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GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
chapter 1: Introduction and routes of drug administration

Pharmacology : Pharmacology is the science of drugs (Greek: Pharmacon—drug; logos—discourse
in)
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This includes
physiological and biochemical effects of drugs and their mechanism of action

Pharmacokinetics (Greek: Kinesis—movement)—What the body does to the drug
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”

Pharmacotherapeutics: It is the application of pharmacological information together with knowledge
of the disease for its prevention, mitigation or cure
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g
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This is cumbersome and not suitable for use in prescribing
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g
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Similarly, there is the British Approved
name (BAN) of a drug
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(c) Proprietary (Brand) name: It is the name assigned by the manufacturer(s) and is his property or
trade mark
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g
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ESSENTIAL MEDICINES (DRUGS) CONCEPT : The WHO has defined Essential Medicines (drugs) as
“those that satisfy the priority healthcare needs of the population"
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ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION :
Routes can be broadly divided into those for (a) Local action and (b) Systemic action
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Thus, high concentrations are
attained at the desired site without exposing the rest of the body
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Topical : This refers to external application of the drug to the surface for localized
action
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2
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g
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3
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SYSTEMIC ROUTES: The drug administered through systemic routes is intended to be absorbed into
the blood stream and distributed all over, including the site of action, through circulation
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Oral
Oral ingestion is the oldest and commonest mode of drug administration
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2
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l
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Only lipid soluble and non-irritating drugs can be so administered
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Rectal
Certain irritant and unpleasant drugs can be put into rectum as suppositories or retention enema for
systemic effect
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Cutaneous
Highly lipid soluble drugs can be applied over the skin for slow and prolonged absorption
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5
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g
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Absorption takes place from the vast surface of alveoli—action is very rapid
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Nasal
The mucous membrane of the nose can readily absorb many drugs; digestive juices and liver are
bypassed
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7
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(i) Subcutaneous (s
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) :The drug is deposited in the loose subcutaneous tissue which is richly
supplied by nerves (irritant drugs cannot be injected) but is less vascular (absorption is slower than
intramuscular)
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m
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Muscle is less richly supplied with sensory nerves (mild irritants
can be injected) and is more vascular (absorption of drugs in aqueous solution is faster)
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v
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The drug reaches directly into the blood stream and effects are
produced immediately (great value in emergency)
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g
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