Notesale: Turn your study into money

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Main message
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Key concepts
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Tumor cells that gain the ability to invade surrounding tissue and cancer cells
cancer cells can spread too other organs and cause further damage
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Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that stimulate cell division when mutations
make them hyperactive they trigger cancerous change and are then called
oncogenes
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The great majority of human cancers are non-hereditary instead they are caused
by the accumulation of many somatic mutations over the course of life
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New cancer therapy’s aim to kill cancer cells selectively most commonly by
destroying them with targeted antibodies
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Environment and lifestyle factors play a large role in human cancers and are the
focus in cancer prevention
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Summary of chapter
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1 the basics of cancer
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Cancer develops when cells lose normal restraints on cell division and
migration
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Precancerous cells become cancerous (malignant) when they invade
other tissues invasive cells detach themselves from their surroundings
and lose anchorage dependence cancer cells can spread from a primary
tumor too establish secondary tumors in other organs in the process
known as metastasis
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Runaway cell proliferation is the consequence if the cell
cycle is excessively stimulated through the pathways controlled by

growth regulators while the antiproliferation message of negative
growth regulators is ignored
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2 Cancer critical genes
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Genes whose action result in cell proliferation are proto-oncogenes
proto oneness that have become hyperactive because of
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID mutations are known as oncogenes
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The risk of cancer increases with age because as time goes by the odds
that multiple mutations will accumulate in a single cell increase
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3 The progression too cancer
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A cell progresses towards cancer such as colon cancer as a succession of
proto oncogenes become hyperactive and tumor suppressor genes fail
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The traditional cancer treatment radiation therapy and chemo therapy
and chemotherapy attempt to kill all rapidly dividing cells the challenge
is too develop treatments that destroy malignant cells selectively
leaving healthy cells alone
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Antibodies that seek out and selectively destroy cancer cells are being
used against some types of cancer
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A carcinogen is any physical chemical or biological agent that elevates
the risk of cancer
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Avoiding tobacco eating well and exercising regularly are believed to
reduce our risk for some types of cancer



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