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Philosophy Homework
Direct realism- Is seeing something and sure that you see it
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It is seeing something directly without question
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Epistemology- The explanation of how we think and gain knowledge
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Criticism 1- Talks about the perceptual variation
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The colours might be different depending on personal perspective
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“The colour is merely an effect made upon us by physical things,
and not something in the objects themselves
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Russell makes the same point Berkeley made but discusses the appearance of his
table- when light hits the surface of the table, the colour of the table alters depending on the point of view
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”
Locke talks about perception in heat
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Then the hot hand feels
cold and the cold hand feels hot
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heat
and cold, therefore, they are not real properties of objects but appearances
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” - The immediate objects of perception
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They are thought to be certain,
that it is what it is
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Perceiving an object to
be one thing, yet, in reality it is another
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What we immediately perceive is
therefore not in this world, it cease to exist because it not the same as what is really
there
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Criticism 3- Hallucinations- Perceiving something when in reality there is nothing
there at all
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Criticism 4- Time Lag Argument- The argument about not immediately perceiving
what is around us because there is a certain amount of time for the object to reach
our eye
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So it appears that we are not directly perceiving what
is around us
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Something must have happened before we are able to
perceive what we perceive today
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” What we are immediately aware of is not the external world itself, but an appearance of the world within our minds, we perceive the world indirectly
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- the colour might seem different from artificial light, or to a colour blind man
- this colour is not something which is inherent in the table, but something depending upon the table and the spectator and the way the light falls on the table
- When we speak of colour, we mean the sort of colour which it will seem to have a
normal spectator from an ordinary point of view under usual conditions of light
- to avoid arguments or favouritism, we are compelled that, in itself, the table has
any one particular colour

Locke on primary and secondary qualities
Indirect realism- is the presence of mediation
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Indirect realism is broadly equivalent to the accepted view of perception in natural
science that states that we do not and cannot perceive the external world as it really is but know only our ideas and interpretations of the way the world is
-primary qualities- are independent of our minds and do not vary- size and shape
-Secondary qualities- are mind dependent and they vary from senses to sensestaste, colours
Decartes argues that the sensation of heat also can not accurately resemble any
real properties of fire- rather, there is something in the fire which causes us to feel
heat
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keyword- arbitrary
the immediate objects of perception are mind dependent sense data which represent for us the mind independent reality- only some aspects of the representation is
accurate
Leibniz- there must be a resemblance between our sensations and what causes
them, even though we may not be able to recognise it
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What we perceive and the relative distances between the objects will vary between
different individuals private space
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Russell also talks about private and public time
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Can appear to move more quickly when we are
enjoying ourselves, or slower when we are bored
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”
Indirect realism - belief of having a ‘two-world
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Humans perceptual system causes us to perceive ‘world number two’- the colourful,
smelly, tasty world of our everyday experiences
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Our perception of primary qualities provides us with a pretty accurate picture of reality
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If what i directly
perceive is a representation of reality in my mind, then I can never directly perceive
the external world
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- Without independent access to
reality, we can’t place our sensations and the physical objects side by side in order
to make a comparison
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We can’t
observe both our sense data and the world
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Hume makes a point about being unable to have experience of the relationship between those sense data and reality
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Basically saying, stop building bridges you can’t cross
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Platos cave and the movie, the Croods, explain how they were stuck in one world
and when they got out of their comfort zone and saw the other side of where they
were, they were surprised and amazed at what they saw
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They wanted to escape where they were and
wonder what is is like beyond the world of their prison
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So it appears we cannot know whether the world we perceive is an accurate representation of the world as it really is
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Our senses have evolved precisely to give us an accurate representation of the
world as it is, so the correspondence between the two worlds must be sound
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Philosophy
“Religious experiences prove that God exists”

Simply having someone say they had a religious experience is not evidence
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We're left having to make the decision regarding which is more likely; the
person had a legitimate religious experience or that the person is crazy, lying, under the influence, or had some sort of neurological episode? which is the simplest
explanation?

In the bible, it says Moses was spoken to by God and we tend to believe this is
true because Moses is a descendant from Isaac
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Saul who was Jewish was on his way to persecute Jesus, then a
very bright light shone on him and he fell of a horse and Jesus spoke to him but
his fellow companions who accompanied him on the journey saw the light but
didn't hear anyone talking to Saul
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Another evidence is Mary (the mother of Jesus) who conceived without any sexual
intercourse
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This story has been
told over and over again and people tend to believe it
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This doesn't prove that God exists because his companions didn't hear nor see anything
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If God exists, why doesn't he reveal himself to atheists who don’t believe in him?
just the way he did to Saul
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It is possible for Saul to have been hallucinating, besides he fell off his horse when
the light shone on him
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There
are many possibilities for the untrue
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Why didn't Mary die when she
saw Angel Gabriel?

Some religious experiences could've happened by chance of by mistake because
it could've been that it was meant to happen, e
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- someone about to die - and
saying God saved them
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In my opinion I believe this topic is equal because God believes in equality anyway
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For all we know, the bible, the
Quran, Testaments and all other religious books can be untrue
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In the fist account in genesis 1:1 it says “In the beginning God created the heavens
and the earth”
After God created the earth, the sky, the seas and the plants, God made birds and
fishes on the fifth day and animals and humans on the sixth day
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Most people believe that God created it all and brought the the
universe into being from nothing before
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Some christians think some of these accounts are more of parables than the literal
truth
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They believe that
he created the moon and the stars and that he is our creator and he is our sustainer
and he is the one who has power over us
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“You may eat the fruit of any tree in the garden, except the tree that gives knowledge of what is good and what is bad
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” This is what God said to Adam and Eve
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The Lord God put the man into a deep
sleep, and while he slept he took one of the man's ribs and formed a woman out of
it
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Original sin is the sin made by adam and eve
2
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Natural evil is evil made by natural disasters like earthquakes and tsunamis
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Christians use the 10 commandments to make moral decisions
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Some christians read the bible to follow the steps
and the word of the Lord to make moral decisions
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Some christians go to the priest or a holy person to get a guidance to doing the right things and the consequences it would have if they take the
wrong path
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Some christians might even use the golden rule to help them make the right decisions on whether to do something or to the other thing
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No, humans are not to be held responsible for the evil and suffering in the world
because we humans learned from the best “Adam and Eve” for making the original
sin
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This teaches us that doing bad comes with
great consequences that can last for eternity
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If his
conscience told him to do the right thing at that time, we would have hatred nor suffering in this world
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Also if God is omnibenevolent, he would have forgiven Adam and Eve and prevented the evil and suffering into the world
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Natural evil is not caused by humans so its not human
faults that tsunamis and earthquakes happen but its Satans
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Also we don't listen to the good our conscience is telling us because
Satan always seems to lure us into the bad side just like he lured Adam and eve
into eating the apple that they were told not to eat
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This also shows
that doing bad comes with a great price
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We humans are to be held responsible also because what we
think is good is bad and whats is bad is evil and when we know things are bad,
some people find it magnificent to make it worse and have the absence of good in
them
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Christians believe that we have the good side in us to make the right decisions because it was said in the bible that “God made everything good
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Muslims believe that God is all good and that he said “i will bring you back from
your very bones to your toes and no i never will leave you alone” Allah promises to

bring us back if we do good and believe in him and not follow into the footsteps of
“shaitan(satan)”
I think that God and Satan are responsible for both the evil and the good in the
world because they seem to go together very well and it makes us hold onto hope
like Job when he lost everything and jesus when he was going on a pilgrimage
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They mustn’t work together because there is proof in the bible of how the
world came to life and how it began like the story of Adam and Eve or the
pilgrimage Jesus took
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But the bible explains it all like
the fallen angel and like the story of Job
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If religion and science worked together,
then there’ll be less conflicts between the religious people and atheists
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Christian teaches us that God made the world in 6 days and the 7th
he rested
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Atheists believe that religion doesn't exist because there is no God
but science exists because there are humans to prove it like Charles Darwin and other Greek Gods who can say religion and science shouldn't
work together because religion is just a myth as well as Adam and Eve
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C) Some Christians believe that God chooses to intervene in the world because he is omniscient
and omnipotent so he has the power to chose to intervene
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He choses to intervene in the world because he is all loving and wouldn't want us to get hurt
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God makes it good and okay because in the Bible it says “God made everything good” that is
why we think God is good all the time
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” Some Christians believe that God is all powerful to have made the world in 6
days and on the 7th he rested, this shows that only a powerful person can create something without rest and something so good and pure and alive
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E) Belief in God is not reasonable because there is no evidence to the existence of God as we
haven't seen him or her
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” So since we cant see
God then we tend to assume that there is no God
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Belief in God is reasonable because in the Bible , it clearly states that “ God made everything
good” not only does this proof that God exists but that he made the world
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Belief in God is reasonable because in the
Bible it says “If you deny me in front of your friends then I will deny you in front of my followers,”
this shows that we have to believe in God in order to get into the gates of heaven
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Sone Christians like literalists would say its definitely reasonable to believe in God because if we
dont, then what are we going to believe in
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They
would say its reasonable to believe that theres a God because God said not to deny him or he’ll
deny you
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They would say ‘Allah” is all
they have in their hearts
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I think the belief in God is reasonable, due to the fact that I am muslim and I have been brought up
in the Islamic background to believe that God exists and all the prayers and worshipping and meditation is all worth it for our God Allah
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C) Christians might use the Bible to make moral choices by following into the footsteps of Jesus Christ
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They follow their conscience and the word of the Lord
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D) The devil might be linked to human suffering because it is believed that the devil
is bad and obviously doesn't want the best for human kind unless they convert to
be like him
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The
devil might be l,inked to human suffering because in the Garden of Eden, the
devil was portrayed as a serpent who lured Eve to the tree they were warned not
to eat from
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The fall brought
down pain, suffering and sadness into the earth
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E)Yes good things always come after suffering because when Job was suffering
and lost his land and he children, after he questioned God and God replied, he kept
his faith and what he got in return was everything he had lost
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After the devil has ruined things and made your life a living mess,
God then intervenes and makes everything better
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Also the woman who was said to bleed forever, who was obviously suffering because in those days, she was seen as unclean and wasn't able to touch a
man but when she touched jesus, she was helped and was happy
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The story
of the samaritan also supports the idea of good things happening after suffering
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These examples show that after suffering, good things come to pass
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Also some would say there is no such thing as suffering because it could just be that it was meant to be or was meant to be a bad
day
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Some people who suffer from cancer, die with
cancer and nothing good comes out of it, just a dead relative
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This shows
that good things dont happen after suffering because some people just suffer for
the rest of their lives
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It says that God watches us and he is omnipresent
and omniscient and transcendent
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Muslims would say that good things always come out of suffering because Allah
said “When it gets worse and you need me, call me, praise me and tell me”
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Symbolism in Worship



What is a symbol?- A symbol is a display about anything, like a logo
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mark or character used as
a conventional representation of an object, function, or process
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A symbol can instantly communicate an idea or belief
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g
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Symbols are a
powerful way of communication and used throughout worship in all religions
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The first letters in the Greek alphabet, meaning
that Jesus is the beginning and the end of all
things

A dove
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Initial letters from the Greek phrase meaning ‘Jesus Christ, Son of God, Saviour’ make up the
Greek word for fish (‘icthus)

Chi-rho
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The most common Christian symbol
Candles
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The crucifix

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