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BIOLOGY NOTES
Branches of Biology ;
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)

Botany: study of plants , biology related to plants
...
(zoologist)
Embryology: is concerned with zygote to birth
...

Ecology: study of relationship between environment and living things
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Entomology: study of insects
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Mycology: study of fungi
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Bacteriology: study of bacterias
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Histology: the study of tissue
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Physiology: is concerned with the systems and their relationship between each
other
...

Animals:

Plants:

• Water dwellers
• Land dwellers
• Air dwellers

• Trees
• Shrulas
• Herbs

Aristotle

2) Versailles: He is the father of anatomy
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3) Harvey: He discovered blood vessels
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5) Leeuwenhoek: He invented microscope
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7) Linnaeus: He is the father of taxonomy
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Developed the principles of heredity
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He has a book called Origin of Species
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11) Robert Koch: He developed pure-culture techniques for micro-organisms
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12) James Watson and Francis Crick: They described the molecular structure of the
genetic material DNA
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STEPS OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

Definition of the problem
Collecting information
Forming a hypothesis
Experimentation
Evaluation
Drawing a Conclusion
Publishing

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TYPES OF VARIABLES

Variable: A part of investigation that can be changed
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Independent Variable;

• the variable that can be changed during the experiment
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• the variable that may cause a change in the dependent variable
B
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• the variable that is measured by scientists
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C
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• variable that is controlled by the scientists
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What is difference between technology and science?
Technology is the application of science
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Describe how to ANALYSE DATA

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•
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Reduce the data with the best measure of central tendency
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• State whether or not the hypothesis was supported ( it is never ‘right’ or ‚wrong’)
• Pose questions for further research
Define HYPOTHESIS

• A statement that can be tested by conducting on experiment
• Prior knowledge, new information , observations can be used to form a hypothesis
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Qualitative : data is information about quantities; information that can't be actually
measured
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(quantitative)
The number of hairs on your knuckle
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(qualitative)
The color of the sky
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Procaryotes:

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Don’t have nucleus
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Primitive organisms
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Eukaryotes:

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Have nucleus
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Unicellular or multicellular
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The Compounds Of Living Organisms
Inorganic Compounds;

Organic Compounds;

C,H,O
X

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Water
Minerals
Acids
Base
Buffer Solution

C,H,O

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Proteins
Carbonhydrates
Lipids
ATP
Vitamins
Enzymes

PROPERTIES OF WATER

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Water is a good solvent
All biochemical reactions take place in aqueous media
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ACIDS:
• Any substance that produces (H) ions when dissolved in water is an acid
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BASES:

• Any substances that produces hydroxide ion (OH) when dissolved in water is a base
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Carbonhyrates

• Carbonhyrates are organic compounds that has C (Carbon), H (Hydrogen) , O (Oxygen) atoms
in their structure
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Organisms are using carbonhyrates as primary energy source
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A
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Disaccharides
C
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A
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They are very small molecules so they can pass cell
membrane
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• If they have 5 carbon , they are called as Pentose , Ribose and Deoxyribose are examples
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Where are they found in?
Ribose: sugars are found in RNA
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Glucose: sugars are found in GRAPE
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Galactose: sugars are found in MILK
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• Glucose is very important for biological activities in the body
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• Glucose combine with proteins and they make glycoprotein
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Glycolipid and glycoprotein are
found in structure of cell membrane
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Disaccharides:

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They are combination of two monosaccharides
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Releasing water during combination reaction is called dehydration reaction
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It occurs during break down reactions
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The number of bond forms is equal to the number of water molecules formed
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Lactose: is found in milk of mammals
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Formation of Disaccharides:
Maltose and Sucrose are produced in plants and Lactose is produced in animals
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Polysaccharides

• They are large molecules
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• Starch(plants produce), Glycogen ,Cellulose(plants produce), Chitin (animals produce) are
examples of polysaccharids
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Potato,rice, bread and pasta are rich in starch
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Starch produces a dark blue color with iodine
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• Glycogen is mostly found in liver and muscle cells
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Cellulose:

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Is found in cell walls of plants cells
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It cannot be digested by human beings
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Chitin:

• It ıs an important polysaccharides
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• It is used in operation stitche
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Both animals and plants can produce lipids
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Number of H atoms is more than number of O atoms
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CARBONHYDRATE > LIPID > PROTEIN ( the order to use )
LIPIDS > PROTEIN > CARBONHYDRATE ( the amount of energy )

They are insoluble in water , but will dissolve in organic solvents such as ether
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a) Fats(solid lipids): animal originated such as butter
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TYPES OF LIPIDS:

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•
•
•

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Glycolipids
Steroids

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CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF LIPIDS;

• Lipids are made from 2 kinds of building block molecules
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Glycerol

II
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1)Triglycerides (Neutral Fats)

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•
•
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These lipids are also called neutral lipids
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A lipid is formed when a molecule of glycerol and 3 molecules of fatty acids react according to
the process of dehydration
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- A phospholipid molecule has a glycerol backbone , two fatty acids tails , and a hydrophilic head
that incorporates with a phosphate group
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• They can be seen in the structure of myelin sheet of nerves
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They have isolation function in nerve cells
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Cholesterol is an important steroid

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