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Unit 1– Anatomy and Physiology
The skeletal system

The skeletal system
• The skeleton is made up of 206 bones, which provide a framework
that supports your muscles and skin and protects your internal
organs
...

• Task 1: Try to match up
as many bones of the
body correctly with their
latin names! 5 minutes
...


• Irregular Bones

• Short Bones

• Flat
Bones

• Sesamoid Bones

• Long
Bones

• The Human Skeleton can be
divided up into to two parts, the
axial Skeleton which is the central
core of the body and the
appendicular skeleton which forms
the extremities of the arms and
legs
...
The first it to support
and protect the organs in the
dorsal and ventral cavities
...

• The appendicular (126 bones)
skeleton comprises of the bones of
the upper and lower limbs
...

But, what is
the process of
bone growth?
•
•
•
•

• Ossification, is the process
that forms bones
...

The minerals calcium and
phosphate accumulate on the
cartilage causing the cells to die
...


Key words:
Osteoblasts – responsible for creating
bones by secreting collagen
...

This essentially means that exercise can
PREVENT osteoporosis
...


Key words:
Osteoclasts – They remove bone,
osteoclasts dissolve bone mineral, this
degraded bone is then removed
...

They are extremely important in
remodelling the bone during injury and
removal of excess bone cells
...
youtu
be
...

• Bone tissue is
naturally
added at the
epiphyseal
plate in
children and
teenagers to
increase the
length of the
bone
...


• Weight
bearing

• Source of red blood cell
production

• Leverage

• Reduction
in friction

What are the
functions of skeletal
system?

• Supporting
framework
and
movement

• Protection

• Attachment for skeletal
muscle
© Pearson Education Ltd
2016
...

- Allows you to stand erect due to the
vertebral column
...

- Allows movement due to muscle
attachment and the formation of joints
between bones
...

These include precise intricate movements
of the hand (darts/badminton) to large
movements possible at the shoulder (Tennis
volley/serve)
...

Cranium protects brain
Vertebrae protects spinal cord
Rib cage and sternum protect the lungs
and the heart
...

Tendons attach muscles to bones which in turn provides leverage
...
The type of joint depends on the movement
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2016
...

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Functions of skeletal system
•
-

-

Source of blood cell production
The following blood cells develop in
the bone marrow:
Red blood cells (RBC’s) – important
as they carry oxygen to the
muscles
...


•
-

Weight bearing
In order to maintain an erect stature, the
bones of the pelvis and legs are strong
and thick this therefore allows the body
to take the weight of the entire skeleton
...
An
example would be a gymnast’s wrists as
©they can support the body weight
...
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•
-

Leverage
The bones provide a lever system against muscles
can pull to create various types of movement
...
This impacts
performance in a range of activities:

-

-

Basketball players benefit from being tall
A tennis player with long arms is able to exert more
force therefore improving their serve
...
youtube
...

Phosphorus; too little can cause muscle fatigue and
joint pain
...

These reservoirs are essential for bone growth and
the maintenance of bone health!!

Types of bones – what are their main functions?

• Irregular Bones

• Short Bones

• Flat
Bones

• Sesamoid Bones

• Long
Bones

Types of bones
...
For instance, think of the bones of the appendicular skeleton,
the long bones can produce large movement such as throwing and
kicking because the bones act as levers
...


As a result, different types of bones have different functions within the
skeletal system
...

Function:
- Source of RBC production, which are essential for
oxygen delivery
...

- They act as levers to generate more force or an object
...

Increase stability and reduce unwanted
movement
...

They absorb the shock from exercise, running is
an example
...

Resist friction allowing movement
to be more fluid and no slowed
down
...


-

Muscle attachment and protection
Increase stability and reduce unwanted
movement
...

Absorb shock, such as running
...


Sesamoid bones allows ease of
movement at the knee
therefore ensuring fluent
movement
...


Flat bone (pelvis) provides large
areas of muscle attachment so
the hip can be extended to
prepare to kick the ball
...


Think, Pair, Share
In pairs/threes, create 3 mind maps…
• Classification of joints
• Types of synovial joints
• Types of movement
Extension: identify the different joints in the
lower and upper skeleton!

Types of Joints
...
We classify joints according to the
amount of movement they allow
...

Fibrous
(Immovable)
- These are fixed and
allow NO
movement
...

- Joints are held
together by bands
of tough, fibrous
tissue
...


-

-

-

Cartilaginous
(slightly moveable)
These joints are slightly
moveable, such as
between the lumbar
and vertebrae
...

The bones are separated
by pads of white
fibrocartilage, this
allows the slight
movements because the
cartilage compress
...

- The shape of the
bones at the joint
determines the
range of movement
...


Types of Synovial Joint

• Research task
...
5, which is a
synovial joint
...


Types of Synovial Joint

Key terms:
Concave: where the bone curves or is
hollowed inwards
...


Time to see assess your knowledge
of the skeleton…
• The following are joints within the body:
(Hip, elbow, coccygeal vertebrae, shoulder, knee,
ankle, wrist, cervical and thoracic vertebrae, lumbar,
sacrum)
...


Responses to exercise
...

- Stimulates increase of mineral uptake within the bones
- Stimulates production of collagen due to the increased
stress on bones as a result of exercise
...

- Increased range of motion due to: reduction in the
viscosity (thickness) of the synovial fluid
...

- Increased production of synovial fluid which ensures
the articular cartilage doesn’t dry out
...

- Increased ligament strength which reduces risk of
dislocation at a joint
...

- These adaptations basically reduce risk of injury
making it possible to continue to train harder!
Obviously if there is rest to allow skeletal system to
recuperate
...
They are long lasting,
provided an athlete doesn’t
stop training
...

•

•

Exercise should be part of a healthy lifestyle, and
you need to understand the potential positive
impact of exercise limiting skeletal diseases
...


Types of Skeletal diseases
...
This
swollen
...

fluid
therefore reduces the
membrane
There are twowhich not only improves joint lubrication and of the joint
amount of cartilage tissue
becomes inflamed, due
commonreduces the friction between bones but it also
types
and results in the the
to
Osteoarthiritis; this
provides important minerals tobones cartilage
...
Making
fluid
...
as stretchingpainful improves the range of
the joint capsule
- Exercise such
also
therefore hindering
becomes stretched
Rheumatoid
sporting performance
...

increases
develops between flexibility
...

- This type can worsen,
Women are more
potentially resulting in
susceptible than
deformity at the joint
men to this
which makes activity
condition
...


Osteoporosis and Age
•

•

•

•

Osteoporosis is a reduction in bone
density
...

The reduction in bone mass makes the
bones more brittle, with increased risk of
fracturing a bone from even a minor
bump or fall
...

Physical activity increases the uptake of
minerals resulting in increased bone
mineral density
...


Key terms:
Vitamin D – is used to regulate the
amount of calcium in the body and is
produced from sunlight on the skin
...


Age: Yes strength training is
appropriate but young children
shouldn’t engage in weight lifting as
it can negatively affect bone growth

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