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Key concepts
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Scientific inquiry begins with observations of nature the scientific method
involves generating and testing hypotheses about those observations
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In an experiment investigators manipulate one aspect of nature (independent
variable) and study how that action affects another aspect of nature (dependent
vatable)
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A scientific theory is a major explanation about the natural world that has been
repeatedly confirmed in diverse ways and is accepted as part of scientific
knowledge
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Biological evolution is a change in the overall genetic characteristic of a group of
organisms over successive generations
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The Nature of Science
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The scientific method represents the core logic of the process by which scientific
knowledge is generated the scientific method requires that we
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Devise a hypothesis to explain the observations
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Test those predictions
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We can test hypotheses by making additional observations or by preforming
experiments (controlled repeated manipulations of nature) that will either
uphold the predictions or show them to be incorrect
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Correlation means that two or more aspects of the natural world behave in an
interrelated manner if we know a value for one aspect we can predict a value
for the other aspect however correlation between two variables does not
necessarily mean that one is the cause of the other
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Scientific Facts and Theories
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A scientific theory is a major idea that has been supported by many different
observations and experiments
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The Characteristics of Living Organisms
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All living organisms are built of cells reproduced using DNA to pass genetic
information from parent to offspring take in energy from their environment
sense and respond to their environments maintain constant internal conditions
and evolve as a groups
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Biological evolution is a change in the overall genetic characteristics of a
population across generations from parent to offspring
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Natural selection is a key evolutionary mechanism it causes evolution by
favoring the survival and reproduction of individuals that are best suited to their
environment
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All life on earth can be classified into three domains bacteria archaea and
eukaryote
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The term biological hierarchy refers to the many levels at which life can be
studied atom molecule cell tissue organ system individual population
community ecosystem biome biosphere
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Ecosystems make up a biomes large regions of the world that are defined by the
climate and the distinctive communities found there all the biomes on earth
make up one single biosphere
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Biology
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Technology
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Science
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Scientific Hypothesis
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is a description measurement or record of an object or phenomenon?

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p
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Is any aspect of nature that can change
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A mathematical science that uses probability theory to estimate the reliability of
data
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Means that two or more aspects of the natural world behave in an interrelated
manner
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observational studies that indicate a link between two variables
Experiment
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Independent Variable
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Dependent Variable
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A researcher measures the value of the dependent variable for at least two
groups of study subjects
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One is
tested one is not
Control Group
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With no change
Treatment Group
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Single Blind Experiment
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Placebo
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The placebo effect is a
very real possibility as well
Double Blind Experiment
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This helps eliminate bias during the study
Cell
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Plasma Membrane
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Its scientific name is the phospholipid bilayer
Cytoplasm
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A thick water based fluid
studded with several structures that have specialized functions
Multicellular Organism

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Zygote
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Sperm+ egg= zygote this is
fertilization as it divides it develops some reproduce asexually that means that
they do not have specialized reproductive cells such as sperm or egg
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DNA
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It’s got the double helix and is
made up of many atoms
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Nucleus
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all individuals that can be interbreed in their natural surroundings to produce
fertile offspring
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Population
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is an evolutionary mechanism that changes overall genetic composition of a
population from one generation to the next by favoring the survival and the
reproduction of individuals best suited to their environment
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Adaptive traits
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refers to a good match between a population and its habitat
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bacteria, archaea, and eukaryote
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are single celled organisms
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Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotes (will be discussed in later outlines)
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the third domain of life incudes both single and multicellular organisms
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are algae amoebas and their relatives
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Plantae are all the plants
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Fungi from yeast to mushrooms
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Animalia includes all animals with backbones and those without
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Biological Hierarchy

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Atoms the building blocks of matter and the material which the universe is
composed of
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Molecule
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Biomolecules
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Cells the things of which all life is composed of one or more
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Tissue is a group of cells that preforms a unique but narrow set of tasks in the
body
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Organs which are body parts composed of different types of tissues and their
functions
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Organ system groups of organs that extend through a large amount of the body
and preforms a great range of functions
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Individual a collective unit of organ systems creates the individual
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Population is a collection of individuals
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Community
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Ecosystem
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Biomes
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Biosphere all the biomes are part of the biosphere
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Science is both a body of knowledge about the natural world and an evidence
based process for generating that knowledge
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Make observations
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Generate predications from that hypothesis and
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We can test hypotheses by making additional observations or by preforming
experiments (controlled repeated manipulations of nature) that will either
uphold the predictions or show them to be incorrect
ii
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Correlation means that two or more aspects of the natural world behave in an
interrelated manner if we know a value for one aspect we can predict a value
for the other aspect however correlation between two variables does not
necessarily mean that one is the cause of the other
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A scientific fact is a direct and repeatable observation of any aspect of the
natural world
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4 the characteristics of living organisms
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All living organisms are built of cells reproduced using DNA to pass genetic
information from parent to offspring take in energy from their environment
sense and respond to their environments maintain constant internal conditions
and evolve as a groups
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5 biological evolution and the unity and diversity of life
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Natural selection makes a population or species better adapt to its environment
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The term biological hierarchy refers to the many levels at which life can be
studied atom molecule cell tissue organ system individual population
community ecosystem biome biosphere
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Ecosystems make up a biomes large regions of the world that are defined by the
climate and the distinctive communities found there all the biomes on earth
make up one single biosphere



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