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Title: Respiration during Exercise
Description: This outlines respiration, & how it relates with exercise. It includes the purpose, structure, diffusion, breathing mechanics, respiration muscles, ventilation-perfusion relationships & much more! It also includes example questions & answers.

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Respiration  During  Exercise  
CELLULAR  respiration  =  refers  to  O2  utilisation  &  CO2  production  by  the  tissues  
PULMONARY  respiration  =  refers  to  ventilation  &  the  exchange  of  gases  in  the  lungs  
 
Function  of  the  Lung  
Lungs  provide  an  interface  for  gas  exchange,  
-­‐   Replace  O2  
ventilation,  &  diffusion
...
 
 
Exchange  of  O2  &  CO2  between  Blood  &  Lungs  is  due  to:  
1
...
  Diffusion  –  random  movement  of  molecules  from  an  area  of  high  concentration  to  an  area  of  lower  
concentration  
 
Diffusion  
Fick’s  Law:   the  rate  of  gas  transfer  is  proportional  to  the  tissue  area,  the  diffusion  coefficient,  the  
difference  in  the  partial  pressure  on  the  two  sites  of  the  tissue,  &  is  inversely  proportional  
to  the  thickness
...
 
o   Barometric  pressure  =  force  exerted  by  weight  of  the  gas  contained  within  the  atmosphere
...
 
o   Air  is  filtered,  humidified,  &  warmed!  
1
...
  Pharynx  –  nasal  +  oral  cavities  pass  air  into  the  pharynx  
b
...
  The  trachea  connects  to  bronchi  à  bronchioles  à  alveoli  
i
...
  Respiratory  Zone  –  region  of  the  lung  where  gas  exchange  occurs  
a
...
  Some  alveoli  synthesis  +  release  ‘surfactant’  which  lowers  the  surface  tension  &  prevents  
the  alveoli  from  collapsing  
c
...
 
 
 

Respiration  During  Exercise  
The  pressure  in  the  pleural  cavity  =  less  than  atmospheric  –  prevents  collapse  of  air  sacs  within  the  lungs;  
becomes  lower  in  inspiration  –  causing  air  to  inflate  the  lungs
...
 

INSPIRATION  
Diaphragm  pushes  downwards  
Ribs  lift  outwards  
Intrapleural  pressure  reduces  &  this  causes  lung  
expansion  
 
=  results  in  a  reduction  in  intrapulmonary  pressure  
below  atmospheric  which  allows  airflow  into  the  
lungs  

EXPIRATION  
Diaphragm  relaxes  
Ribs  pulled  downwards  &  inwards  
 
 
 
=  results  in  an  increase  in  intrapulmonary  pressure  
&  so  air  is  forced  out  

 
 

Muscles  of  Respiration  
INSPIRATION  
sternocleidomastoid  
scalenes    
external  intercostals  
internal  intercostals  
diaphragm    

EXPIRATION  
internal  intercostals  
external  abdominal  obliques  
internal  abdominal  obliques  
transversus  abdominus  
rectus  abdominis  

 
 
Airway  Resistance  
-­‐   Airflow  depends  on  the  pressure  difference  between  2  ends  of  airway  &  the  resistance  of  airways  
 
*  resistance  =  diameter  of  the  airway  
 
-­‐ Reduced  due  to  diseases,  e
...
 Chronic  Obstructive  Lung  
 
P1  –  P2  
Disease  
 
resistance  
-­‐ When  the  airway  radius  is  reduced  then  the  resistance  to  
 
flow  is  increased  
 
-­‐ Airway  resistance  d epends  on  the  d iameter!  
 
 
 
Ventilation-­‐Perfusion  Relationships  
Efficient  gas  exchange  between  the  blood  &  the  lung  requires  proper  matching  of  blood  flow  to  ventilation
...
0  
o   This  ratio  implies  a  perfect  matching  on  blood  flow  to  ventilation
...
0  V/Q  ratio  
§   Lung  base  à  0
...
 
•   V/Q  =  alveolar  ventilation  /  cardiac  output  
o   A  decrease  in  V/Q  ratio  will  cause  CO2  to  increase!  
§   As  ventilation  isn’t  keeping  up  with  the  pace,  so  there’s  not  enough  O2
...
 
 

Respiration  During  Exercise  
O2  Transport  in  the  Blood  
•   O2  is  transported  by  haemoglobin  –  protein,  contains  iron,  in  all  red  blood  cells  
o   4  O2  molecules  per  haemoglobin  
o   direction  of  reaction  depends  on:     PO2  of  blood  +  affinity  between  Hb+O2  
o   the  amount  of  O2  that  can  be  transported  per  blood  unit  depends  on  the  concentration  of  
haemoglobin  
§   O2  +  haemoglobin  =  ‘loading’  à  oxyhaemoglobin  
§   release  of  O2  from  haemoglobin  =  ‘unloading’  à  deoxyhaemoglobin  
 
Oxyhaemoglobin  Dissociation  Curve    
(sigmoidal  curve)  
At  lungs:  
high  PO2  =  formation  of  oxyhaemoglobin  
At  tissues:  
low  PO2  =  release  of  O2  to  tissues  
 
•   Effect  of  pH  
o   decreased  pH  lowers  Hb-­‐O2  affinity  
o   “right”  shift  ß  Bohr  effect  (H+  binds  to  haemoglobin)  
o   favours  offloading  of  O2  to  tissues  
 
•   Effect  of  Temperature  
 
o   increased  blood  temperature  lowers  Hb-­‐O2  affinity  
o   “right  shift”  –  O2  offloading  
 
•   Effect  of  2-­‐3  DPG  
o   by-­‐product  of  red  blood  cell  glycolysis  
o   “right”  shift  during  altitude  exposure  
 
 
Ventilation  &  Acid-­‐Base  Balance  
 
changes  in  pH  due  to  pCO2  changes  
Pulmonary  ventilation  removes  H+  from  blood  by  HCO3-­‐  reaction:  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
lung  
CO2  +  H2O  
 
H2CO3    
H+  +  HCO3-­‐  
 
muscle  
 
•   INCREASED  ventilation  =  CO2  exhalation;  reduced  PCO2  &  H+  concentration  
•   DECREAED  ventilation  =  CO2  build-­‐up;  increased  PCO2  &  H+  concentration  
 
 
O2  Transport  in  the  Muscle  
Myoglobin  shuttles  O2  from  cell  membrane  to  mitochondria
...
   
 
CO2  Transport  in  the  Blood  
At  tissue:  

 

H+  binds  to  Hb  
HCO3-­‐  diffuses  out  of  RBC  into  plasma    
Cl-­‐  diffuses  into  RBC  =  chloride  shift  

At  lung:  O2  binds  to  Hb  
reaction  reverses  to  release  CO2  

Respiration  During  Exercise  

Example  Questions  &  Answers  
Discuss  the  major  anatomical  components  of  the  respiratory  system
...
 The  conducting  zone  consists  of  
structures  that  air  passes  through  to  get  to  the  respiratory  zone
...
 In  the  conducting  zone,  air  is  humidified,  warmed  
&  filtered
...
 Whereas  the  respiratory  zone  
is  the  region  of  the  lung  where  gaseous  exchange  occurs,  i
...
 the  alveoli
...
 There’s  a  large  number  of  
alveoli  in  the  lungs  so  as  to  provide  a  large  surface  area  for  diffusion
...
   
 
What  muscle  groups  are  involved  in  ventilation  during  rest  &  during  exercise?  
During  inspiration  at  rest,  the  diaphragm  pushes  downwards  whilst  the  ribs  lift  outwards
...
 Intrapleural  pressure  decreases  &  the  lungs  expand  –  
resulting  in  a  reduction  in  intrapulmonary  pressure  below  atmospheric  pressure,  which  results  in  air  
flowing  into  the  lungs
...
   
In  inspiration  during  exercise,  the  scalenes,  sternocleidomastoid,  external  &  internal  intercostals,  &  the  
diaphragm  are  all  working
...
 
 
What  is  the  functional  significance  of  the  ventilation-­‐perfusion  ratio?  How  would  a  high  V/Q  ratio  affect  
gas  exchange  in  the  lung?  
The  ventilation-­‐perfusion  ratio  is  the  ratio  between  the  amount  of  air  getting  to  the  alveoli  (alveolar  
ventilation)  &  the  amount  of  blood  being  sent  to  the  lungs  (cardiac  output)
...
0  or  slightly  
higher  as  it  implies  a  perfect  matching  on  blood  flow  to  ventilation
...
 
 
Discuss  the  factors  that  influence  the  rate  of  diffusion  across  the  blood-­‐gas  interface  in  the  lung
...
 Diffusion  occurs  in  the  lungs,  &  particles  diffuse  from  the  
alveoli  into  the  blood  in  the  surrounding  capillary  network  or  vice  versa
...
 Alveoli  walls  are  
only  1  cell  thick  &  capillaries  are  only  1  cell  thick  as  well  –  this  means  that  there  is  only  a  2  cell  thick  blood-­‐
gas  barrier  &  so  the  diffusion  rate  is  quicker
...
 Fick’s  law  states  that  the  rate  of  gas  transfer  is  
proportional  to  the  tissue  area,  diffusion  coefficient,  the  difference  in  partial  pressure  on  the  two  sides  of  
the  tissue,  &  is  inversely  proportional  to  the  thickness
...
 The  primary  function  of  
the  pulmonary  system  is  the  exchange  of  gases  &  removal  of  waste  products
...
 This  is  where  Hydrogen  ions  are  removed  from  the  
blood  by  the  bicarbonate  reaction
...
   
 
 

Respiration  During  Exercise  
Graph  the  relationship  between  haemoglobin-­‐O2  saturation  &  the  partial  pressure  of  O2  in  the  blood
...
   
 
At  the  tissues,  there  is  a  low  partial  pressure  of  oxygen  &  so  oxygen  is  released  by  haemoglobin  &  diffuses  
into  the  tissues
...
   
The  haemoglobin-­‐O2  curve  is  sigmoidal  in  shape  &  is  affected  by  pH,  temperature,  &  2-­‐3  DPG
...
 Meaning  that  Oxygen  offloading  at  tissues  is  favoured  
more,  due  to  the  Hb-­‐O2  affinity  being  low
...
   
•   When  there’s  an  increase  in  Carbon  dioxide,  haemoglobin  becomes  less  saturated  with  oxygen  due  
to  haemoglobin  having  a  higher  affinity  to  CO2  to  form  carbaminohaemoglobin
...
   
 
 
Discuss  the  modes  of  transportation  for  CO2  in  the  blood
...
 It  can  either  dissolve  into  
the  plasma,  bind  to  haemoglobin  to  form  carbaminohaemoglobin  or  it  can  be  converted  into  bicarbonate
...
   
 
 
 
CO2  +  H2O  à  H2CO3  à  H+  +  HCO3-­‐  
At  the  tissue,  Hydrogen  ions  bind  to  haemoglobin
...
 Whilst  at  the  
lungs,  Oxygen  binds  to  haemoglobin  &  the  reaction  reverses  to  release  CO2
Title: Respiration during Exercise
Description: This outlines respiration, & how it relates with exercise. It includes the purpose, structure, diffusion, breathing mechanics, respiration muscles, ventilation-perfusion relationships & much more! It also includes example questions & answers.