
•
Letters of support from future customers
•
Any other materials needed to support the assumptions in this plan
•
Market research studies
•
List of assets available as collateral for a loan
Page 28 of 31
XII
...
For Raising Capital
For Bankers
•
Bankers want assurance of orderly repayment
...
You will
probably not have much negotiating room on interest rate but may be able
to negotiate a longer repayment term, which will help cash flow
...
They are looking for dramatic growth, and
they expect to share in the rewards:
o Funds needed short‐term
o Funds needed in two to five years
o How the company will use the funds, and what this will accomplish for
growth
...
They are usually more flexible than
other types of businesses, but they also have higher labor costs and generally
very little in fixed assets
...
Standard or accepted industry quality standards
...
Will you make a profit on
subcontracting?
•
Credit, payment, and collections policies and procedures
•
Strategy for keeping client base
High Technology Companies
•
Economic outlook for the industry
•
Will the company have information systems in place to manage rapidly changing
prices, costs, and markets?
•
Will you be on the cutting edge with your products and services?
•
What is the status of research and development? And what is required to:
o Bring product/service to market?
o Keep the company competitive?
•
How does the company:
o Protect intellectual property?
o Avoid technological obsolescence?
o Supply necessary capital?
o Retain key personnel?
High‐tech companies sometimes have to operate for a long time without profits and
sometimes even without sales
...
Venture capitalists may invest, but your story must be very good
...
And your assumptions must be well documented and well argued
...
o Prices should be profitable, competitive, and in accordance with company
image
...
o Inventory level: Find industry average numbers for annual inventory
turnover rate (available in RMA book)
...
The result should be at least
equal to your projected first yearʹs cost of goods sold
...
•
Customer service policies: These should be competitive and in accord with
company image
...
Does it project a consistent company image?
•
Credit: Do you extend credit to customers? If yes, do you really need to, and do
you factor the cost into prices?
Title: HOW TO WRITE AN EFFECTIVE BUSINESS PLAN
Description: After reading this PDF, you should be able to create a winning business plan. These effective and clear guidelines will certainly provide an A+ business proposal, DON'T MISS READING THIS!
Description: After reading this PDF, you should be able to create a winning business plan. These effective and clear guidelines will certainly provide an A+ business proposal, DON'T MISS READING THIS!