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Title: MOLECULES AND CELL
Description: molecules and cell notes are the notes that have been designed to help students at the level of secondary schools and university. they are well summarized and they enable students to get full concepts about cells and their constituent molecules, diagrams and more examples have made this notes understandable and helpful. aim sure you will get what you expect in your studies. all the best.
Description: molecules and cell notes are the notes that have been designed to help students at the level of secondary schools and university. they are well summarized and they enable students to get full concepts about cells and their constituent molecules, diagrams and more examples have made this notes understandable and helpful. aim sure you will get what you expect in your studies. all the best.
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What is a molecule?
A molecule is the smallest particle in a chemical element or compound that has the chemical
properties of that element or compound
...
These bonds form as a result of the sharing or exchange of electrons among
atoms
...
Examples of such elements are oxygen and chlorine, water etc
...
water molecule
A cell
The term cell comes from Latin cella, meaning "small room"
...
A cell is the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently, and cells are often
called the "building blocks of life"
...
Cells consist of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane, which contains many biomolecules such
as proteins and nucleic acids
...
While the number of
cells in plants and animals varies from species to species, humans contain more than 10 trillion
(1012) cells
...
The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665, who named the biological unit for its
resemblance to cells inhabited by Christian monks in a monastery
...
Cells emerged on Earth at least 3
...
1%)
•
Carbohydrates (1%)
•
Other organic material (0
...
05-1% of the total mass
•
The most prevalent cations in the cell are K+ & Mg2+ (Na + & Ca2+ are present in low
conc
...
g
...
ii
...
Interstitial fluid (ISF) is fluid outside the vascular system
Blood plasma Intracellular fluid (ICF) is the one that is found within the cells
Trans cellular fluid (TCF) is not strictly ECF since it is confined in ‘special’ parts of the
body – includes CSF, aqueous humor, synovial fluid, fluid in GIT contents
TCF constitute a very small proportion of body fluids
Transport in and out of cell
Transport across the cell membrane can be passive or active
•
Passive transport is determined by concentration gradients and electrical forces
•
Active transport requires additional energy (ATP) that makes it possible to transport a
substance against gradient
4
Passive transport
•
There are 3 mechanisms for passive transport:
1
...
Diffusion through water-filled protein channels (ion channels)
3
...
Primary active transport whereby ATP is the source of energy (transport protein
hydrolyzes ATP and utilize part of the released energy for transport)
2
...
The transport protein utilizes part of the released energy for transport
Title: MOLECULES AND CELL
Description: molecules and cell notes are the notes that have been designed to help students at the level of secondary schools and university. they are well summarized and they enable students to get full concepts about cells and their constituent molecules, diagrams and more examples have made this notes understandable and helpful. aim sure you will get what you expect in your studies. all the best.
Description: molecules and cell notes are the notes that have been designed to help students at the level of secondary schools and university. they are well summarized and they enable students to get full concepts about cells and their constituent molecules, diagrams and more examples have made this notes understandable and helpful. aim sure you will get what you expect in your studies. all the best.