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Ch 7: The Nervous System Objectives
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​Define the following:
o​ ​Afferent fibers: sensory nerve fibers that conduct signals towards the CNS
o​ ​Efferent fibers: sensory nerve fibers that conduct signals away from the CNS
o​ ​Irritability: the ability of dendrites and the neuron cell body to respond to a stimulus and
convert it to an electrical impulse
o​ ​Conductivity: the transmission of the impulse along the axon
o​ ​Depolarization: loss of the difference in charge between the outside and inside of the
neuron (Na+ and K+)
o​ ​Repolarization: the movement of ions across the neural membrane to re-establish the
difference in charge (Na/K pumps)
o​ ​Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs): graded depolarizations that occur after the
release of excitatory neurotransmitters that bind to the receptors on the neural membrane
o​ ​Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs): hyperpolarization of the membrane that is
caused by inhibitory transmitters and is pushed farther from the threshold, thus resisting
depolarization
o​ ​Temporal summation: summoning several ESPSs from one neuron in a short time period
to create an action potential
o​ ​Spatial summation: summoning ESPSs from multiple different axons to create an action
potential
o​ ​Proprioceptors: receptors that provide the CNS with information about body position
o​ ​Motor unit: a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it has control over
​What is the nervous system’s general function?
● To perceive and respond to events in both the internal and external environments
​Name the 2 anatomical divisions and their general functions
● Central Nervous System (CNS): includes the brain and the spinal cord, responds to stimuli in
multiple different ways (reflex, neurotransmitter release)
● Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): all other nerves outside the CNS, divided in categories
o​ ​Know the subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system
● Afferent division: conducts information towards the CNS, deals with sensory
information
● Efferent division: conducts impulses away from the CNS
○ Somatic motor: voluntary movement
○ Autonomic motor: involuntary movement
■ Sympathetic system: used when body is under stress, “fight or
flight”
■ Parasympathetic system: “rest and digest”
​Be able to explain the basic relationship between the CNS and PNS and how they work together
● The PNS picks up signals to bring to the CNS, and reacts to the stimulus after the CNS
decides what to do
​Name the 3 regions of a neuron and their functions

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Cell Body: has many of the regular cell structures (nucleus, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, etc
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This is when the action potential happens
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The sodium-potassium pumps then move the ions to
their original states, with Na+ outside and K+ inside
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​What is synaptic transmission?
o​ ​Describe temporal and spatial summation
● In temporal summation, multiple impulses are given by one motor neuron to
stimulate the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
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Spatial summation is similar to temporal summation, but the impulses are
directed from multiple different nerve fibers instead of multiple impulses from
one fiber
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The spindles detect if a stretch happens in the muscle, and contract to resist it using
alpha motor neurons
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When tension is applied to a tendon, the sensory neurons detect it and relay it to the spinal cord,
which travels to the alpha motor neurons that relieve the tension
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​Be able to provide examples of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation on selected effector organs
● Sympathetic
○ Tends to excite organs
○ Releases norepinephrine
● Parasympathetic
○ Tends to inhibit organs
○ Releases acetylcholine
​Describe the ways in which exercise can enhance brain health and prevent neurodegenerative diseases
● Can increase cognition, neurogenesis, and vascular function

Ch 8: Skeletal Muscle Objectives
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​Define the following:
o​ ​Flexors: muscles that decrease joint angle
o​ ​Extensors: muscles that increase joint angle
o​ ​Epimysium: the outermost level of connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle
o​ ​Perimysium: connective tissue that surrounds the individual fascicles
o​ ​Endomysium: connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber
o​ ​Fascicle: bundles of muscle fibers
o​ ​Sarcolemma: cell membrane surrounding the muscle fiber cell
o​ ​Satellite cell: undifferentiated cells that play a role in growth and repair
o​ ​Sarcomeres: parts of myofibrils, individual segments
o​ ​Fatigue:
o​ ​Isometric action
o​ ​Dynamic action
o​ ​Concentric action
o​ ​Eccentric action
o​ ​Muscle twitch
o​ ​Summation
o​ ​Tetanus
​List the 3 functions of skeletal muscle tissue
● Force generation for locomotion and breathing
● Force generation for postural support
● Heat production during periods of cold stress
​Know the basis of how muscles produce movement:
o​ ​Define origin: the muscle end attached to the bone that does not move
o​ ​Define insertion: the muscle end attached to the bone that moves
o​ ​How do those relate to movement?
● The muscle contractions pull the insertion closer to the origin, and it can happen
in many ways depending on the type of joint
​Know the levels of organization within skeletal muscles
​Know the characteristics associated with skeletal muscle fibers
● Mulinucleated
● Striated appearance
● Contractile proteins
​Know the role of myofibrils and how they make skeletal muscle striped in appearance
​Be able to draw out and/or describe a sarcomere structure
o​ ​What are the following:
§​ ​Z disks: z-shaped structural proteins that mark the start and end of the sarcomere
§​ ​M line: the center of the sarcomere
§​ ​A band: dark portion of sarcomere, encompasses the myosin
§​ ​I band: light portion of sarcomere, encompasses actin only
§​ ​H zone: encompasses myosin only

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​Be able to describe a skeletal muscle fiber’s structure:
o​ ​Myofibrils: threadlike structures that contain contractile proteins (actin and myosin)
o​ ​Sarcomeres: segments of myofibrils
o​ ​Sarcoplasmic reticulum: channels that surround each myofibril and store calcium for
contraction
o​ ​Transverse tubules: membranous channels that pass through the fiber
o​ ​Terminal cisternae: two enlarged portions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
o​ ​What are the functions of the above structures?
​What structures are associated with the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)?
o​ ​What neurotransmitter is used at the NMJ?
​Be able to fully explain the process of muscular contraction:
o​ ​Cross bridge cycle
o​ ​Regulation of the cross bridge cycle
§​ ​Roles of:
·​ ​Troponin
·​ ​Tropomyosin
·​ ​Calcium
o​ ​Excitation-Contraction Coupling
§​ ​The steps involved with:
·​ ​Excitation (of the skeletal muscle fiber)
·​ ​Contraction (of the sarcomeres)
·​ ​The 4 B’s (between actin and myosin)
o​ ​What is the role of ATP during this phase?
o​ ​What happens to allow for relaxation?
​What are the causes of exercise-induced muscle fatigue?
o​ ​Central nervous system disturbances:
o​ ​Peripheral factors:
​What are the three biochemical properties of muscle?
​What are the four contractile properties of muscle?
​Be able to compare and contrast the three muscle fiber types (Type I, Type IIa, and Type IIx) for the
following characteristics:
o​ ​Oxidative capacity
o​ ​Myosin isoform
o​ ​Maximal force production
o​ ​Speed of contraction
o​ ​Maximal power output
​Be able to explain the three factors that determine muscle force:
o​ ​Number and types of motor units recruited
o​ ​Initial length of the muscle
o​ ​Nature of the neural stimulation of the motor units
​Be able to explain the relationship between force production and velocity of movement
​Be able to explain the relationship between power production and velocity of movement

Neuromuscular Training Objectives
Ch 13
·​ ​Be able to explain the three principles of exercise training:
o​ ​Overload
o​ ​Reversibility
o​ ​Specificity
·​ ​Define the following:
o​ ​Muscular strength
o​ ​Muscular endurance
o​ ​Hyperplasia
o​ ​Hypertrophy
o​ ​Atrophy
·​ ​Be able to explain the three basic principles of strength training
·​ ​Be able to explain the neural adaptations that occur during the first portion of resistance training:
o​ ​Improved motor unit recruitment
o​ ​Altered motor unit firing rate
o​ ​Removal of neural inhibition
·​ ​Be able to explain the changes in skeletal muscle size that occur during the later portion of resistance
training:
o​ ​Hyperplasia
o​ ​Hypertrophy
§​ ​Transient
§​ ​Chronic
o​ ​Fiber type changes
o​ ​Physiological changes in skeletal muscle
§​ ​Single session
§​ ​Intracellular responses
§​ ​Nuclei from satellite cells
·​ ​Be able to explain the effects of detraining on both muscle strength and muscle size
o​ ​20 weeks of resistance training
o​ ​30 weeks of detraining
o​ ​6 weeks of retraining
Ch 19
·​ ​What is muscle fatigue?
·​ ​What is “central” fatigue?
o​ ​What are some indications of “central” fatigue?
o​ ​What kinds of exercise elicit “central” fatigue?
·​ ​Explain the “central governor” theory and how it can have a protective effect on the body
·​ ​What are some ways to combat “central” fatigue?
·​ ​What is “peripheral” fatigue?

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o​ ​Explain the following factors and their relation to “peripheral” fatigue:
§​ ​Neural factors:
·​ ​Neuromuscular junction
·​ ​Sarcolemma and t-tubules
§​ ​Mechanical factors:
·​ ​Cross-bridge fatigue
§​ ​Metabolic factors:
·​ ​Accumulation of P​i
​For ultra short-term performances (< 10s):
o​ ​What are some examples?
o​ ​What are the goals of these events?
o​ ​What are some physiological limitations?
o​ ​What supplement can be used to combat these effects?
​For short-term performances (10-180s):
o​ ​What are some examples?
o​ ​What are the goals of these events?
o​ ​What are some physiological limitations?
o​ ​What supplement can be used to combat these effects?



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