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Repaso de Biología Parte I (Examen II)
Chareline Gutiérrez Marrero 801-14-2976
19/03/2017
I
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Through the activity of enzymes, a cell
systematically degrades complex organic molecules that are rich in
potential energy to simpler waste products that have less energy
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 Aerobic Respiration: Oxygen is consumed as a reactant
along with the organic fuel
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Compounds that can participate in exergonic reactions can act as
fuel
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Stages of Cellular Respiration

1
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 Glycolysis: Occurs in the cytosol, begins the degradation process by breaking
glucose into two smaller compounds called pyruvate
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Then enters to this cycle which the
breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide is completed
2
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 Electron Transport and chemiosmosis: Accept electrons from the
breakdown products of the first two stages and passes these electrons from
one molecule to another, at the end the electrons are combined with
molecular oxygen and hydrogen ions, forming water
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(Oxidative Phosphorylation)
B
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Glycolysis: Energy Investment Phase
1
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The charge on the phosphate also traps the sugar on the cell
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Glucose 6 Phosphate: Glucose 6-phosphate is converted to fructose 6 phosphate
by phosphogluco-isomerase

3
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4
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G3P, DHAP: Conversion between DHAP and G3P
D
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Thus, the coefficient 2 precedes all molecules in this phase
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1,3 Bisphosphate-glycerate: Two sequential reactions: (1) The sugar is oxidized
by the transfer of electron to NAD+ to NADH
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Triose phosphate dehydrogenase do this process
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3 Phosphate glycate: The phosphate group is transferred to ADP in an exergonic
reaction
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Phosphoglycerokinase do this process
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2 Phosphoglycerate: Phosphoglyceromutase relocates the remaining phosphate
group
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Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)Enolase causes a double bond to form in the
substrate by extracting a water molecule, yielding phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) a
compound with a very high potential energy
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Pyruvate: The phosphate group is transferred from PEP to ADP (SLP)

E
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Pyruvate carboxyl group is carboxyl remove as a CO2
2
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Extracted electron are transformed to NAD+ to NADH
4
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F
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Pyruvate is broken down
into two CO2 molecules, including the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coA
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Most of the chemical energy is

transferred to NAD+ and FAD during the redox reactions
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1
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2
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3
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Then the resulting compound loses a
Co2 molecule
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Another Co2 is lost and the resulting compound is oxidized reducing NAD to NADH
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5
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6
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Addition of water molecule rearrangement bonds in the substrate

8
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2E

G
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Ubiquinone: the only member of the chain that it is not a protein
Cytochromes: Proteins that are electron carriers
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Works as an ion pump in reverse
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Chemiosmosis: The power comes from difference in the concentrations of H+
on opposite sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane
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H
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Fermentation: Extension of glycolysis allows continuous generation of ATP
 Alcohol Fermentation: Pyruvate is converted to ethanol
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(2)
Acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH to ethanol

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