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Title: Respiration during Exercise
Description: This outlines respiration, & how it relates with exercise. It includes the purpose, structure, diffusion, breathing mechanics, respiration muscles, ventilation-perfusion relationships & much more! It also includes example questions & answers.
Description: This outlines respiration, & how it relates with exercise. It includes the purpose, structure, diffusion, breathing mechanics, respiration muscles, ventilation-perfusion relationships & much more! It also includes example questions & answers.
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Respiration During Exercise
CELLULAR respiration = refers to O2 utilisation & CO2 production by the tissues
PULMONARY respiration = refers to ventilation & the exchange of gases in the lungs
Function of the Lung
Lungs provide an interface for gas exchange,
-‐ Replace O2
ventilation, & diffusion
...
Exchange of O2 & CO2 between Blood & Lungs is due to:
1
...
Diffusion – random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower
concentration
Diffusion
Fick’s Law: the rate of gas transfer is proportional to the tissue area, the diffusion coefficient, the
difference in the partial pressure on the two sites of the tissue, & is inversely proportional
to the thickness
...
o Barometric pressure = force exerted by weight of the gas contained within the atmosphere
...
o Air is filtered, humidified, & warmed!
1
...
Pharynx – nasal + oral cavities pass air into the pharynx
b
...
The trachea connects to bronchi à bronchioles à alveoli
i
...
Respiratory Zone – region of the lung where gas exchange occurs
a
...
Some alveoli synthesis + release ‘surfactant’ which lowers the surface tension & prevents
the alveoli from collapsing
c
...
Respiration During Exercise
The pressure in the pleural cavity = less than atmospheric – prevents collapse of air sacs within the lungs;
becomes lower in inspiration – causing air to inflate the lungs
...
INSPIRATION
Diaphragm pushes downwards
Ribs lift outwards
Intrapleural pressure reduces & this causes lung
expansion
= results in a reduction in intrapulmonary pressure
below atmospheric which allows airflow into the
lungs
EXPIRATION
Diaphragm relaxes
Ribs pulled downwards & inwards
= results in an increase in intrapulmonary pressure
& so air is forced out
Muscles of Respiration
INSPIRATION
sternocleidomastoid
scalenes
external intercostals
internal intercostals
diaphragm
EXPIRATION
internal intercostals
external abdominal obliques
internal abdominal obliques
transversus abdominus
rectus abdominis
Airway Resistance
-‐ Airflow depends on the pressure difference between 2 ends of airway & the resistance of airways
* resistance = diameter of the airway
-‐ Reduced due to diseases, e
...
Chronic Obstructive Lung
P1 – P2
Disease
resistance
-‐ When the airway radius is reduced then the resistance to
flow is increased
-‐ Airway resistance d epends on the d iameter!
Ventilation-‐Perfusion Relationships
Efficient gas exchange between the blood & the lung requires proper matching of blood flow to ventilation
...
0
o This ratio implies a perfect matching on blood flow to ventilation
...
0 V/Q ratio
§ Lung base à 0
...
• V/Q = alveolar ventilation / cardiac output
o A decrease in V/Q ratio will cause CO2 to increase!
§ As ventilation isn’t keeping up with the pace, so there’s not enough O2
...
Respiration During Exercise
O2 Transport in the Blood
• O2 is transported by haemoglobin – protein, contains iron, in all red blood cells
o 4 O2 molecules per haemoglobin
o direction of reaction depends on: PO2 of blood + affinity between Hb+O2
o the amount of O2 that can be transported per blood unit depends on the concentration of
haemoglobin
§ O2 + haemoglobin = ‘loading’ à oxyhaemoglobin
§ release of O2 from haemoglobin = ‘unloading’ à deoxyhaemoglobin
Oxyhaemoglobin Dissociation Curve
(sigmoidal curve)
At lungs:
high PO2 = formation of oxyhaemoglobin
At tissues:
low PO2 = release of O2 to tissues
• Effect of pH
o decreased pH lowers Hb-‐O2 affinity
o “right” shift ß Bohr effect (H+ binds to haemoglobin)
o favours offloading of O2 to tissues
• Effect of Temperature
o increased blood temperature lowers Hb-‐O2 affinity
o “right shift” – O2 offloading
• Effect of 2-‐3 DPG
o by-‐product of red blood cell glycolysis
o “right” shift during altitude exposure
Ventilation & Acid-‐Base Balance
changes in pH due to pCO2 changes
Pulmonary ventilation removes H+ from blood by HCO3-‐ reaction:
lung
CO2 + H2O
H2CO3
H+ + HCO3-‐
muscle
• INCREASED ventilation = CO2 exhalation; reduced PCO2 & H+ concentration
• DECREAED ventilation = CO2 build-‐up; increased PCO2 & H+ concentration
O2 Transport in the Muscle
Myoglobin shuttles O2 from cell membrane to mitochondria
...
CO2 Transport in the Blood
At tissue:
H+ binds to Hb
HCO3-‐ diffuses out of RBC into plasma
Cl-‐ diffuses into RBC = chloride shift
At lung: O2 binds to Hb
reaction reverses to release CO2
Respiration During Exercise
Example Questions & Answers
Discuss the major anatomical components of the respiratory system
...
The conducting zone consists of
structures that air passes through to get to the respiratory zone
...
In the conducting zone, air is humidified, warmed
& filtered
...
Whereas the respiratory zone
is the region of the lung where gaseous exchange occurs, i
...
the alveoli
...
There’s a large number of
alveoli in the lungs so as to provide a large surface area for diffusion
...
What muscle groups are involved in ventilation during rest & during exercise?
During inspiration at rest, the diaphragm pushes downwards whilst the ribs lift outwards
...
Intrapleural pressure decreases & the lungs expand –
resulting in a reduction in intrapulmonary pressure below atmospheric pressure, which results in air
flowing into the lungs
...
In inspiration during exercise, the scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, external & internal intercostals, & the
diaphragm are all working
...
What is the functional significance of the ventilation-‐perfusion ratio? How would a high V/Q ratio affect
gas exchange in the lung?
The ventilation-‐perfusion ratio is the ratio between the amount of air getting to the alveoli (alveolar
ventilation) & the amount of blood being sent to the lungs (cardiac output)
...
0 or slightly
higher as it implies a perfect matching on blood flow to ventilation
...
Discuss the factors that influence the rate of diffusion across the blood-‐gas interface in the lung
...
Diffusion occurs in the lungs, & particles diffuse from the
alveoli into the blood in the surrounding capillary network or vice versa
...
Alveoli walls are
only 1 cell thick & capillaries are only 1 cell thick as well – this means that there is only a 2 cell thick blood-‐
gas barrier & so the diffusion rate is quicker
...
Fick’s law states that the rate of gas transfer is
proportional to the tissue area, diffusion coefficient, the difference in partial pressure on the two sides of
the tissue, & is inversely proportional to the thickness
...
The primary function of
the pulmonary system is the exchange of gases & removal of waste products
...
This is where Hydrogen ions are removed from the
blood by the bicarbonate reaction
...
Respiration During Exercise
Graph the relationship between haemoglobin-‐O2 saturation & the partial pressure of O2 in the blood
...
At the tissues, there is a low partial pressure of oxygen & so oxygen is released by haemoglobin & diffuses
into the tissues
...
The haemoglobin-‐O2 curve is sigmoidal in shape & is affected by pH, temperature, & 2-‐3 DPG
...
Meaning that Oxygen offloading at tissues is favoured
more, due to the Hb-‐O2 affinity being low
...
• When there’s an increase in Carbon dioxide, haemoglobin becomes less saturated with oxygen due
to haemoglobin having a higher affinity to CO2 to form carbaminohaemoglobin
...
Discuss the modes of transportation for CO2 in the blood
...
It can either dissolve into
the plasma, bind to haemoglobin to form carbaminohaemoglobin or it can be converted into bicarbonate
...
CO2 + H2O à H2CO3 à H+ + HCO3-‐
At the tissue, Hydrogen ions bind to haemoglobin
...
Whilst at the
lungs, Oxygen binds to haemoglobin & the reaction reverses to release CO2
Title: Respiration during Exercise
Description: This outlines respiration, & how it relates with exercise. It includes the purpose, structure, diffusion, breathing mechanics, respiration muscles, ventilation-perfusion relationships & much more! It also includes example questions & answers.
Description: This outlines respiration, & how it relates with exercise. It includes the purpose, structure, diffusion, breathing mechanics, respiration muscles, ventilation-perfusion relationships & much more! It also includes example questions & answers.