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Pakistan Studies
Question Answer Formate
by
Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmed
1
Chapter # 1
IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
Q1
...
Pakistan came into being on 14th August 1947
...
Struggle for
attainment of Pakistan started very after the war of independence 1857
...
Social, political and economical conditions of the
Muslims were totally changed
...
Following were the Aims & Objectives that led to the
creation of Pakistan
...
Setting up of a Free Islamic Society:
The main objective of the creation of Pakistan was to establish a free Islamic
Society having its own identity and government, practicing its own social
principles and religion and inviting the Muslims of the world, particularly and
others generally to adopt the Islamic way of life
...
Protection from Communal Riots:
The communal Riots on every other day made it clear that the Hindus could
monopolies the politics after the departure of The British
...
The Hindu organizations had again
and again asserted that Hindu Raj would be imposed on India after the
independence
...
3
...
The Muslims were scared of the caste system and other
discriminations
...
4
...
But they did not succeed
during British period
...
The Hindu government could wipe out all signs of Muslim culture;
therefore, the Muslims had no choice except putting a demand for Pakistan
...
Protection of Two Nation Theory:
The Muslims claimed separate nationhood for themselves and they were
determined to maintain a separate entity for all times to come
...
Their claim was absolutely true
...
This was
not possible in undivided India
...
Establishment of Islamic State:
Islam is a complete code of life
...
This could not be attained in United India therefore, they passed a
resolution and demanded an Islamic state in the North East and North West of
South Asia
...
Setting up of True Islamic Society:
Islam upholds the golden principles of freedom, justice, brotherhood and
equality but living for centuries with the Hindu community, the Muslims were
gradually ignoring, consciously or unconsciously, these principles
...
It has its own principles such
as ban on usuary, gambling, to refrain from all unlawful means of income and
expenditure
...
The rights of the
neighbours are stressed which results in social security to all
...
8
...
in the sub continent because the
freedom is right of every nation and the country
...
9
...
The women are considered slaves
...
They consider themselves much superior to the
people of their own race
...
There was a concept of caste systems in the Hindus
itself
...
10
...
Political rights of the Muslims were snatched
...
There was no social status for the Muslims
...
11
...
Riots occurred here and
there
...
The daily increase in riots had given a
warning to the Muslims
...
Its cure was no other than the creation of Pakistan
in the Muslim majority provinces so that the daily occurrences of riots may
come to an end
...
12
...
Every now and then new intrigues were hatched to destroy the
Muslim‟s religious values
...
The Hindu community was planning to prevail
upon Muslims in their customs and ceremonies
...
In short, if India were not divided, this
country would have become a pure Hindu State and the next generation of
Muslims would have been Muslim only by name, but it would have been
impossible for the Muslims to follow Islam practically
...
Deliverance from Economic Exploitation:
The Hindus community was not contented with the political rule; it was
determined to worsen the condition of the minorities economically
...
Under the patronage of the English, the Hindus were made the
owners of the land
...
Only
the trade of hydes and skins remained with the Muslims
...
So after being disheartened
the Muslims had to leave the factory or trade
...
The sole aim of the Hindus was to reconvert the Muslims to Hinduism and absorb them in that religion
...
20
...
The Muslims wanted to become united again because
Pakistan Studies
Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad
4
unity is also the basic teaching of Islam
...
In short the Muslims demanded a separate state only because of their worse
conditions and to save their national integrity
...
Pakistan is the only state that came into being on the bases of strong
ideology
...
Ideology:
The social or political Programme of any movement that becomes a collective
objective of any nation is called Ideology
...
The Ideology of Pakistan
The Ideology of Pakistan was the consciousness of the Muslims in the
historical perspective of the south Asian sub-continent that they were a
separate nation on the basis of the Islamic ideology
...
Ideology of Pakistan & Different Scholars
Ideology of Pakistan is defined by the different sociologist as: -
1
...
“Ideology of Pakistan and Ideology of Islam have same meaning
...
”
2
...
Aslam Syed
Dr
...
“Ideology of Pakistan is the name of molding of individual and
collective lives according to Islam and also of saving from
conflicting ideologies
...
Allama Allaud-Din-Siddiqui
A well known scholar Allama Allaud-Din-Siddiqui defined ideology of Pakistan
as
...
On groups & on government and Islam
should be stronger than the strongest forces here”
Pakistan Studies
Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad
5
QUAID-E-Azam AND IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
Quaid-e-Azam was the liberator of the Muslim nation in Sub-Continent
...
He
himself explained this basic ideology
...
Foundation of Muslim Nation
Once Quaid-e-Azam said,
“Pakistan came into being the very day when the first Hindu
became a Muslim
...
Pakistan and the Holy Quran:
In the annual meeting of 1943 at Karachi Quaid-e-Azam said while clarifying
the relation of Pakistan and Islam:
“What is that relation which has made Muslim a single body?
What is that rock on which the structure of Muslim Nation is
restored? What is that base which has secured the safety of the
boat of this Muslim Nation? That relation, rock and base is the
Holy Quran
...
Islam is a complete code of life:
While addressing the students, in March, 1944 he said,
“Our guide is Islam and this, is the complete code of our life
...
Communism, Nationalism or any other ism”
4
...
What is the fun of saying that we are Punjabi, Sindhi or
Pathan? We are only Muslims
...
Need of division of India:
While addressing at Aligarh he clarified the ideology of Pakistan in these
words:
“What was the motive of the demand for Pakistan and a separate
electorate for Muslims? What was the cause of the division of
India? Its cause is neither the narrow mindedness of Hindus nor
the tactics of The British but is the basic demand of Islam?”
6
...
They are a perfect nation and have the
right to establish an independent state in those areas where they are in
majority
...
Pakistan, A practical laboratory for Islamic system:
Pakistan Studies
Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad
6
While addressing the students of lslamia College, Peshawar on 13 January
1948 Quaid-e-Azam said,
“We did not demand Pakistan just to own a piece of land but we infact
wanted to have a Laboratory for experimenting the true teachings of
Islam
...
Protection of Muslim culture:
Addressing the army officers, in October, 1947, Mr
...
”
9
...
It has failed to provide justice to the people
...
”
10
...
He said:
“The Muslims are a nation by every right to establish their
separate homeland
...
11
...
North West remained a
homeland of Muslims
...
12
...
”
13
...
They
have different epics, different heroes and different history
...
It would be better for the British government to partition the
sub-continent by keeping in view the interests of the two nations
...
14
...
15
...
“What is the relation which has made Muslims a single body?
What is the rock on which the structure of Muslim Nation is
standing? What is the base which has secured the safety of the
boat of this Muslim Nation? That relation, rock and base is the
Holy Quran
...
The Constitution of Pakistan
The Quaid-e-Azam while talking to an American journalist said about the
making of constitution of Pakistan
...
These principles can be implemented on our
practical life as they were 1300 years ago
...
Destination of Muslims
During the Congress rule from 1937 to 1939, the treatment to the Muslims
convinced them of their destination
...
Gandhi and the Congress
want to rule India and the Muslims
...
Gandhi to rule Muslims, we want to be
free”
18
...
He said:
“We cannot be moved or diverted from our purpose and objective
by threats or intimidations
...
Pakistan & United Nations
Pakistan Studies
Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad
8
With the will of Allah, the Muslims were able to establish Pakistan
...
Let us, on this day, humbly thank God for His bounty and pray
that we might be able to prove that we are worthy of it
...
20
...
Once he said after the creation of Pakistan
...
There is no any power in the world
who demolishes Pakistan
...
According to his ideas Islam was the only base of The
Ideology of Pakistan
...
Explain the Ideology of Pakistan in the light of sayings of
Allama Iqbal?
Ans
...
OR
Ideology means such an aim according to which human beings planned
about their future
...
No doubt Islamic
ideology is the base of ideology of Pakistan so the basic fundamentals of
Islam are also the bases of the Ideology of Pakistan
...
Syed Ali Abbas
Syed Ali Abbas former professor of history defined ideology of Pakistan as
...
Actually ideology of Pakistan is the practical shape of teachings of
Islam
...
Dr
...
Aslam Syed defined the ideology of Pakistan as
...
”
3
...
“Ideology of Pakistan is the name of implementation of Islamic
principles on persons
...
He
clearly explained the Ideology of Pakistan in his sayings and poetry
...
Separate Recognition of Muslims:
Allama lqbal made it clear that the Muslims have the separate recognition
from the Hindus on the base of religion and culture
...
Muslim nation has its own religious and cultural identity
...
Condemnation of Western Democratic Concepts:
Allama lqbal was strongly against the western concept of Democracy
...
Iqbal was of the view that all social and political
problems can be solved with the help of Islamic system
...
)
3
...
Muhammad Allama lqbal was great supporter and preacher of separate
Muslim state
...
Whether India gets
independences under the crown of England or out of it, I think
independent state of western provinces is the destiny of the
people living there
...
Commendation of Idea of Single Nation:
In March, 1909 when lqbal was asked to address a meeting held by Minvra
Raj Amritsar but he refused to address that meeting & said
...
To have the concept of single nation in India is no doubt poetic
and beautiful but impractical regarding present circumstances
...
Concept of Two Nation Theory:
Allama Iqbal explaining the two nation theory as:
“Despite living together for 1000 years, Hindus and Muslims have their
own individual ideologies so the only solution of political conflict in India
is to have a separate independent parliament for each nation
...
Eradication of Racial & Regional Prejudices:
Allama Iqbal rejected the Racial & Regional Prejudices
...
That
is why Islamic humane objects are becoming dim
...
”
7
...
Allah, Universe and state all are the basic elements of single unit
...
”
8
...
In, Europe, religion is every one’s personal matter which
divides the human oneness into two opposite parts i
...
body and soul
...
Islam is a lively power
In his Allahabad address he said:
“Islam is a lively power which frees human mind from thoughts
country and race
...
”
10
...
Even today, Ideology of Islam can save your being
from destruction by uniting your divided powers”
...
No other ideology of life than Islam
On the publication of his poem, “Khazr-e-Rah” people started to call Allama
Iqbal as communist
...
He said:
“To me capitalism, communism and other isms of this world have
no importance
...
To have a contract with any other ism is just like to be
out of Islam
...
Opposition of Nationalism
He described the reason of opposition of nationalism in the words:
“I am opposed to nationalism, not because if it is allowed to
develop in India
...
I
am opposed to it because I see in it the germs of atheistic
materialism which I look upon as the greatest danger to modern
humanity”
13
...
A bigoted Hindu leader Madan Mohan Malwiya once remarked
...
We regarded them to be
a part of a common nationalism”
14
...
He said:
“To address this session of All India Muslim League you have
selected a man who is not despaired of Islam as a living force for
freeing the outlook of man from its geographical limitations, who
believes that religion is a power of utmost importance in the life of
individual as well as states
...
Unity of Muslim World
Allama Iqbal was a great supporter of Muslims Unity
...
He also declared that there
is no any concept of discrimination on the base of colour, cast and creed in
Islam
...
ایک ہوں هسلن حرم کی پاسبانی کے لیے
نیل کے ساحل سے لے کے تا بخاک کاشغر
16
...
He wanted to established Muslim nationality on
ideological lines:
Allama lqbal categorically stated that the Hindus and the Muslims can‟t live
together in one state, and that the Muslims would succeed in making their own
separate state sooner or later
...
Declaring Islam a complete code of life Allama lqbal in the annual
Session of All India Muslim League at Allahabad in 1930, demanded a Muslim
state in the North West of the sub-continent
...
Describe the importance of the Ideology of Pakistan
...
Pakistan is the only state that came into being on the bases of strong
ideology
...
Following are the bases of its ideology
...
OR
Ideology means such an aim according to which human beings planned about
their future
...
No doubt Islamic
ideology is the base of ideology of Pakistan so the basic fundamentals of
Islam are also the bases of the Ideology of Pakistan
...
Right of Self Determination
In the decent civilizations of the world, right of self determination has got the
place of basic human right
...
2
...
Because of the
ideology of Pakistan, the Muslims of India who had become a minority due to
the western democracy became a great nation
...
Cause of Independence of Muslims
Ideology of Pakistan is the cause of independence of Muslims
...
In addition to that other nations like Sikhs, Hindus and Christians
had other benefits out of that
...
Ending of Hindu-Muslim Tension
After the creation of Pakistan, Hindu-Muslim tension which had been a part of
Daily life ended
...
They both got peaceful atmosphere which is necessary for the development of
any society
...
Symbol of Security of the Muslims
The ideology of Pakistan is very important for the Muslim of the Sub-Continent
after the start of this theory the Muslims feel better and secured in the SubContinent
...
Because of this natural unity,
they can defeat foreign conspiracies and enemies of Pakistan
...
Character Building
Ideology of Pakistan is a source of Character Building of the Muslims
...
So due to the ideology of Pakistan we are able to establish the Islamic
society in Pakistan and we create the courage, honesty, tolerance, bravery,
equality, fraternity & character building in Pakistan
...
Unity of Islamic World
Ideology of Pakistan is laid down on the Islam
...
So the unity of the Islamic world
is the key factor of the foreign policy of Pakistan and Pakistan tried his best to
create the harmony and unity of the Muslim World
...
Source of Power
Islam gave the concept of two nation theory in sub-continent and secured the
separate recognition of the Muslims in sub-continent
...
Finally they succeed
to achieve Pakistan
...
Formation of Exemplary Society
The Muslims wanted to establish the exemplary society in the sub-continent
but this dream couldn‟t be fulfill in the united India
...
According to the constitution of Pakistan, government is
responsible for the security of basic human rights
...
10
...
In 1857 The British took-over the whole sub-continent
and Muslim became their ruled
...
Under these conditions the ideology of Pakistan saved them from
such spreading
...
Protection of Muslim Civilization & Culture
Right from the reign of Jalal-ud-Din Muhammad Akbar, Hindus through their
“Bhagti Movement”, had been trying to deprive the Muslims of India from their
identity as a separate nation
...
The protection of Muslim
Culture and Civilization is only possible the ideology of Pakistan
...
Symbol of Beneficence of the Society
The progress of the Muslims of the sub-continent was hidden in the aim of
getting Pakistan which was lightened by the creation of Pakistan
...
13
...
In addition to that there they can make such a society where
courageous and morally high people dominate
...
Creation of Pakistan up to a high extent fulfilled this aim
...
Source of Economic Development of the Muslims
Ideology of Pakistan is source of economic development of the Muslims,
because after the creation of Pakistan, Muslims got the freedom from The
British, and Hindu landlords
...
Exploitation of Muslims of the sub-continent came to an end
...
15
...
16
...
In which they introduced democratic values, social system
based on Islam, justice & economic prosperity of the people which would led
to the Pakistan towards the welfare state
...
Success for the Muslims
Ideology of Pakistan is the source of success for the Muslims in the world
...
They obey the Islamic principles and follow Islam and
start to spend of their lives according to Islam and introduced Islamic ethical
system which led to the success of the Muslims both in this word and the life
after the death
...
Write a comprehensive note on Two Nation Theory?
Ans
...
OR
Ideology means such an aim according to which human beings planned
about their future
...
Though the Muslims and the Hindus both have been
living together for centuries, yet they could not merge with each other
...
According to
the holy Quran, the concept of one nation was produced before Adam
...
But
they who disbelieve and deny Our revelations, such are rightful
owners of the fire
...
”
Islam and Two Nation Theory:
Islam has different character and temperament
...
According to Islam there are only
two nations in the world; Believers and Non believers
...
Two nations theory had been formed in India when Raja Samri
of Kadanga Noor accepted Islam, because Hindus and Muslims of India
Pakistan Studies
Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad
16
belonged to the same race
...
They were the citizens of one country
...
In spite of all these common
things, religious fervor had provided them such a strong b ase for
nationalism which altogether made the Muslims and everything different
from Hindus
...
Hazrat Mujadid Alf Sani & Two Nation Theory
Hazrat Mujaddad Alf Sani explained the Two Nation Theory in 16th and 17th
century:“If Muslims want to live like a live nation then they will have to get
rid of all those paganism
...
If this consciousness of separate nationalism is not
produced among the Muslims then the fear is that they would be
swept away in the flood of one-nationhood
...
Hazrat Shah Wali Ullah & Two Nation Theory:
Shah Wali Ullah was also a great supporter of two nation theory
...
He advised the Muslim
to be united and followed the Islamic rules & regulations
...
He considered that the
Muslims are the separate nation from Hindus
...
Sir Syed Ahmed and Two Nation Theory:
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the first Indian Muslim political leader who used
the word “Nation” for the Muslims of the sub-continent in 1867
...
He talked to Mr
...
”
4
Allama Iqbal and Two Nation Theory:
Allama Iqbal awakened the Muslims of sub-continent with his poetry to
demand a separate homeland
...
Allama Iqbal considered
Islam as a complete code of life
...
The evolution of the Two Nation Theory got momentum slowly
...
But the British and the Hindus did
not agree to it
...
He said,
“The foundation of Two Nation Theory was laid on the day
when the first non-Muslim of sub-continent became
Muslim”
...
He said:
“India is neither a country nor its inhabitants are a nation
...
6
John Bright and Two Nation Theory:
On 24th June, 1858 John Bright gave the concept of a separate state for the
Muslims of the sub-continent
...
8
Molana Abdul Haleem Sharar and Two Nation Theory:
In 1890 Maulana Abdul Haleem gave the concept of the Two Nation Theory
...
10
Molana Ashraf Ali Thanvi and Two Nation Theory:
In 1928, on the basis of separate identity, Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi
talked about separate state of the Muslims
...
12
Chaudhry Rehmat Ali and Two Nation Theory:
Chaudhry Rehmat Ali in 1933 suggested the name of Pakistan on the base of
Two Nation Theory, while he was a student of the Cambridge University of
England
...
It means that the Muslim of the
sub-continent were a separate nation with their distinct culture, civilization,
literature, history, religion and social values
...
Pakistan Studies
Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad
19
Chapter # 2
HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF
THE IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
Q1
...
Ans
...
He challenged the might of Akbar, the great Mughal emperor, to
re-establish to glory of Islam which had been gravely threatened by the anti-Islamic
trends of Akbar
...
He was a prominent disciple of Khawaja Baqi
Billah, an eminent saint of the Naqshabandia spiritual order
...
Sheikh Abd-al-Ahad, a prominent Sufi and
scholar
...
He is popularly known as Mujadid-i-Afli-i-Sani (Receiver of Islam
during the second Millenium)
...
Early Education
He received education under the most prominent and learned teachers at
Sialkot and Sirhind
...
He traveled from
place to place to benefit from the renowned scholars
...
When Abu-al-Fazl and Faizi learnt of
his brilliance and extraordinary mystical insight, they tried to draw him into the Court
of Akbar
...
Sheikh
Ahmad wrote his famous book, Isbat-un-Nabuwwat (affirmation of prophet hood) in
which he gave an excellent explanation of the prophet hood
...
Akbar had
no leanings towards Islamic principles and tenets
...
He also appointed Hindu Rajputs on higher civil and military positions
...
Opposition of Din-i-Ilahi:
Pakistan Studies
Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad
20
The introduction of Din-i-Ilahi by Akbar was a grave attempt to distort Islam
...
The impact of Din-i-Ilahi greatly affected the Muslim beliefs and trends
...
2
...
Under the Hindu influence, a firm and widespread belief in Karamat (miracles of the
saints) had developed in the society which greatly misguided the innocent people
...
3
...
They even proudly
manifested their indifference towards the Sunnah or Examples of the Prophet (peace
be upon him)
...
By these trends the religious spirit excessively diminished and gave rise to the
juristic view of Islam
...
Purgation of Muslim Society:
Sheikh Ahmad undertook the job of purifying the Muslim society of un-Islamic
tendencies by sending a number of his disciples in all directions to preach the true
Islam
...
The work was vigorously pursued in India and other
neighbouring Muslim countries
...
In his letters he explained the
religious doctrines and put great stress on the Ittibat-i-Sunnah
...
Struggle Against Atheism:
Sheikh Ahmad was greatly opposed to the atheism and openly denounced
un-Islamic society
...
He exposed the fallacy of Din-i-Illahi
and came out with full vigour to curb the influence of this satanic creed
...
He declared that
mysticism without Shariat was misleading and denounced those Ulema who had
questioned the authority of Sharia
...
Reformation of Nobles:
Sheikh Ahmad stressed on the Muslims to revert to the purer Islam by giving
up heretical customs and practices
...
He initiated the leading nobles near the
emperor into his discipleship and through them exerted an influence to bring about a
change in the life of the Court
...
He also persuaded the great men of Jehangir‟s
period to take an oath of Allegiance at Sheikh Ahmad‟s hands
...
Sheikh Ahmad adopted an effective method of persuasion by writing letters to
the leading nobles of the royal court
...
His
letters are known as Muktubat-e-Imam Rabbani and were addressed to, besides
other leading nobles, Sheikh Farid, Khan-i-Azam, Sadr-i-Jehan and Abdur Rahim
Khan-e-Khana
...
Emphasis on Islamic Values:
Sheikh Ahmad persuaded the Muslims to adopt simple habits in life and to
strictly adhere to Namaz
...
His efforts contributed a great deal
towards the popularity of Islam in the sub-continent
...
Two Nation Theory:
Sheikh Ahmad was a staunch advocate of the separateness of the Muslims
and desired to maintain the distinctive image of the Muslim Nationalism
...
Sheikh Ahmad firmly believed in Two-Nation Theory
...
He
wanted Jizya to be re-imposed on Hindus and demanded the destruction of Hindu
temples
...
Wahdat-ul-Wajud and Wahdat-ul-Shahud
The philosophy of Wahdat-ul-Wajud was presented by some Sufis of Akbar‟s
time
...
The advocates of Wahdat-ul-Wajud
believed that there was no living difference between the Man and his creator God
and both individual and God are not separated from each other
...
Sheikh Ahmad
openly negated this philosophy and declared it as ultra vires to the principles of
Islam
...
10
...
This policy drew him into serious difficulties
...
Jehangir summoned Sheikh Ahmad to his court and asked him to
explain his statements
...
Someone
pointed out to Jehangir that Sheikh had not performed that act of Prostrations
...
Jehangir,
infuriated over this blunt reply ordered the Sheikh to be imprisoned in the Fort of
Gawaliar
...
Struggle during Imprisonment:
Sheikh Ahmad did not shirk his preaching of Islam during his imprisonment
...
He was given the
option of going back to Sirhind or remains in the royal court
...
In order to popularize Islam a number of Muslim reformers
and revivers adopted a liberal point of view in their preaching so that a large number
of people could be attracted toward Islam
...
This trend proved injurious to the separate and distinct national image of
the Muslims
...
The Influence of Sheikh Ahmad’s Efforts
The efforts of Sheikh Ahmad to purify the religious and practical life of the
Muslims left an indelible impact on the history of Muslim India
...
Allama Iqbal
considers him as the spiritual guardian of the Muslims of India
...
13
...
He passed away on December 10, 1024 A
...
and
was buried in Sirhind
...
He drew a distinction between Islam and atheism
...
Jehangir under the influence of Mujadi‟s preaching, order Khutaba (holy sermon) to
be recited and cow slaughter to be carried out as required by Islamic principles,
Jehangir also agreed to the construction of a big mosque on the advice of Mujadid
...
He was a widely read scholar and a magnetic orator
...
Mujadid Alf Sani was the only individual in
the history of India who opposed Akbar and thereby invited his wrath
...
In short Hazrat Mujadid-e-Alafsani checked the pressure of non Islamic
customs, converted a great number of Hindus to Islam, provided pure Islamic
teachings and eradicated the wrong ideas of so called Mystics
...
Pakistan Studies
Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad
23
Q2
...
Ans
...
The Mughal Empire had fallen into the hands of most incapable
successors of Aurangzeb who could not withhold the supremacy of the Muslim rule
because they indulged into luxurious life
...
Birth and Early Life:
Hazrat Shah Wali Ullah was born in a pious family of Delhi on 21 st February,
1703, four years before the death of Aurangzeb
...
His father Shah
Abdur Rahim was well-known for his piety and profound knowledge of Islam
...
He was engaged in the compilation of
Fatawa-i-Alamgiri by the emperor Aurangzeb
...
He transferred the Baia (authority in sufism) and Irshad
(spiritual education) to Shah Wali Ullah at his death bed and said, his hand is my
hand
...
Education:
Shah Wali Ullah received his early education in spiritualism and mysticism
from his father
...
He
received education in Tafsir, Hadis and acquired spiritual discipline from his great
father
...
Shah Wali Ullah excelled in every discipline of the Islamic learning
...
He studies Sahih-i-Bukhari and often attended his father
during the reading of the Holy Quran
...
He studied Sharh-i-Waqaya and Hidaya
and some portion of Usul-i-Fiqah
...
He studied Mujizal Qanun of Hikmat and Sharh-i-Hidaya-i-Hikmat in the field of
medicine and Tib
...
He received
education under the most capable teachers of Makkah and Medina
...
He also obtained the Sanad
in Hadis from Sheikh Abu Tahir who possessed extraordinary intellectual
potentialities
...
CONDITIONS OF THAT AGE
The un-Islamic trends and practices were flourishing and a general ignorance
of Islam, Quran and Hadith and created anguish amongst the religious saints
...
Consequently an era of religious regeneration began
with the emergence of Shah Wali Ullah a great Muslim thinker, reformer and
Muhadis
...
Social Conditions:
During these days political and social turmoil was rampant in the subcontinent
...
The Mughal Empire after the death of
Aurangzeb, was in the hands of the incapable successors who were unable to
withhold the glory of the empire
...
2
...
3
...
The Marhatas and Sikhs had gained a firm
foothold that usually raided the seat of the Government, Delhi, sometime occupying
the old city physically for short durations
...
SERVICES OF SHAH WALIULLAH
Shah Wali Ullah, as has been mentioned in the preceding pages, went to
hejaz for his higher education and for performing Haj
...
So he set himself to work for the betterment of Muslim society
...
Religious Reforms:
Shah Wali Ullah immediately set himself to the sacred task of spiritual
consolidation of Muslim society
...
They were entrusted with the job
of imparting the knowledge to others
...
He introduced the basic
principles of Islam to the people
...
He urged the people to lead a simple life and avoid involvement in the
luxuries of the world
...
By adopting the method of tabiq he introduced liberal
element and thus brought elasticity in the understanding of Islam
...
He thoroughly studied all schools of thoughts and expressed what was right
and just in a mild and sophisticated way without hurting anyone
...
He presented Islam in
a more rational way to make it acceptable to the larger number of people
...
The time has come when every injunction of the Sharia and the
general instruction of Islam should be presented to the world in a ration manner
...
He also urged them to mould their lives, according to the
Islamic way
...
d) Economy: He asked the traders to adopt fair principles of trade as preached and
practiced by the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him)
...
He
produced illuminaries like Sir Syed Ahmad Khan who rendered meritorious services
to the Muslims of India to draft their destinies
...
Shah Wali
Ullah wrote Izalat-al-Akhifa and Khilafat-al-Khulafa in order to remove
misunderstanding between Shias and the Sunnis
...
f) Balance Between Four Muslim Schools of Thoughts: Shah Wali Ullah adopted
an analytical and balanced approach towards he four schools of thought of
mysticism
...
e
...
2
...
He came out with his great
wisdom and foresight to create political awakening in the Muslims of India
...
The Mughal rulers were no more in a position to
withhold the supremacy of the Muslim rule which was gravely jeopardized by the
emergence of the Sikhs, Marhatas and other non-Muslim forces
...
He had rightly noticed that if the Marhatas
are not checked effectively the political power of the Muslims would disappear for
ever
...
He asked chieftains to come
around
...
Pakistan Studies
Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad
26
b) Steps to Check the Marhatas: However, the Muslim chiefs were unable to
face Marhatas effectively
...
Shah Wali Ullah, therefore, looked forward to Ahmad Shah Abdali
...
The victory of Ahmad Shah Abdali at
Panipat blasted the Marhats power and paved way for the revival of Islam in India
...
And keep in mind the Islamic teachings of brotherhood
...
He was a great advocate of human rights especially of NonMuslims
...
He played a vital role to make Muslims a strong nation on the bases of their
Culture, History and heritage
...
3
...
23 books were in
Urdu and 28 were in Persian
...
He produced this masterpiece of literature in 1737-38 which invited great
criticism from the orthodox Ulema who threatened him even with death
...
His translation brought the knowledge
of the Holy Quran within the reach of an average literate person who found it easier
to read and understand the Holy Quran in a language other than Arabic
...
b) Hujjat-ullah-al-Baligha: Hujjat-ullah-al-Baligha is another famous work of Shah
Wali Ullah
...
He has also discussed the importance of
application of Ijitihad in his book and has mentioned the intellectual and scholastic
requirements of a Mujtahid priest
...
He refused to denounce Shias as heretics
...
In order to
create a balance between the four schools, i
...
, Hanafi, Hambali, Shafi and Malaki,
he wrote Al Insaf fi Bayan Shab al Ikhtilaf in which he traced their historical
background
...
He describes that the God Almighty chose him as
an intermediary to establish a new order in his time
...
They include al-Nawadar-Min-al-Hadis, Aqad-al-Jaiyad-fi-Ahkam
writings are produced in Arabic and Persian languages
...
Social Reforms:
In Shah Wali Ullah's time Muslims were indulged in many non-Islamic
customs because of co-existence with the Hindus
...
He struggled to get rid of the Hindu concept about the marriage of the
widows and told the Muslims that it is the Sunnah of The Holy Prophet
(PBUH)
2
...
3
...
4
...
5
...
6
...
7
...
8
...
Madrassa Rahimia:
Madrassa Rahimia and other institutions founded by him, imparted education
in the light of his works
...
Shah Abdul Aziz, the
eldest son of Shah Wali Ullah led these religious nationalists to wage Jihad for the
liberation of Muslim India and ultimately to build edifice for a Caliph state on the
principles of Islam as described by Shah Wali Ullah‟s doctrines
...
He continued the
work of Hazrat Mujadid Alf Sani and struggled for religious, cultural political and
social revival of the Muslims
...
Write a note on Mujahddin Movements
...
In the history of Sub-Continent Jihad Movement (Tehreek Mujahideen) is
considered a milestone
...
Pakistan Studies
Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad
28
Founder of Mujahideen Movement:
Syed Ahmed Barailvi the founder of this movement was the inheritor of the mantle of
Shah Abdul Aziz
...
Beginning of Career:
From the very beginning he had an inclination of becoming a solider rather
than endeavoring to become renowned scholar or mystic as did his predecessors
...
During his service Syed Ahmed learnt military discipline and
strategy which made him a great military commander in the years to come
...
Tonk was declared as Dar-ul-harb by Shah Abdul Aziz and Syed Ahmed
could no longer serve there and returned to Delhi by walking 318 miles from
Lucknow to Delhi
...
In 1807 he took the oath of allegiance (baia) at the hands of
Shah Abdul Aziz and entered the fold of Naqshbandia, Qadriya and Chistiya sufi
order
...
In 1818, Syed
Ahmed wrote Sirat-i-Mustaqim
...
The work is an excellent summary of the philosophies, doctrines and reforms
of Shah Wali Ullah which he had expressed in a number of his famous books
...
He proved a great
success, as a preacher, in spite of the lesser rhetoric in his sermons
...
He earnestly desired to see the
restoration of the supremacy of Islam in India
...
The main objective before Syed Ahmed was the
establishment of a state which was based on Islamic principles
...
Preparation for Jihad against Sikhs:
In the time of Syed Ahmed Punjab was ruled by the Sikh ruler Ranjit Singh
who was regarded as an autocratic and tyrannical King
...
The N
...
F
...
had also fallen to the Sikh domination and
was included in the Sikh regime
...
e
...
Azan was
forbidden and the religious practices of the Muslims were interrupted frequently
...
During one of his visits to Rampur, some Afghans complained
to him about the wide-scale persecution of the Muslims by the Sikh regime Syed
Ahmed decided to launch his Jihad movement against the Sikh regime on his return
from Haj
...
Ahmed left for Makkah in 1821 along with Maulana Ismail Shaheed,
Maulana Abdul Haye and a large number of followers and admirers to perform Haj
...
They
returned to Delhi and the preparation for Jihad against the Sikhs began
...
Establishment of Islamic Rule in the Sub-Continent and end of Sikh
Rule
...
Reformation of Muslim Society
...
Restoration of Jihad
...
Advice of Simple Ways of Living
5
...
Struggle against the Conspiracies of Christian Missionaries
...
W
...
P were liberated of the Sikh
domination, the Muslims would regain their old position
...
W
...
P
...
He directed Maulana
Ismail and Maulana Abdul Haye to march with a party of six thousand followers from
Rai Baraily
...
Syed Ahmed invited the people to join him in Jihad against the unIslamic regime to save the Muslims of the Sikh domination
...
He sent a message to the Sikh ruler Ranjit Singh to embrace Islam or
be ready to face the Muajahideen in the battle-field
...
Akora Fight:
Syed Ahmed began his Jihad against the Sikhs by challenging the army at
Akora on 21st December 1826
...
The fight at Akora was a night assault when nearly 900
Muslims pounced on the sleeping Sikhs
...
Budh Singh being extremely demoralized decided to
withdraw from Akora
...
This success encouraged the Mujahideens and they became poised to fight
for Islam
...
People gathered in large number around
Syed Sahib
...
Yar Muhammad the Governor of Peshawar also joined Syed Ahmed in
his movement along with other prominent pathan leaders like Pir Hakrnan Khan
...
The establishment of
Islamic system of Government greatly reduced the influence of the tribal Chiefs
...
He urged them to adopt Islamic way of life and be
refrained from taking intoxicants
...
Gorilla Activities:
From 1827 to 1831, the Mujahideen started gorilla activities against Sikhs and
inflicted great losses upon them
...
At this time a conspiracy was hatched against the Jihad movement
...
The Sikhs brought pressure on Yar Muhammad Khan who tried to
poison Syed Ahmed which he survived
...
Occupation of Peshawar:
Syed Ahmed set out for Kashrnir and Peshawar
...
Syed Ahmed reached Hazara Hills and
attacked the Sikh forces under Man Singh and General Allard
...
However, Syed Ahmed made another assault on Peshawar which was
successful
...
Syed Ahmed occupied Peshawar in 1830
...
Balakot Fight and Martyrdom of Syed Ahmed:
After relinquishing Peshawar, Syed Ahmed shifted to Balakot and began his
movement from Rajauri in 1831
...
The Mujahideen were attacked by the Sikh army
under the command of General Sher Singh
...
The Mujahideen fought bravely but could not stand the much
stronger and superior forces
...
With the death of Syed Ahmed the Jihad movement could not be carried out
with the old enthusiasm
...
Some of his disciples struggled to continue the movement and were successful to a
Pakistan Studies
Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad
31
certain extent
...
Causes of Failure:
Although Jihad Movement was a sincere effort for the restoration of Islamic
glory in the Sub-Continent yet it met with failure for the following reasons:
1
...
Lack of funds and Equipment
3
...
Deceit of Pathan Chiefs
5
...
Sikh Conspiracies and Secret Opposition of The British
7
...
Mujahideen fought for the cause of Islam even
without proper training and sufficient equipment
...
In short
we can say Tehreek Mujahideen paved the way for the Muslim struggle for
freedom
...
Discuss the educational, political, religious, social and literary
services of Aligarh Movement (Sir Syed Ahmed Khan)
...
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was born in 1817 in Delhi
...
In 1846 he
promoted to Chief Judge
...
Owing to
this service Sir Syed was asked to work as a Governor but he refused because he
wanted to serve the Muslims
...
And the Hindus got an opportunity to make the British
believe that the Muslims were a threat to the British rule
...
At that crucial time Sir Syed Ahmed
Khan was the first leader to come forward and tried to rescue the national pride of
the Muslims, He started Aligarh Movement
...
2
...
Aligarh Movement was established to fulfill the following targets:
To build confidence between the government and the Muslims
...
To hold back the Muslim from the politics
...
He was of the opinion that honour of the nation
could be achieved only by education
...
He established educational institutions for the Muslim
youth and guided them both theoretically and practically
...
School in Muradabad
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan established the educational institution in Muradabad
1859
...
2
...
3
...
The Headquarters of this society were shifted to Aligarh in 1876
...
Sir Syed stressed upon the need for education in English language so that
the Muslim generation could learn the Western are modern knowledge as soon as
possible
...
Establishment of M
...
O
...
A
...
School in Aligarh in 1875; later on (in
1877) it was upgraded to college
...
5
...
This organization served the Muslim community
in all the fields (social, political and religious)
...
It was this movement that laid the
foundations of All India Muslim League in Dhaka in 1906 in its annual meeting
...
He put every effort to make the syllabus
a good blend of Western, Eastern and Islamic education
...
Some versatile
personalities of the sub-continent were appointed as teachers
...
Many other institutions were also found following the Aligarh
Movement in various cities of the country
...
Literary Services of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan:
1
...
Luckily he was s by a group of
intellectuals, essayists, critics, hi and poets
...
Pakistan Studies
Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad
33
The Muslims followed the A Movement, and they achieved their objectives
...
Khutabat-e-Ahmadia:
In 1869 Sir Syad , Khan wrote a book Khutabat-e-Ahma do defend the Holy
Prophet (PBUH) in reply to „A More‟s book
...
Tabbain-ul-Kalam:
He wrote a commentary on Bible called Tabbian-ul-Kalam
4
...
5
...
Translation Works:
Following books were translated:
Ain-akbari, Tuzok-e-Jahangri, & Tarikh-e-Sarkashi Bajnor
In addition to all this Sir Syed also wrote Tafseer-ul-Quran, Loyal
Muhammadan of India & Asbab-e-Baghawat Hind
...
Works of the other writers:
Maulana Shibli Nomani wrote Seerat-un-Nabi, Al-Farooq, Al-Ghazali, AlMamoon
...
Maulana Altaf Hussairi Hall wrote Mussadas-e-Hali, Diwan-e-HaIi, Moazana
Daber-o-Anees and Hayat-e-Javaid
...
The suppressed and ruined community became dynamic
...
Lost Glory
Sir Syed Ahmed guided the Muslims on every level to regain their lost glory
...
Risala-e-Asbabe-Baghawat-e-Hind
After the war of independence 1857, he wrote Risala-e-Asbabe-Baghawat-eHind in which he described the actual reasons behind this war
...
Loyal Muhammadans of India
Sir Syed wrote this book to make the British aware of the services of the
Muslims
...
4
...
sector on a large scale
...
Orphanages
He established orphanages for Muslim children so that they may not become
Hindu or Christian
...
In this way he tried to
construct a bridge between the British and the Muslims
...
Political Services of Aligarh Movement
Pakistan Studies
Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad
34
Sir Syed advised the Muslims to remain away from politics and he himself
took important steps to educate the Muslims for their socio-economic restoration so
that they might acquire the status equivalent to that of Hindus
...
1
...
Then for
the first time in the History he used the word “Nation” for the Muslim in 1867
...
On the basis of
Two Nation Theory, Sir Syed asked for special safeguards for the Muslims in
different fields
...
Quota in services
Started a movement against the open competitive examinations for superior
services
Rejected the government of the majorities because that could lead to the monopoly
of the Hindus
3
...
4
...
5
...
O
...
5
...
He also started a movement against the open
competitive exams to avoid the monopoly of the Hindus
...
Maulvi Abdul Haque appreciated the role played
by Sir Syed and said,
“The first stone of the foundation of Pakistan was laid down by this old man
...
Since the ulema and religious
leaders of the Muslims also took part in the 1857 War of Independence, they too had
to bear British wrath after the war
...
Pakistan Studies
Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad
35
The British did not stop here
...
The religious education imparted by the local institutions was
discouraged and new educational philosophies were promoted which aimed at
converting the local people into Christians
...
The working strategy
of the Aligarh was based on the co-operation with the British rulers which confronted
it with the orthodox Ulema who did not consider it a reformatory movement for the
Muslims
...
In order to combat this lethargy in the religious sphere, the ulema decided to
launch a movement for the religious training of the Muslims of India
...
For this purpose they began their movement with the
establishment of institutions to impart religious training
...
The Madrassah was named as Dar-ul-Uloom-iDeoband and was started at Deoband, a small town of Saharanpur
...
Founders of Deoband
It is believed that a reputed saint and sufi, Haji Muhammad Abid floated the
idea of the establishment of this Madrassah for imparting religious education to the
Muslims
...
Haji Muhammad Abid took lot of pains in the collection of funds and
collected a substantial amount
...
A managing
committee including Mdulana Muhammad Qasim, Maulana Fazal-ur-Rehman,
Maulana Zulfiqar Ali and Mulla Muhammad Mahmood was set up
...
Though Haji Muhammad Abid is said to be the original founder of the Dar-ul
Uloom, but the quick development and success of the institution was mainly due to
the sincere efforts of Maulana Muh Qasim Nanautvi who joined it a couple of years
after its establishment
...
Maulana Muhammad Qàsim and Maulana
Muhammad Yaqub broughtwith them rich experience in the educational field which
extremely helped in the organizational sector of the Dar-ul-Uloom Maulana
Muhammad Qasim left his government service to join the Dar-ul-Uloom at a paltry
Pakistan Studies
Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad
36
salary of Rupees Ten a month
...
Due to his dedicated services for the institution, the
Madrassah at Deoband, with the time, came to be known as Qasim-al-Uloom-iDeoband
...
Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani did not take any remuneration for his
services while Mautana Mabmud-ul-Hasan worked on a monthly pay of Rs
...
Maulana Muhammad Qasim Nanautvi worked day and night to spread the
Tehrik-i-Deoband in every corner of the country
...
The number of students in Deoband grew with
amazing quickness mainly due to Maulana Qasims efforts
...
F
...
Activities of Dar--ul-Uloom
The activities of the Dar-ul-Uloom were not restricted to the sub-continent but
it spread the light of religious education to the other parts of the world as well
...
Jloom attracted fairly a large number of students from other parts of world
due to its high educational standard
...
most respected
theological academy of the Muslim world
...
The Dar-ul-Uluom at Deoband followed Madrassah-i-Rahimiya established by
Shah Wall Ullah‟s father, in the teaching of Hadith and other religious disciplines
...
These characteristics introduced a disciplined conduct in the
working of Madrassah which produced amazing results both in academic and
administrative sectors of the institution
...
As already mentioned the Dar-ul-U
...
However, immediately after its establishment, the work
for the construction of a building for the Dar-ul-Uloom began
...
Dar-ul-Uloorn has its own
library with a large collection of excellent and rare books on different subjects
...
Deoband produced men of high intellectual status who
worked c for the spread of Islam in the sub-continent
...
Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, Shekkh-ul-Hind Maulana Mahmud-ulHasan, Maulana Abdul Haq
...
Maulana
Shabbir Ahmad Usmani was the trusted companion of Quaid-i-Azam during the
freedom movement
...
Maulana Muhammad Qasim Nanautvi was its first Principle who raised
the institution to the pinnacle of glory, and fame with his devotion in the academic
and administrative aspects of the Dar Apart froi him M Muhammad Yaqub, Maulana
Rashid Ahmad Gangohi,, Maulana Ashraf All Thanvi, Maulana Mahmud-ul-Hassan,
Anwar Shah Kashmiri, Maulana Husain Ahmad Madni and Maulana Shabbir Ahmad
(Jsmani, served the Dar-ul-Uloom
...
Political Trends of Deoband
Deoband was influenced by the All India National Congress in its political
trend
...
The Madni group formed their political organization as Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Hind and
supported the political hilosophy of the Congress
...
The Madni group which included Maulana Husain
Ahmad Madni and Mufti Kifiyat Ullah was influenced by Maulana Abu-ul-Kalam
Azad
...
Educational Aspect of the Deoband
The Dar-uI-Uloom-i-Deoband is regarded as a prestigious seat of Islamic
learnings
...
The
Ulema of the Deohand are considered as the highly respected personalities in the
religious spheres and their Fatwas carry great authenticity and importance in the
whole of sub-continent
...
He died on 15th April 1880 at a young age of 49 years
...
Maulana Rashid Ahmad was a great theologian, a Sufi and a Muhadis
...
Maulana Ra Ahmad died in
1905
...
He joined Dar-ul-Uloom as a
teacher after the completion of his education
...
DAR-UL-ULOOM- AND ALIGARH
Pakistan Studies
Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad
38
The Tehrik-i-Deoband, immediately after its inception did not see eye to eye
with the Aligarh movement due to the working strategy of the Aligarh
...
The completely different approach to
the politics had widened the gulf between the authorities of Deoband and Aligarh
...
They had sharp
differences on the political matters of the country
...
On the other hand Sir Syed Ahmad, though very
active during the War of 1857, remained loyal to the British
...
Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi
...
These events
compelled these gentlemen to adop(a rigid posture against the British
...
The anti-British attitude was a marked feature
of Deoband whereas Aligarh followed the policy of co-operation with the British
...
Another glaring contrast between Deoband and Aligarh was their different
approach toward the educational system
...
MAO
...
On the other side Deoband was a seat of Islamic and religious leanings
...
However, despite the differences, the two great institutions, Deoband and
Aligarh, did enjoy some mutuality of thought and action on certain issues
...
When Maulana Mahmud-ul-Hasan became the head of
Deoband, he ehcouraged contacts between Aligarh and Deoband
...
In 1906 Jamiat-ul-Ansai was established at Deoband
...
It was
agreed that the Dar-al-Uloom Deoband would make special arrangements for
teaching religious subjects to the graduates of Aligarh College, while similar facilities
would be extended by the Aligarh College to teach English and western subjects to
the students who had completed their studies at Deoband
...
This
institution included many features of both Aligarh and Deoband
...
This led to many controversies, but the establishment of a central
institution, combining the features of two movements and imparting education to the
Muslims in religious and western field, did have a healthier and unifying effect
...
Aligarh was not a religious movement and
emphasized on the acquisition of western education by the Muslims
...
Due to its stress on western education the Aligarh completely ignored the religious
aspect and, therefore, did not make any effort to! strengthen the religious aspect of
the Muslim society
...
Tehrik-i-Deoband rendered educational services to the cause of the Muslims,
but it was a purely religious movement and laid greater stress on religious education
...
It prepared great Ulema, Sufis and spiritual leaders who could only take
on the responsibilities of spiritual and religious guidance of the Muslims by becoming
priests and leaders of prayers
...
The students of Deoband were completely oblivious of the
western and modern knowledge and were unable to guide the people in the modem
education
...
Establishment of Nadva-Tul-Ulema
In 1892 it was decided in a meeting held at Madrasah-i-Faiz-i-Aam Cawnpore
that a committee should be set up for the guidance of the Muslims
...
The main objective of this institution, as
mentioned earlier, was to guide and prepare the Muslims well equipped in the
religious and modern knowledge
...
Founders of Nadva
Maulvi Abdul Ghafoor, Deputy Collector is said to be its earliest founder
...
He and Maulana Abdul Haq prepared the rules
and regulations of the Nadva and chalked out a liberal programme which was to put
an end to the extremist elements in order to cater the needs of the prevailing
environments
...
The Nadva stood for general reformation of Muslim society by attracting
the Muslims toward religion
...
Apart from these objectives the Nadva worked to remove sectariafl differences
among the different groups of Ulema
...
The establishment of Nadva-Tul-Ulema was widely hailed in the sub It
regularly started functioning on 2nd December, 1898 at Lucknow
...
A large number of philanthropists contributed
generously for the Nad However, the establishment of Nadva invited some criticlim
from different quarters
...
He received his education in
the old Islamic Madrassah and was deeply influenced by Maulana Muhammad
Farooq who was bitterly oppose
...
Maulaha Shibli‟s fathef,
greatly influenced by Sir Syed‟s vision and foi suggested him that he should acquire
English education
...
He joined Aligarh College as Assistant Professor of Arabic - in 1833 after
vainfully trying for several years to seek a government job
...
Maulana
Shibli was a well-read and keen person who took to his job with utmost sincerity Sir
Syed Ahmad Khan, observing the rich talent in the young Shibli, greatly encouraged
him with the sympathetic approach
...
However, the cordial relationship could not last very long and some serious
differences, mainly due to Maulana Shibli‟s nature, developed between Sir Syed
Ahmad Khan and Maulana Shibli
...
He was not very happy with the treatment he received at Aligarh College as
he expected a highly elevated position being an Assistant Professor of Oriental
languages
...
He
openly negated the religious views of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and resigned from the
Aligarh College in 1904
...
He saw in it the opportunity he so eagerly desired to capture in
order to experiment his educational philosophies
...
He, therefore, actively took part in the meetings of Nadva-Tul-Ulema
and finally joined it after the death of Sir Syed Ahniad Khan
...
He worked very hard to make Nadva a useful institution for the people
because in its success he saw the realisation of his dreams
...
He introduced a number of
changes in the curriculum on the basis of his experience he had received at Aligarh
...
He gave his special attention to a chosen group of students and took
great pains in training them as his trustworthy disciples who could carry on his work
and spread his message
...
Few of his most
celebrated pupils were Syed Sulaiman Nadvi and Maulana Abu-al-KalamAzad who
ably succeeded him in the political and literary circles
...
He established an
academy of authors (Dar-ul-Musanifin) at Azamgarh which carries on his message to
this day
...
However, Maulana Shibli invited criticism from his colleagues at Nadva
...
He was a highly sensitive and touchingman
which made it difficult for others to pull along with him
...
His colleagues at Nadva soon got fed up of his views and especially of
his arrogant style and combined to get rid of him
...
Maulana Shibli, who
always boasted to be a great advocate of intellectual freedom took disciplinary action
against Maulvi Abdul Karim and removed him from the teaching staff This led to a
strong agitation against him, and Shibli taking him as indispensable tendered his
resignation
...
Maulana Abdul Hayee, Nawab Husain Ali Khan and Dr
...
The resignation of Maulana
Shihli adversely affected the working of Nadva which could never gain that glory
which Maulana Shibli had brought to it
...
A number of students of Nadva led
the people in the freedom struggle which include Syed Sulaiman Nadvi, Maulana
Abdul Salam Nadvi and Masood Alam Nadvi
...
ANJUMAN-I-HIMAYAT-I-ISLAM, LAHORE
The Aligarh produced amazing results in the educational uplift of the Muslims
...
The Province of Punjab was under Sikh domination in those
days
...
The Muslims were unable to seek admission in the educational
institutions run Ly the Christian and Hindu missionaries
...
The success of Aligarh educational
reforms had set an incentive for others to follow in the noble task of educational
reforms of the Muslims of the Punjab
...
The
Anjumau-i-Himayat-i-lsiam was established on 24th September, 1884 in a mosque
known as Masjid Bakan Khan inside Mochi Gate, Lahore, where nearly 250 Muslims
decided to set up the Anjuman for the educational guidance of the Muslims of th
Punjab
...
the foundation of the Anjuman
...
Apart-from Khalifa Hameed-ud-Din Dr
...
The Anjuman faced financial problems in the beginning
...
A scheme known as
Math lihar Ata was started to collect funds for the Anjuman
...
The Anjuman workers every day collected that flour and sold it
in the market
...
However, with the passage of time the people began to donate generously towards
the Anjuman funds
...
2
...
4
...
6
...
To effectively counter the propaganda of the Christian missionaries
...
To establish the Muslims society on sound and stable foundations
...
To organize the Muslim masses politically for the safeguard of Islam
...
The Anjuman began its struggle&by establishing a primary school for the
girls
...
Two schools were opened in 1884
which gradually rose to fifteen within ten years
...
Pakistan Studies
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43
The Anjuman began its educational programme simultaneously in the male
and female sector
...
The regular classes tor Islamia College, Cooper Road were started in the
Crescent Hostel with 7S girl students
...
classes in Arabic and Geography were
started in 1942 and 1943 respectively
...
Lahore
...
It was upgraded to the middle and high school standard
...
In 1892 a male College was established in two rooms of the Islamia High
School, Sheranwala Gate, Lahore where temporarily classes for Islamia College
began
...
Railway Road, Lahpre, was established
...
Islamia College, Civil Lines, Lahore and Islamia College, Lahore
Cantt, were also established to cater for the increasing demands of the Muslims
...
Apart from educational institutions the Anjuman also set up orphan houses, Dar-ulAman Tibia College and Centers for adult education
...
The
Anjuman awoked national spirit among the people and created awareness about the
interests of the people
...
It worked in a dedicated way during the Pakistan
Movement
...
The students of Islamia College, Railway Road, Lahore took active part in the
freedom struggle and proved efficient workers of the Muslim League
...
They rendered valuable services
to popularize the freedom movement
...
Lahore
...
They took active part in making the historic session of Muslim League a
complete success in 1940
...
The students of Islamia College, Railway Road, founded Muslim Students
Federation under the leadership of Hameed Nizami which extended maximum
assistance to the Quaid-i-Azam in the Pakistan movement
...
Famous leaders of the
Pakistan Studies
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freedom ruggle like Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Allama Iqbal, Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk and
Maulana led the people in the freedom struggle from Anjuman‟s platform
...
The Hindu majority of Bombay did not like to see the Muslims
progressing in the field of education
...
in order to please the
Hindu majority, did not pay any attention toward the educational requirements of the
Muslims of Sindh
...
Syed Hasan Ali Afandi, a devoted Muslim citizen of Karachi was desirous of
the Muslim educational progress
...
He
was a great admirer of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and highly in favour of the Aligarh
movement
...
Syed Hasan A Afandi collected funds for the establishment of the Madrassah
...
The Madrassah was known as Sindh Madrassah-tul-Islam
...
Hasân Ali died in 1896 and his son Wali Muhammad succeeded him as the
administrator of the Madrassah
...
The government allocated annual grant to
the Madrassah but put certain conditions as well which created bad feeling among
the administration of the Madrassah
...
The first two principals of the Madrassah were Britishers who sincerely worked for
the uplift of the Madrassah
...
Wali Muhammad was succeeded by his son Hsasn Ali Abdur Rehman in
1938, after his death, as the administrator
...
The administrative Board of the
Madrassah decided to make it Sindh Muslim College in 1943
...
Quaid-i-Azam received his early education at Sindh Madrassah
...
Hasan Ali Afandi took active part in the
freedom struggle as an ordinary worker of the Muslim League
...
W
...
P
...
It
Pakistan Studies
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was known as Municipal High School
...
There were no proper arrangements for the religious education in the
N
...
F
...
An acute dearth was felt for the educational institutions in the province
where both religious and modern education could be given to the Muslims
...
W
...
P the need of establishing an educational institution in
NWFP which could impart religious as well as modern knowledge to the Muslims
...
W
...
P
...
With his sincere efforts the Anjuman-i-Himayat-i-Istam was established in
the N
...
F
...
which opened a school in 1902 known as Islamia College, Peshawar
...
W
...
P
...
W
...
P
...
Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum was born on 12th December,
1863 at Swabi, Distjict Mardan
...
He rose to the status of political
agent by dint of hard work and honesty of purpose
...
He died on 4th December, 1937
...
He desired to establish an
educational institution in the N
...
F
...
on the pattern of Aligarh College
...
Two hundred acres of land was acquired where the Dar-ul-Uloom-i-Islamia was
established
...
Haji Tarangzai, a great leader of Silk
Handkerchief Movement laid down the foundation stone of the Dar-ul-Uloom-iIslamia
...
Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum
worked hard to raise it to the status of a college
...
Islamia College
...
the whole, of the
N
...
F
...
It became an effective source of spreading the‟ knowledge and
awareness among the Muslim youth who fought for Pakistan in „the later stages
...
W
...
P
...
Sahibzada Abdul
Qayyum worked day and night to erect a splendid campus for the College
...
He remained Secretary of the College Administrative Board till
his death, and made‟ tremendous‟ contributions in enhancing the college‟s academic
prestige
...
„He is regarded as Sir
Pakistan Studies
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46
Syed Ahmad Khan of the N
...
F
...
for the educational services he rendered to,
the N,W
...
P
...
It were the students of Islamia College, Peshawar who made a
maj or contribution in making the referendum of 1947 a complete success
...
A sizeable portion of Quaid-i-Azam‟s
property was given to Islamia College, Peshawar in accordance with his desire
...
Write the note on the Partition of the Bengal
...
Lord Cur became the Viceroy of India in 1899
...
He undertook an extensive tour of the province of Bengal and felt that
the province was too big to be administrated effectively
...
They had recommended the partition of the province in view of its
size and big population
...
Some
of them are as under:1
...
According to the area and population ratios its division into
two parts was unavoidable
...
Large Area of Bengal:
According to the census of 1901 the area of Bengal province was one lac
eighty nine thousand square miles that‟s why partition of Bengal was necessary
...
Destruction of Chittagong Sea Port:
Due to the availability of a sea port in West Bengal in Calcutta no thought was
given to improve and develop the seaport in East Bengal at Chittagong
...
4
...
P
...
The concerned provincial governments had to do official
formalities in provincial as well as Arya Language
...
Therefore it was necessary to include, Arisa in any one province
...
Destruction of Industry and Skill:
Even thought jute was produced in large scale East Bengal was not given any
importance in the field industry, because of which the local industries had collapsed
and people were in bad conditions
...
Economic Backwardness:
The area of the West Bengal was totally ignored by the different government,
so the surrounded areas of Calcutta were economically backward
...
Lord Curzon decided to divide the province into two provinces
...
The British Crown gave approval to the partition plan and the
Pakistan Studies
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48
province of Bengal was divided into two parts on 16th October, 1905 named as
Western Bengal and Eastern Bengal
...
Province of East Bengal
The area of East Bengal and Assam province was one lac six thousand five
hundred and forty square miles and total population was three crore ten lacs
...
The province included Assam,
Silhit, East and North Bengal meaning Chittagong Dhaka, Commissionaires of
Rajshahi and Maldah division
...
2
...
The area of Orissa was also included in it the area of West
Bengal was one lac, forty one thousand five hundred and eighty square miles and its
population was five crore, forty lacs
...
The centre of the province remained Calcutta
...
MUSLIM RE-ACTION TO THE PARTITION
The new province of Eastern Bengal brought happier prospects of political
and economic life for the Muslims
...
The Muslims were 18 million out of the total population
of 31 million in the new province
...
provided chances of great
progress to the Muslims who formed the majority group in the new set up
...
The Hindus had monopolized trade and Government services which
aggravated the economic condition of the Muslims
...
They hoped that their social
status would get a tremendous boost in the new province
...
They offered their
gratification in a loyal way to Government for taking a step for their social, economic
and political uplift
...
The reasons for Hindu opposition to the partition were as
follows:
1
...
2
...
3
...
They also feared that their income would seriously be lessened
...
The Hindu landlords, capitalists and traders did not like the partition as it
was to put an end to their exploitation of the poor Muslims
...
Before the partition of Bengal the Hindus enjoyed dominant position in the
political sphere of the province over the Muslims
...
The Hindu agitation soon turned into a violent reaction
...
Communal clashes erupted
at a
...
Bombs were thrown and attacks were made on the lives of the British people
...
The
train carrying the Governor of the Eastern Bengal was derailed and an attempt was
made on Viceroy‟s life which failed
...
The Hindus threatened the
Government to boycott the forthcoming tour of India of the King George
...
The partition of Bengal was ultimately annulled on 12th December, 1911 at a Royal
meeting known as Delhi Darbar where the King George announced the decision of
annulment to the extreme dismay of the Muslims of Bengal
...
Start of Extremism in Politics
The Division of Bengal was called as cutting apart pieces of motherland and a
danger to the unity and the steps they took to reunite it were extremists
...
2
...
This made it quite clear that Congress was not an organization for all Indians
but only and only representative party of Hindus
...
Promotion of Muslim’s Political Awakening
The Hindus opposition on the decision of Division of Bengal promoted political
awakening in Muslim
...
1906, 35 member‟s delegations of Muslims
headed by Sir Agha Khan met Viceroy Lord Minto at Simla and play an important
role for the protection rights and interests of Muslims
...
Pakistan at
last came into being from this platform
...
Establishment of Dhaka University:
After the annulment of division of Bengal the British government compensated
the hurt feelings of Muslims by establishing a Muslim University in Dhaka
...
Conclusion:
Pakistan Studies
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50
The Hindus agitation against the partition reinforced the feelings of the
Muslim about Hindu designs
...
The Hindu agitation against the partition
furthered the Two- Nation Theory
...
Q2
...
Ans
...
It believed in giving adequate safeguards to the Indian
people by introducing constitutional reforms
...
The Muslim leaders decided to
avail this opportunity in order to apprise the Viceroy of the Muslims demands
...
Formation of the Delegation:
The Viceroy was vacationing at Simla
...
Archbold, the Principal of Aligarh College, to get an appointment
with the viceroy
...
Archbold got in touch with the Private Secretary of the Viceroy
Col
...
Archbold
...
Demands of Simla Delegation
The deputation apprised the Viceroy of the Muslim demands
...
1
...
For this reason the Muslim constituencies should be
reserved meaning the Hindu and Muslim constituencies should be separated, so that
Muslim voter could vote for Muslim representatives and Hindu voters for Hindu
representatives
...
Demand for More Seats than Population:
Muslims should be given more seats than their population because of their
historical and political importance
...
Demand for Share in Government Service:
Muslims should be given employment according to a special proportion in all
the government & semi-government organizations
...
Membership of Judges and Executive Council:
Muslims should be made judges of High courts and Supreme Courts, besides
they should be nominated for the membership in executive council of the Viceroy
...
Representation in the Senate and Syndicate of Universities:
Muslims should be given representation in the syndicate of the universities
and senate
...
Making of Muslim Universities:
Mohammedan Anglo Oriental College Aligarh should be given the status of a
University
...
Minto expressed his complete agreement with the principle
of separate electorate
...
I will definitely take these
demands to the committee which will come to India to implement
constitutional reforms and will compile the recommendations
...
The importance of Simla Delegation is as
follows:1
...
The positive and encouraging answer of the
Viceroy of India created a sense of political awareness and confidence amongst the
Muslims
...
Source of Establishment of Muslim League
Successfulness of Simla Delegation motivated and encouraged the Muslims
to establish the separate Muslim Political Part y for the Muslim in 1906
...
Security for Islamic Ideology:
The demand for separate electorate by the delegation was an effort to free the
Muslims from slavery of Hindus formed by British domination
...
3
...
4
...
5
...
6
...
Conclusion:
It was a great achievement of the Simla Deputation to have convinced the
Viceroy about the genuineness of the Muslim‟s demands
...
The most important demand of separate electorate was accepted by the
government and incorporated in the Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909
...
They badly needed a forum for the projection and safeguard of their interests to
counter the false propaganda of the Congress
...
Why Muslim League was brought in to existence explain objectives
of the Muslim League?
Ans
...
Till his death in 1898 he worked for the Muslim Political Interest itself but after the
death of the Sir Syed Ahmad Khan the Muslim felt that their will be a separate
political party of the Muslims which worked for the Muslim interest only
...
1
...
2
...
Sir Agha Khan was
the first President of the Party
...
3
...
First Annual Session of Muslim League:
First Annual Session of Muslim League was established in Karachi in 1907 in
which it was decided that the membership will be given to the Muslims of the subcontinent
...
Establishment of Indian National Congress:
Indian National Congress was hi jacked by the Hindus and the Muslims were
compelled to form their own party to guard their rights and to face the challenges of
Indian National congress
...
Communalism:
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53
After the war of independence (1857) the Hindus got an opportunity and the
communal riots started
...
The extremist organizations like Sanghtan, Shudhi, Aryc Sdrnaj and Hindu
Mahasaba endangered the life of Muslims
...
3
...
The partition proved a blessing for the
Muslims
...
This opposition also became the cause of the establishment of political
party of Muslims
...
Urdu Hindi Controversy:
Urdu Hindi Controversy (1867) made it clear that the Hindus were prejudiced
and the culture of the Muslims is in danger
...
So All India Muslim League was founded to meet the challenges
...
Political Reforms:
In the start of the 20 century, The Liberal Party won the elections in England
and announced the implementation of certain political reforms
...
6
...
on 1s1 October,
1906 at Simla
...
One of the important demands was to introduce a system of
separate electorate for the Muslims
...
On
the way back the members of Deputation seriously felt the need of a Muslim political
party
...
7
The British attitude:
Another important thing in this regard was the fact that the British snatched
power from the Muslims and joined hands with the Hindus to persecute them
...
According to the Act of 1892, the
British gained more powers and they gave the Hindus a share in the government
...
8
Deprivation of the Muslims:
After the war of independence of 1857, the British and the Hindus jointly victimized
the Muslims politically, socially and economically
...
Doors of new jobs for the Muslims were closed
...
And a lot of political and economical
pressure was raised after the war of independence on the Muslims
...
Ignoring the Political Life:
Pakistan Studies
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54
According to the Act of 1892, the British gained more powers and gave the
Hindus a share in the government and neglected the Muslims
...
The Hindus and the British did not accept the separate identity of the
Muslims as a nation and no share was given to the Muslims in the government
...
Due to this pressure the Muslims of the sub-continent started thinking
about their own league
...
Negative Role of Hindu Sectarian Parties and Movements:
The Slogan of the Hindu Sectarian parties formed in the eighteenth century
was:
India is only for Hindus all other are foreigners
...
To give effective answer to the Hindu organizations a political platform was
necessary for Muslims
...
Problem of Slaughtering Cow:
The Hindu sectarian organization Arya Samaj formed Gao Raksha Sabah for
the protection of cows in 1883 whose goal was to stop Muslims from sacrificing
cows
...
Objectives of All India Muslim League:
1
...
3
...
5
...
To co-ordinate with other nations and political parties for general welfare of
the people
...
In 1913 two amendments
were made in the preliminary objectives of the Muslim League
Achievements of the self-government suitable to the circumstances of the
sub-continent
...
Achievements of Muslim League:
After the establishment of the Muslim League it worked for the Muslim
interests and raised the pressure on the British Government:
1
...
2
...
3
...
Pakistan Studies
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55
4
...
5
...
6
...
7
...
8
...
9
...
Conclusion:
All India Muslim League met with early success the; government accepted the
demand of separate electorate in 1909
...
Muslim League in its annual Session at Lahore passed an historic
resolution in 1940 demanding a separate homeland for Muslims
...
Q6
...
Ans
...
UK, USA, France, Russia and Italy went
into an alliance against German y, Austria nd Turkey
...
The centre of Muslim world was in serious danger
...
In case of defeat of Turkey both sacred cities,
Makkah and Madina, could go into the possession of Christian allied forces
...
Leaders of the Movement:
Maulana Muhammad All Jauhar, Maulana Shaukat All, Maulana Zafat All Khan,
Hakim Ajmal Khan, Dr
...
Gandhi, Moti Lal Nehru and
Madan Mohan halvia also joined this movement as a result of the Lacknow Pact
...
It organized and assembled the
Muslims of the sub-continent on one platform
...
Following were the objectives of the Movement
...
Pakistan Studies
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Restoration of Turkey‟s grace as it possessed before and during World
War-1 and no change to occur in the boundaries of Turkey
...
Activities of Movement:
Khilafat Movement took following steps to make their demands known to the
entire world:
Delegations:
Delegations were sent to U
...
and other European countries to convey the
feelings of the Muslims to the governments
...
Financial Aid:
A large amount of money, gold and silver was collected in the general
meetings to give financial aid to Turkey
...
The Muslim volunteers
presented themselves to the police for arrests
...
Role of Press:
The role of Muslim journalism was tremendous
...
They inculcated a sense of sacrifice among the Muslims
...
He supported the Khilafat Movement and participated in the meetings of
the Muslims
...
It was again as per Gandhian policies, Indian National Congress itself
tried to bring the British government to its knees before his own movements like,
Civil Disobedience Movement, Non-Co-operation Movement and Swedeshi
Movement
...
Gandhi advised Muslims to Surrender the titles awarded by the government
...
it affected the economy, education and social conditions of
Pakistan Studies
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57
the Muslims very badly
...
Now they fully realized the real face of Gandhi, but it was of little use as they were
already ruined
...
He signed a pact with
the Allied forces at Laus
...
The Hijaz-eMuqqadas was handed over the Sharif Hussain of Makkah and the control of Turkey
on the Middle east, North Africa and Eastern Europe was lost
...
Conclusion:
Though Khilafat Movement was a complete failure yet it affected the struggle
a lot
...
They also understood the real way of agitation
...
Q15
...
Quaid-e presided over the Historic annual session (27t of All India Muslim
League, held in Minto Park (now called lqbal Park) in Lahore (22 to 24 March, 1940)
...
The Muslims set the clear goal on that historic day
...
The only goal before the leaders was to
provide peaceful, safe and graceful environment to the Muslim nation
...
The presence of Hindu majority on the soil of British
India was the root cause of their worries
...
C
...
Das, Lala Lajpat Ral, John Wright and the iron man of Russia, Joseph
Stalin, anticipated the division of India
...
The title of the pamphlet
was „Now or Never‟, in which he suggested the division of the sub-continent into a
few states
...
Syed Hassan Riaz wrote that the Quaid had made up his strong mind to have a
separate state for the Muslims in 1930 and till 1940 he kept on preparing the minds
Pakistan Studies
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58
of the Muslims
...
He said,
Muslims, by any definition of the word, are a nation and possess their
separate culture, social and religious system and sound traditions
...
It is not an issue of communal nature
...
The rights of the Muslims will be un-safeing undivided India
...
The Iberian Peninsula was divided into Spain and Purtagal, Ireland was
separated from United Kingdom and Czechoslovakia came into existence, because
of partition
...
He termed it logical and just
...
No scheme other than partition of the Sub-continent will be accepted
...
Hindu Reaction:
Immediately after the passing of the resolution, the Hindu journalists and
leaders expressed their resentment
...
It was declared impracticable
...
The Muslim League called it the Lahore Resolution but the Hindu press
ironically termed it as the P Resolution
...
The resolution was, later on, called the Pakistan Resolution in all quarters
...
Only a few of them Uke Maulana Shabir Ahmed Usmani, Maulana Zafar
Ahmed Ansari, Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi and some others supported the leaders of
the Muslim League
...
Conclusion
This was the first decisive step towards the achievement of a separate
homeland
...
That is why we can say this resolution was the height of the
struggle
...
Write a note on Cripps Mission
...
The government of Great Britain took an important step to solve the
problems in India in 1942
...
The war seemed to be going in Japanese favour
...
The movements against the
government by Congress were troublesome for the Britishers
...
The Muslims had already been demanding a separate state of their own and
had passed the resolution of 1940
...
The Cripps Mission arrived but could not get any support from the Congress
...
Cripps Proposal:
Cripps announced his proposal on 29 March 1942 following are its main
points:
Status of Domain
The sub-continent will be given the status of a dominion after the war
...
Central Constitutional Assembly
A central constituent Assembly will be formed to formulate a constitution
...
Rights of Minorities
Special steps will be taken to provide safeguards to the minorities
...
The provinces who do not endorse the constitution will be
empowered to create a separate and free status for themselves
...
The hint was a clear indication of the creation
of Pakistan
...
All India Muslim League discussed the
proposals in the meeting and after long discussions; it decided not to approve the
Cripps proposals as the demand for Pakistan was not accepted in clear cut terms
...
They ridiculed the proposals: A post dated cheque of a bank
that is going to be bankrupt
...
It opposed the idea of partition
...
Conclusion:
The British government under American pressure prepared the Cripps
proposals
...
On the other hand Congress could not support the proposals
when the Japanese were looking to be in strong position
...
Q17
...
Ans
...
The following politicians were invited to participate in
the Conference at Simla, a summer resort, and capital of the Federal government in
the summer season
...
The failure of Cripps Mission encouraged the Congress leaders
...
His “Quit India Movement‟ gained
momentum
...
He
tried to blackmail the government, and gave the boycott call to the workers
...
Processions and protest
meetings were arranged in all the cities
...
In all such activities the
All India Muslim League was ignored
...
The Allied Forces gained the
ground
...
Gandhi Jinnah dialogues were arranged
...
Gandhi was now ready to give some concessions to the Muslims in order to
start a joint struggle of the two parties
...
He
did not agree to enhance the strength of the Ghandian movements
...
The situation demanded some sort
of government initiative
...
Wavell Plan:
The Vicroy of India Lord Wavell chalked out a plan to settle the political issues
with political parties to introduce a frame work order, under which the elections to
federal and provincial legislative assemblies could be conducted for the formation of
Pakistan Studies
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61
future government
...
An Executive Council will be made and representatives of all major political
parties will be included in the Council
...
The Vicroy will preside over the meetings of the Executive Council
...
All the
members of the Council will be nominated by the Viceroy
...
Governor of the province
will be the Chief of the Council, in each province
...
The move was
encouraging for Congress
...
Congress joined the conference
proceedings with high hopes
...
The meeting started to discuss the first point on agenda
...
The Quaide-Azam vehemently argued that all the five would be nominate don the
recommendations of All India Muslim League
...
The Vicroy and Indian National Congress wished to nominate
Maulana Azad as, Muslim minister
...
Now
Vicroy asked the Quaid to accept Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana, the leader of Unionist
party
...
The very first point created a
fuss and further discussion was futile, therefore, the Simla Conference failed in
getting any objective
...
Lord Wavell also critized the inflexible attitude of the Quaid-e-Azam
...
Had Muslim league
accepted the plan, it would never have a separate state in the shape of Pakistan
...
and the Indian Political Leaders but the formula of the nomination of
Muslim members unwrapped the mentality of lord Wavel and Congress
...
On the whole, the Wavel
Plan was a symbol of weakness of the British Rulers
...
Why were 1945-46 general elections arranged? What was the gain
of the Muslims in these elections?
Pakistan Studies
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62
Ans
...
The World
War II was over and the USA emerged as a super power
...
Purpose of Elections
General elections were imperative in the sense that the government intended
to know the real political force of every political party
...
The failure of Simla Confe and it responsibility was the important issue in
those days
...
To know the people‟s mind, the government announced the election schedule
...
All political parties welcomed the decision
...
The Quaid-e-Azam
termed the elections as referendum on one issue, and the issue was „Pakistan or no
Pakistan‟
...
And if the Muslims supported All India Muslim
League, no power on earth would be able to stop the creation of Pakistan
...
The two major political
parties stood against each other
...
The
leaders traveled from North to South and East to West
...
Congress compromised with Majlis-e-Jamiat and Unionist Party
...
Muslim League:
The Muslim League did not make any compromise with any other party and
contested all the important seats single handedly
...
The Quaid-e-Azam toured throughout the subcontinent and pursued the Muslims to• get realized the importance of the elections
...
BAN KE RAHE GA PAKISTAN
LEY KE RAILIEN GAY PAKISTAN
Were the slogans raised by the Muslims in the streets, bazaars, processions
and electoral meetings
...
30 seats were allocated to the Muslims
...
Provincial Assemblies:
The provincial elections were held in January, 1946
...
Muslim League came out victorious
...
Now no power on
earth could stop Pakistan from coming into being
...
Now no one could fix responsibility on him for the failure of Simla conference
...
Write down a comprehensive note on Cabinet Mission Plan 1946
...
The World War-Il was over
...
Churchill was defeated and Mr
...
The victorious Labour Party had made a commitment, in its
manifesto, to settle the future of the sub-continent
...
Members of the Cabinet Missions
The Mission consists of
...
Sir Stafford Cripps
2
...
V
...
Sir Pathick Lawrence
Dialogue With Parties
The members of the Mission had separate meetings with the major leaders of
the political parties
...
Governor General was also taken into
confidence
...
The Muslim League was emphasizing that partition and creation of
Pakistan was the only solution of all political problems
...
It could never accept a formula based on the division of the
sub-continent into two or more than two independent states
...
Tension arose during the discussions
...
The Quaide-Azam vehemently criticized the statement hut Congress expressed its pleasure
...
He further explained that Muslim League was
trying to resolve the problems on the basis of Two Nation Theory
...
the members of the Mission, the Quaid made it clear that the sub-continent was
neither a country nor inhabited b\ one nation
...
Cabinet Mission Proposals
Cabinet Mission presented the following proposals before the political parties:
i
...
The union will consist of
man\ provinces and princely states
...
The centre will deal
with Defence, Foreign Affairs and Communications
...
All taxes will be levied by the centre
...
Groups of Provinces
The provinces will be grouped as under:
Group „A‟
Bombay, Madras, U
...
Urisas and C
...
Three different organizations at all these three
levels would be formed
...
This matter was left to the
provincial and group organizations to solve them
...
iii
...
The
Constituent Assembly will formulate a constitution for the whole sub-continent
...
iv
...
The representatives of major
political parties will be included in the interim government
...
The cabinet will be powerful in administrative matters
...
Separation from the Group
If a province likes, it will be authorized to quit the group to which it is being
attached
...
Pakistan Studies
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vi
...
It means that group „B‟ or „C‟ or both will be able to maintain their
sovereignty
...
Possibility of the
creation of Pakistan was just N) years away, and this was the demand of Pakistan
...
Veto Power
The option to reject the Cabinet Mission Plan was given to every political party
but that party would not be able to join the interim government
...
Congress
was pleased to see, this condition as the Muslim League „was not allowed to veto the
Plan
...
REACTION OF POLITICAL PARTIES
Indian national congress
The immediate reaction of Indian National Congress was extremely
positive
...
The Hindu journalists expressed their
satisfaction and congratulated one another
...
All Indian Muslim League
The party workers were totally disappointed from the Cabinet Mission Plan
...
They felt that the „idea of
Pakistan was totally ignored and the demand of the Muslim League was rejected
...
We still believe and say with full confidence that the
solution of political problems lies in the creation of two
Independent sovereign states
...
It means that Hindu majority in the Parliament would dictate its terms
...
The statement of Gandhi further aggravated the frustration of
the Muslim nation
...
It looked clear that
Congress was going to give its consent and the decision of the Muslim League
would be contrary to it
...
The council of Muslim League gave full mandate to the Quaid-eAzam to declare the policy
...
The
Quaid declared the he accepted the plan with the idea that the demand for the
creation of Pakistan would be in a position to establish their own independent
sovereign state comprising of Assam,
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Britishers were about to leave the sub-continent, and could play havoc with
the Muslim nation
...
On his
repeated requests, the Quaid-e-Azam honoured his invitation and joined the
government
...
The Muslim League withdrew its call for the Direct Action
...
Write a note on 3rd June 1947 Plan
...
Both Simla Conference and Cabinet Mission Plan failed to produce an
amicable solution of the constitutional and political problem India
...
Half of the Cabinet Mission Plan could be implemented but hardships
were there
...
The Muslim League
joined the Interim government but did not participate in the constitution making
process, therefore, the dream of making a constitution could not be realized
...
The joint venture of Gandhi and Wavell miserably
failed
...
The British Prime
Minister declared on 20t11 February 1947 that British rule in South Asia would come
to an end by June 1948
...
Meeting with political Leaders
Soon after taking over the charge, the last Viceroy started meeting with the
leaders of the political parties
...
The 1945- 46 elections had strengthened the position of
the Muslim League
...
He was now clear that the dream of independent Indian Union
would never be fulfilled
...
After a series of meetings he was successful in his
mission
...
He stood by his words
and fulfilled his promise but it was because of the blessings of Allah Almighty that
Pakistan emerged on the map and remained an independent sovereign state
...
The bad intentions of Indian
National Congress were bound to fail
...
Lord Mountbatten prepared a plan to leave the sub continent
...
Important Points of the Plan
The June 3, 1947 Plan was an elaborate one
...
The government took final decision to divide it into two independent
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states
...
Now the details were laid down to
decide the future of the provinces and small states
...
Competent Leadership:
C
...
, U
...
, Urrisa, Bombay, Madras and Bihar were non-Muslim majority
provinces
...
ii
...
The Muslim
majority area would go to Pakistan and non-Muslim majority area to Bharat,
respectively
...
iii
...
The
province was to be divided into East Bengal and West Bengal
...
A Boundary
Commission for the demarcation of the boundary was created by the British
government
...
Province of Sindh
The members of the Sindh Provincial Assembly got the right to join Pakistan
or Bharat by a majority vote
...
Balochistan
Balochistan had not yet been given the status of a full fledged province
...
vi
...
A very large majority of the district
was Muslim
...
They had to opt either for Pakistan or Bharat
...
North Western Frontier Province
The people of NWFP had to decide their fate by a referendtim
...
viii
...
The external sovereignty
was lying with the British government
...
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PLAN JUNE 1947
The non-Muslim majority provinces were included in Bharat
...
A very large majority favoured
Pakistan and Sylhet was included in Pakistan
...
The Shahi Jirga and Quetta Municipality voted for Pakistan and Balochistan
became a part of Pakistan
...
A dominating majority voted for Pakistan and N\VFP
joined Pakistan
...
Sir
Radcliffe, a British lawyer
...
Two members each were nominated by the Congress and
Muslim League to help the Chairman
...
Sir Radcliffe was in contact with Nehru and Lord Mountbatten
...
Many Muslim majority areas were given to Bharat and
Pakistan was deprived of its right share
...
The princely states themselves decided in favour of either Pakistan or Bharat
...
Disputes erupted in the states of Hyderabad
Daccan, Junagarh, Manavadar and Jammu and Kashmir
...
All three
Muslim rulers thought either to maintain their independent states or to join
Pakistan
...
The position of state c Jammu and Kashmir was just
the Opposite
...
Pakistan supported the right of self-determination of
the Kashmiris Geographically the state seems to be a natural part of Pakistan
All the elements favoured the Pakistani stand but Bharat committed
aggression and sent its forces to bring Jammu and Kashmiris under her
control, So far both the countries have fought three wars to resolve the
dispute of Kashmir but it proved all in vain
...
Pakistan has been persistently supporting the right of self of
Kashmiris and Kashmiris themselves are fighting for their liberation
...
THE LUCKNOW PACT 1916
Background:
After joining the Muslim League in 1919 the Quaid-e-Azam started clearing
the path for Hindu Muslim unity
...
This lead to
quick clearing of the path for Hindu Muslim unity, at last in 1916 once more the
meeting of both parties was held together at Lucknow where a written agreement
was signed between the two parties at Baradai of Qassai Bagh, which in the history
of sub-continent is called the Lucknow Pact
...
2
...
4
...
6
...
Nomination of Members:
The proportion of elected and nominated members of councils 1/5 will be
nominated members and ¼ will be elected members of the councils
...
P was increased than
their population ratio 33% to and in other provinces e
...
C
...
Agreement on Unanimous Law:
No suggestions for constitution making will be considered which will be
rejected by ¾th of any nations chosen members
...
a
...
The control
of the centre should be decreased from the provinces, besides the
powers of provincial councils should be increased and they must have
full authority over the budget
...
Freedom of Determination:
The members should have the right of ask questions and subquestions and to present a movement of adjournment
...
Separation of Judiciary from Administration:
The judiciary and administration should be separated in the country,
and the judiciary of every province should be under the High Court of
that province
...
Approval for Separate Electorate:
The British had accepted the long awaited demand of separate electorate of
the Muslims of India by giving it a legal status in the Act of India 1909
...
This demand was accepted by
British and Hindus in 1916, which resulted in the historical and political
success of Muslims
...
Security of Muslim Rights and Interests:
According to the Lucknow pact the acceptance of Congress to give more
representation to Muslims than their population in the Muslim minority
Pakistan Studies
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3
...
5
...
This removed a lot of fears from the Muslims of India
...
This made it obvious that Muslim
League was the representative party of Muslims
...
Mr
...
Hind Muslim Unity, First and Last Time:
Hindus tried to take revenge from Muslims in the Khilafat Movement generally
and in Nehru Report especially according to a planned conspiracy while
neglecting the written agreement of Lucknow Pact in 1916
...
This way the first and last Hindu
Muslim unity came to an end without any historical achievement
...
The Quaid-e-Azam called a meeting of all parties at his residence to accept
his proposal
...
These were published on March 20, 1927
...
2
...
4
...
6
...
Reformation in NWFP and Balochistan:
Like other provinces in NWFP and Balochistan, reformations should be
implemented
...
Provision of Hindu Muslim Facilities:
In NWFP, Sindh, Punjab and in Balochistan, Hindu should be given some
facilities are Muslims
...
Approval of Way of Script of Law:
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71
Apart of religious freedom the guarantee should be given that no law would
have weight age which is not supported by ¾ members of the council about
sectarian matter
...
They did not even think that Muslim
world withdraw from separate electorate
...
At last, on March 20, 1947 the Hindu members of
central assembly presented their points which were not acceptable for the Muslim
...
In these suggestions the interests of Muslims were secure
...
In reply to that the Quaid-e-Azam
presented his fourteen points
...
The British government started working on it before time, for these
reformation the Viceroy announced on 8th November, 1927
...
All the members of that committee were
Britishers
...
So it was named as Simon
Commission
...
e
...
At that occasion, Jinnah League approved the commission and Shafi League
supported that
...
At
last that commission presented its report in May 1930
...
Second Part:
1
...
3
...
5
...
Federal Way of Government:
Should be implement in the sub continent
Provincial Autonomy:
In the provinces the dual system would be finished and autonomy would be
given
...
W
...
P:
In N
...
F
...
Continuation of Separate Electorate:
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6
...
8
...
10
...
More Muslim Representation in the Minority Provinces:
In the Muslim minority provinces, Muslims would be given more
representation than their population
...
Rejection if 1/3 Muslim Representation:
The demand of ½ Muslim representations in the central council should be
rejected by giving him representation according to their population
...
Status of Central Administration:
The status of Central Administration should be continued and it should not be
changed
...
That is
why Congress, rejected the suggestion
...
So Muslim League and other parties rejected it
...
Its failure broadened the
constitutional crises which caused the Round Table Conference
...
To answer the challenge of Lord Berkenhead the first and second All Parties
Conference was held at Delhi on 12th February 1928, and 19th May 1928,
respectively
...
It has only two Muslim representatives namely Mr
...
Nehru
...
After
staying at Allahabad fro 3 months, the committee prepared a report
...
Suggestions of Nehru Report:
1
...
The anti Muslim suggestions of Nehru Report were as follows:
Ending of Separate Electorate:
The right of separate electorate for Muslims should be ended
...
Finding of More Seats than the Population:
The right of protection of seats according to population proportion should be
ended
...
With that justification the suggestion was made that the
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73
3
...
5
...
7
...
demand for representation according to the proportion of population of
Punjab and Bengal was rejected
...
Ending of More Muslim Seats than Population:
The Muslims should be given representation according to their population
proportion in Muslim minority provinces and the method of giving more seats
than population should be stopped
...
Separation of Sindh Province from Bombay:
The division of provinces should be carried out once again one two basis,
firstly the language should be common secondly the people of that area must
have a desire to get separated
...
Suggestion for Reforms in N
...
F
...
W
...
P Balochistan was
not mentioned in this suggestion
...
Demand of Strong Central Government:
A central type of government must be implemented in India under which the
centre should have more power than the provinces besides not discussed
authorities should be given to the centre so that it can become strong
...
Reaction of Muslim League:
The anti Muslim suggestion of Nehru Report shattered the Lucknow pact and
Delhi suggestions
...
1
...
2
...
3
...
From now the paths of Hindus Muslims are separate
...
As a result it was accepted in All Parties
Conference because of majority of Hindu Parties
...
Under these suggestions
the Hindus had altogether forgotten about the terms of Lucknow Pact
...
First that Hindus are
severe enemies of Muslims and do not want progress of Muslims
...
This is why Quaid-e-Azam answered the Nehru Report on 25th March,
1929, with his fourteen points in which he protected the rights of Muslims
...
Allama Iqbal gave the idea of a separate
Islamic State for the Muslims of India in his Allahabad Address, which led to the
creation of Pakistan
...
9
Write down the 14 points of the Quaid-e-Azam?
Ans
...
The right
of separate electorate which the Muslims considered essential for the preservation of
their identity and progress was rejected
...
The Quaid-e-Azam refused to accept the Nehru Report
...
FOURTEEN POINTS OF GREAT QUAID:
Fourteen points of Quaid-e-Azam are as under:(1)
Federal Type of Constitution:
The form of the future constitution should be federal with the powers vested in
the provinces
...
(3)
Effective Representation of Minorities:
All legislatures in the country and other elected bodies shall be constituted on
the definite principle of adequate and effective representation of minorities in every
province without reducing the majority or even equality
...
(5)
Separate Electorate:
Representation of communal group shall continue to be means of separate
electorate as at present, provided it shall be open to any community, at any time to
abandon its separate electorate in favour of joint electorate
...
(7)
Religious Liberty:
Full religious liberty, i
...
liberty of belief, worship and observance,
propaganda, association and education, shall be guaranteed all communities
...
(9)
Separation of Sindh from Bombay:
Sindh should be separated from the Bombay presidency
...
(11)
Share of Muslims in services:
Provinces should be made in the constitution giving Muslims an adequate
share along with other Indians, in all the services of the state and in local selfgoverning bodies having due regard to the requirements of efficiency
...
(13) Muslims Representation in Ministries:
No cabinet, either central or provincial, should be formed without there being
a proportion of at least one-third Muslim ministers
...
IMPORTANCE OF FOURTEEN POINTS:
Thus we can say that the Quaid-e-Azam not only protected the political rights
of the Muslims, but also provided the structure of the constitutional reforms in India
...
The Congress could not assess the foresightedness of the Quaid-e-Azam
...
The Act of 1935 set
the Hindus and the Muslims in different directions
...
10 Write a note on Allahabad Address of Allama Iqbal 1930:
Pakistan Studies
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76
Ans
...
In the absence of main leadership from
the sub-continent, Allama Iqbal was asked to preside over the annual session of the
Muslim League at Allahabad in 1930
...
It was the desire of the Muslims of India
...
Allahabad address clearly
reveals this fact
...
1
...
Self government within the British
Empire, or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-West
Indian Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of
North-West India
...
Sep
...
Muslim nation
has its own religious and cultural identity
...
Condemnation of Western Democratic Concepts:
lqbal was strongly against the western concept of Democracy
...
Iqbal was of the view that all social and political problems can
be solved with the help of Islamic system
...
)
4
...
To have the concept of single nation in India is no doubt poetic
and beautiful but impractical regarding present circumstances
...
Two Nation Theory:
Iqbal said explaining the two nation theory
...
”
6
...
That is why Islamic humane objects are becoming dim
...
”
7
...
Allah, Universe worship and state all are the basic elements of single
unit
...
”
REACTION OF THE HINDUS AND THE BRITISH:
The Hindus and the British criticized a lot on Iqbal‟s address
...
They said
that this was an illegal solution and could not be practiced in the sub-continent
...
Allama Iqbal‟s Allahabad address clearly reveals this fact
...
1937 Elections
The government announced to hold elections to the provincial legislative
assemblies in 1936-37
...
Although both Muslim League and the Congress
had rejected the Act of 1935, still they decided to contest the elections
...
The Muslim
League laid down two main principles on which its elected representatives would
work:
1
...
2
...
The Congress too, came forward with somewhat similar slogans of public
welfare, freedom and liberty and for the release of the political prisoners
...
Congress achieved a big victory and managed to get clear majority in five provinces
...
In Bombay the Congress won some
independent groups to form a coalition ministry
...
Formation of Congress Ministries
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Congress adopted rigid attitude after winning elections in majority
...
Madras, Central „Provinbes, United Provinces,
Orissa and Bihar invited the leaders of the Congress parliamentary groups in thejr
respective provinces to form ministries
...
This otherwise meant asking the government
functionaries not to perform their duties
...
However, Lord Linlithgow, the Viceroy, issued a
statement on 21st June, 1937 in which he clarified that the Governors would use
their special powers in matters of utmost urgency and that the ministers would be
allowed to work freely
...
Congress took office in eight provinces
...
Muslim ministry was formed in Sindh which was
dissolved because of the Congress conspiracies
...
Muslim
League could not form Ministry in any province
...
W
...
P
...
In
„Bombay and Bengal the Congress „formed coalitions with other groups
...
But the Congress was reluctant in sharing the power
with Muslim League and laid down degrading conditions for the Muslim League to be
included in the Ministry
...
Maulana Abu-al-Kalam Azad, a member of Congress high
command communicated to Chaudhri Khaliq-uz-Zaman, the leader of the Muslim
League, the following terms on which the Congress was prepared to let the Muslim
League enter the provincial government:
1
...
P
...
2
...
P
...
3
...
4
...
The above-conditions proposed by the Congress clearly exhibited the rigid
and dictatorial attitude which the Congress had adopted after winning the elections
...
The Muslim League therefore rejected these terms and a pure Congress ministers
was formed in the United Provinces
...
The Muslims living in
these provinces under congress rule, were subjected to most inhuman treatment and
made to bear the oppressive and tyrannical rule of the Congress for two and a half
years
...
Congress had adopted an unconstitutional method to rule the provinces and
its administration did not conform to the parliamentary system as laid down in the Act
of 1935
...
They
received all instructions from the Congress high command and were answerable to it
for all matters
...
A
parliamentary sub committee was set up by Congress to deal with the work of
legislatures in all provinces
...
It consisted of Mau Abu-al-Kalam Azad, Rajendra Prasad and
Sardar Vallabhai Patel
...
W
...
P
...
Orrissa and Assam
...
This
sub-committee was given enormous authority to deal with all matters in the
Congress ruled provinces
...
Gandhi
...
Congress began its rule by imposing its will on
the Muslim minorities in the provinces under its rule
...
Severe punishments were awarded to those who slaughtered the Mother
Cow% Every effort was made to humble and humiliate Is the religion of Muslims
...
Hindi was
enforced as the official language in all the provinces under the Congress rule
...
Noisy processions were organized to pass near the mosques at prayer
times
...
Pigs were pushed into the
mosques and Azan was frequently interrupted
...
The Muslims were openly and freely mauled and
molested
...
If the Muslims lodged complaints
with the authorities the decisions were always against the Muslims
...
Bande Matram
Bande Matram was a song in which degrading verses were used against
Muslims and their religion Islam
...
In order to strengthen the Hindu nationalism, the Congress members in
the Assemblies, under the instructions from the Congress High Command, insisted
Pakistan Studies
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80
on commencing the day‟s beginnings by the recitation of the song Bande Matram
...
2
...
It preached
Hindu nationalism and principles of non-violence
...
The Wardha
and Widdia Mander schemes sought to isolate the young generation of the Muslims
from their religion,
...
The Muslims, therefore, rightly feared
that the education policies introduced under these schemes, were completely
segregated from their religion, tradition and culture and would subvert all what they
(Muslims) loved so much
...
It aimed at
injecting the political ideas of one political party, the Congress, into the minds of the
Muslim children
...
Hoisting of Three-Coloured flag
Congress, after taking over the government in the provinces, immediately
ordered the hoisting of three-coloured flag with the British Union Jack to prove that
there were only two powers in Ii which were the British and the Congress
...
Widdja Mander Scheme
Another attempt was made to erase the Muslim culture by introducing a new
educational system
...
It was introduced in all schools,
colleges and educational institutions
...
The students were asked to bow before Gandhi‟s picture and sing hymns in
his praise
...
Zakir Husain, a Congress Muslim, was the author of this scheme
...
Hindu-Muslim Riots
Hindu-Muslim riots were usual during the Congress rule
...
The Hindus were free to assault the innocent
Muslims in any area
...
Muslim massacre and plundering of their localities
were the scenes of the day
...
Muslim Mass Contact Campaign
Congress started a Muslim mass contact campaign
...
It
was Nehru‟s imagination to destroy the image of Muslim League as the only
representative party of the Muslims
...
MUSLIM LEAGUE’S ROLE DURING CONGRESS RULE
Muslim League remained very active during the atrocious rule of the
Congress
...
The Muslim League protested against antiMuslim policies of the Congress and openly condemned its various steps like the
recitation of Bande Matram as the national anthem
...
The Muslim League
expressed its grave concern over the communal riots in the United Provinces, Bihar,
the Central Provinces and Bombay
...
He said that the Congress rule was a fascist and authoritarian set up
which uprooted all norms of democracy
...
Britain declared war against Germany
the government appealed to all political parties for help and assist in this hour of
need
...
The British Government should explain the objective of the war
...
The government should announce that the elected legislature would draft the
constitution of India
...
The members of the Viceroy‟s Executive Council should be those only who
enjoy the support of the central ass
The acceptance of these demands would have meant the transfer of power to
the Congress as these demands clearly showed that the Congress was asking for
the right of constitution making
...
Viceroy declared that
due consideration would be given to the point of view of every party and that
dominion status would be given to India after the war
...
Congress leaders
expressed their utter disappointment on the decision of the government
...
The Congress High Command asked its ministers to tender resignations in
protest against the decision of the government
...
The poor Muslim population took a sigh of relief
as they have been relieved of the most tyrannical and oppressive rule of the
Congress
...
The
two and half years of the Congress rule was a bitter and painful experience for the
Muslims Of India who had seen the real Hindu mentality
...
The Quaid-i-Azam appealed that the day should be observed with peace
...
in accordance with the appeal of the Quaid-i-Azam
celebrated the day with happiness
...
CHAUDRI REIIMAT AL AND PAKISTAN MOVEMENT
The name of Chaudri Rehmat A will always go in history with utmost esteem
and reverence for the dedicated services which he rendered to the cause of the
Muslims of India
...
He is known as the architect of the idea of Pakistan in the
history of Muslim India
...
He joined
Islamia College, Lahore from where he took his Bachelor Degree
...
He then switched over to the teaching profession
and joined Aitchison College, Lahore as a lecturer
...
Chaudri Rehmat Ali, a great and fiery orator, was full of nationalist sentiments
...
He was very much in favour of a separate homeland for the Muslims
of India and considered it the ultimate destiny of the Muslims
...
This can
only be possible when we separate ourselves from the common nationality and
sever our relations from the rest of India
...
In this article Chaudri
Rehmat Ali extremely criticised those Muslim leaders who were advocating the
federal system in India
...
He said that the Muslims were a separate nation
with their own culture and civilization distinct from the Hindu culture and civilization
...
He pleaded that the only solution to this
dilemma was to divide the sub-continent to establish a separate Muslim state
consisting of Punjab, Balochistan, N
...
F
...
Kashmir and Sindh
...
Chaudri Rehmat A set up Pakistan National Movement in England in 1933
...
Pakistan National Movement was extremely opposed to the idea of making India a
federation and did not like the Muslims to have any connections with India
...
The Pakistan National Movement extended its
endeavor to other parties of Europe and America
...
Chaudri Rehmat Ali
issued an from the platform of Pakistan National Movement entitled as “Objectives of
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83
Pakistan National Movement
...
In 1937 Chaudri Rehmat Ali demanded a Muslim State
comprising of Bengal and Assam and proposed the name of Bang-i for it
...
Chaudri Rehmat Ali intensified his efforts during the Round Table Conference
and urged the Muslim participants of the conference to reject the ptoposal of Indian
federation
...
His
ideas and thoughts aroused hope among the Muslims of India
...
Chaudri Rehmat A not only coined the name of
Pakistan but also launched an effective movement for the accomplishment of
Pakistan
...
It
was Chaudri Rehmat Ali who declared the Lahore Resolution as Pakistan Resolution
which was finally accepted by the Quaid-i-Azam and all the Muslims of India
...
What was the Pakistan Resolution? Write down its three points
and what was the Hindu reaction after it had passed in the
meeting?
Ans
...
A resolution, presented by Maulvi Fazal-ul- (Sher-e- Bengal) a renowned Bengali
leader was passed
...
Background of Pakistan Resolution:
The Muslim leaders were worried about national future, ever since the
Muslims lost the war of Independence 1857
...
The future
looked bleak and unsatisfactory
...
Different leaders presented different
suggestions
...
R
...
Allama lqbal in his presidential address at the annual session of All India
Muslim League in 1930, declared that the establishment of a separate state in the
North West of the sub-continent for the Muslims, the goal of the Muslim nation, As a
student of Cambridge University, Chaudhry Rehmat All, distributed a pamphlet
among the participants of Round Table Conference in 1932
...
The Sindh Muslim League passed a resolution in its annual Session of 1938
and demanded partition into Hindu India and Muslim India
...
Presidential Address of Quaid-e-Azam
Pakistan Studies
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84
The Quaid-e-Azam in his presidential address clearly indicated the direction
of Muslim struggle
...
The sub-continent is not one country and Hindu Muslim issue is an
international issue
...
The solution of the
problem lies in the creation of more than one state in South Asia
...
Partition of a land into two or more than two states is not an unprecedented
idea
...
Referring to all such examples, he asked for the partition of British India
...
Basic point of the Resolution:
The contiguous units in different areas to be redemarcated as such that
Muslim majority areas of North East and North West be established as independent
Muslim states
...
After the partition the rights of the Muslim minority will be protected, and
suitable arrangements will be made for this purpose
...
They rejected the demand and they ridiculed it
...
Gandhi and Nehru, in particular, criticized it and
turned it down in harsh words
...
The Muslim leaders adopted the new term
...
Reaction of The Muslim Theologists:
A large number of theologists were, reluctant to support the demand for
partition
...
Reaction of the British:
The British press did not pay much attention
...
After this firm decision, only in sovot yours the Muslims got a separate
state of their own
...
Q10
...
Ans
...
Background
Pakistan Studies
Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad
85
In the 2 World War, The Japanese forces were heading towards South
Asia
...
The preliminary successes of
Japanese encouraged the Indian National Congress
...
Congressites were
confident that Japanese would hand over the power to the Indians after Britain‟s
defeat
...
To cope with this situation the government of
Great Britain sent Sir Stafford Cripps to find a suitable solution for the circumstances
in the sub continent
...
Cripps brought a few proposals for discussions with the major political forces in the
sub-continent
...
Independence of The Indians In All Departments
All government departments will be handed over to the Indian Ministers
including Defense, Foreign Affairs and Communications
...
The
Constituent Assembly will be elected by the members of the Provincial Assemblies
...
Provincial Autonomy
After the formulation of the constitution by the Constituent Assembly, it will be
sent to the provinces
...
Reaction of Political Parties:
Muslim League
The Quaid-e-Azam and All India Muslim League expressed thanks to Cripps
and the Government of Great Britain for the promise to the Muslim majority
provinces free and independent status
...
All India Muslim League expressed thanks for the proposed steps for the
protection of the rights of minorities
...
Congress
Gandhi and his political party, Indian national Congress, absolutely rejected
the Cripps proposals
...
The Congress criticized the right of veto, given to the
provinces
...
It expressed its displeasure for providing
Pakistan Studies
Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad
86
protection to the minorities
...
The government was not willing to agree to the demands of Indian
national Congress
...
The effort proved futile but
from Muslim point of view, it was a step towards partition
...
Write a note on Simla conference
...
The Viceroy, Lord Wavell, to have a dialogue with the major political parties in
1945, called Simla conference
...
Congress:
Pandit Nerhru, Beldev Singh and Azad
Muslim League:
Quaid-e-Azam, Liaquat Ali Khan and Abdu Rub Nishter
Chief Ministers:
All provinces
Unionist and other parties‟ representatives
Background:
The Indian National Congress kept on pressurizing the British government to
quit India
...
Gandhi
was not prepared to tolerate British Raj anymore
...
Gandhi wanted immediate transfer of power to the majority party
...
Civil
disobedience Movement, Quit India Movement, Swedeshi Movement and other
methods were used to force the British to quit India
...
Gandhi and his party was expecting the
defeat of the Allied Forces at the hands of the Japanese, therefore, the Hindus
continuously built up the pressure against the government
...
The expectations of Gandhi were not fulfilled
...
The desperate Gandhi changed his tactics and turned toward the Muslim
League
...
The former wanted to entrap the
later
...
The Quaid very well understood his mind
...
The Quaid did
not budge an inch from his demand for Pakistan
...
So the Viceroy gave his plain in the Simla Conference
...
The plan was a s under:The future constitution will be framed with the consent of all major political parties
...
The council will consist of six Hindus, five
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87
Muslims and one British
...
The
Commander-in-Chief will be ax-officio member of the Executive Council
...
Provincial Executive Councils will also be organized
...
Failure of the conference:
The conference had to decide the political infrastructure, the formation of
assemblies and governments at central as well as provincial level
...
What so ever was the situation, the Congress was going
to form the government on the basis of its majority
...
It had also declared before holding a conference that it
would not accept partition in any case
...
The point related to
the nomination of five Muslim ministers of the Vicroy‟s executive Council
...
No other party had a right to send
even a sin member
...
The Quaid did not agree to this proposal
...
The Quaid-e-Azam rejected this name as well and insisted that all the five
ministries should be given to All India Muslim League
...
Responsibility for Failure:
The Indian National Congress held the Quaid-e-Azam responsible for the
failure
...
Quaid-e-Azam refuted the blame and disclosed the trap prepared by Lord Wavell
and Gandhi to entrap the Mus1ir It was their joint venture
...
Conclusion
Simla Conference was a step to make a possible understanding between the
British Govt
...
It was the
foresight of the Quaid-e-Azam that rescued the Muslims
...
Q12
...
General elections were held in the sub-continent in 1945-46
...
It looked forward to get its
share from the colonies of UK, and it was asked to hand over the power to the
people
...
The future of the sub-continent was to be decided in the light of the people‟s
mandate in the elections
...
The elections could clarify the situation, which political party was holding
the just stand
...
The elections of Federal Assembly and all provincial assemblies were to be held in
late 1945 and early 1946, respectively
...
Manifestos of Different Parties
Following were the programmes of different parties:
Congress:
Congress gave the following points as its manifesto:
Freedom of India
United India (Akhand Bharat)
Representation of the Hindi and all the minorities of India
Muslim League:
Liberation of India from British Rule
Partition of India (Achievement of a separate Homeland for the Muslims)
Muslim League as the representative of All the Indian Muslims
The Muslim League highlighted partition in his manifesto
...
He made it clear that the defeat of Muslim League would mean burial of
the idea of the creation of Pakistan
...
Election Campaign:
All political parties campaigned during the elections
...
Congress:
Congress wanted to check the intentions of Muslim League at every cost
...
People‟s contact campaign
went on full swing
...
A big election alliance of four parties was formed against Muslim League
...
The elections were a matter of life
and death for Muslim League
...
The Quaid-e-Azam openly challenged that the Muslim League would prove the
demand for Pakistan as the only option left for Muslims
...
Results of Election
Following were the results of the elections:
Federal Assembly:
The election of Federal Assembly were held in December, 1945 on the basis
of separate electorate
...
The Muslims League
won all the seats
...
The Muslim League
defeated its rivals on 434 seats out of 495 Muslim seats
...
The claim of the Quaid- proved true and the
absolute majority of the Muslims supported demand for Pakistan
...
Conclusion:
The results proved that the Muslim League was the sole Muslim political
party, and further that the stand of the Quaid in Simla Conference was absolutely
just
...
These elections paved an easy way for the creation of Pakistan
Cripps Mission
A mission was sent to the sub-continent in 1942 by the Government of Great
Britain under the leadership of Sir Stafford Cripps
...
The Japanese
forces were heading towards South Asia
...
The preliminary successes of Japanese encouraged the Indian National
Congress
...
Congressites were confident that Japanese would hand over the
power to the Indians after Britain‟s defeat
...
Cripps brought a few proposals for discussions
with the major political forces in the sub-continent
...
The sub-continent will be given the status of a dominion after the war
...
All government departments will be handed over to the Indian Ministers
including Defence, Foreign Affairs and Communications
...
A Central Constituent Assembly will be formed to formulate a constitution
...
4
...
5
...
The provinces who do not endorse the Constitution will
be empowered to create a separate and free status for themselves
...
The hint was a clear indication of the creation of Pakistan
...
All India Muslim League discussed the proposals in the meeting and after long
discussions, it decided not to approve the Cripps proposals as the demand for
Pakistan was not accepted in clear cut terms
...
They ridiculed the proposals: A post dated cheque of a
bank that is going to be bankrupt
...
It opposed the idea of partition
...
The Cripps proposals
were prepared by the British government under American pressure
...
On the other hand Congress could not support the proposals when
the Japanese were looking to be in strong position
...
SIMLA CONFERENCE
Simla Conference was convened by the Vicroy, Lord Wavell, to have a
dialogue with the major political parties in 1945
...
Congress:
Pundit Nehru, Beldev Singh and Azad
Muslim League: Quaid-e-Azam, Liaquat Ali Khan and Abdur Rub
Nishtar
Background
The Indian National Congress kept on pressurizing the British government to
quit India
...
Gandhi
was not prepared to tolerate British raj anymore
...
Gandhi wanted immediate transfer of power to the majority party
...
Civil
Disobedience Movement, Quit India Movement, Swedeshi Movement and other
methods were used to force the Britishers to quit India
...
In all such activities the
All India Muslim League was ignored
...
The Allied Forces gained the
ground
...
Gandhi Jinnah dialogues were arranged
...
Gandhi was now ready to give some concessions to the Muslims in order to
start a joint struggle of the two parties
...
He
did not agree to enhance the strength of the Ghandian movements
...
The situation demanded some
sort of government initiative
...
Wavell Plan
The Vicroy of India, Lord Wavell chalked out a plan to settle the political
issues with the political parties to introduce a frame work order, under which the
elections to federal and provincial legislative assemblies could be conducted for the
formation of future government
...
The future constitution will be framed with the consent of all major
political parties
...
An Executive Council will be made and representatives of all major political
parties will be included in the Council
...
3
...
4
...
5
...
6
...
Governor of the
province will be the Chief of the Council, in each province
...
The move was
encouraging for Congress
...
Congress joined the conference
proceedings with high hopes
...
The meeting started to discuss the first point on agenda
...
The Quaide-Azam vehemently argued that all the five would be nominated on the
recommendations of All India Muslim League
...
The Vicroy and Indian National Congress wished to nominate
Maulana Azad as, Muslim minister
...
Now
Vicroy asked the Quaid to accept Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana, the leader of Unionist
party
...
The very first point created a
fuss and further discussion was futile, therefore, the Simla Conference failed in
getting any objective
...
Lord Wavell also criticized the inflexible attitude of the Quaid-a-Azam
...
It was their joint venture
...
The new elections were held in 1945-46 and the Muslim League won all the
Muslim seats of the Federal Assembly
...
The Muslim masses gave their clear cut verdict in favour of the
Muslim League, and it came out victorious as the only Muslim political party
...
In the general elections war hero of the
conservative party, Mr
...
Attlee succeeded him as
Prime Minister
...
He sent a high powered Mission
to India to bring round all the political parties to an amicable formula for the freedom
...
Q25
...
1
...
E
...
Elaxander
3
...
They also tried to know the points of view of the Governors and
Chief Ministers of different provinces
...
Both the major political parties were very much clear about their
opinions
...
The Indian National Congress
vehemently opposed it
...
Congress out-rightly
rejected the demand for Pakistan and the two Nation Theory on which the Muslims‟
stand was based upon
...
The Prime Minister, before sending the
Mission, declared in the Parliament that no minority would be given veto power; and
the hindering of the political process by any party would not be tolerated
...
The Quaid categorically stated that the Muslim League was performing the duty of
protecting the rights of the Muslims
...
During his meeting
wit!-
...
The Muslims have a separate identity
and, they have every right to determine their future course as a separate nation
...
Indian Union
The sub-continent vil1 be given the status of a union
...
The system will be federal
...
All other departments will be handed
over to the provinces
...
ii
...
What were the groups of provinces formed the cabinet Mission plant
...
P
...
P, Bihar
Group „B‟
Punjab, Sindh and NWFP
Group „C‟
Bengal and Assam
Nature of the federation was unique in which three tiers were to exist, centre,
group of provinces and province
...
One point was quite strange that the powers of central and
provincial organizations were specifically mentioned in the Cabinet Mission Plan but
the powers of „Group of Provinces” were not defined
...
The provinces will get representation in the Federal Assembly and Federal
Cabinet as per their respective population
...
Constituent Assembly
The members of all provincial assemblies will the Constituent Assembly
...
After
that three provincial groups will frame their respective constitutions
...
Interim Government
The Interim government will immediately he installed and it will run the system
of government till the formation of the constitution
...
No Britisher will be the
minister
...
v
...
Such a province would be free to join any other group of choice
...
Separation from Indian Union
One or two groups of provinces will be authorized to quit the Indian Union
after ten years
...
The two groups were of Muslim majority provinces
...
vii
...
The right to join the
interim government was given only to the parties who supported the plan
...
In case it vetoes, it would be kept away from the government
...
The party leaders welcomed it
...
„The plan was a defeat of the Muslim
League
...
They
considered the plan a victory of he Opponents of Pakistan
...
The Quaid-e said, “I am sorry to see that the demand for Pakistan has been
ignored by the Mission Plan
...
”
Gandhi
Gandhi in his press statement talked about the supremacy of the Parliament
and expressed his opinion that Parliament would be empowered to bring changes in
the system, introduced by the government on the basis of the Cabinet Mission Plan
...
The safeguard
provided by the Cabinet Mission to the Muslims could be withdrawn by the Hindu
majority Parliament
...
Final Decision
The first reaction of the two political parties was totally different
...
The matter was widely discussed in the general councils of
both the parties
...
He, contrary to the expectation of all the political circles,
declared to accept the plan and Congress was put to an embarrassing situation
...
The Quaid-e-Azam exchanged views with his party leaders and then
discussed the forthcoming problems of the Muslims with the Viceroy
...
Pundit Nehru had also appealed to the Muslim League but the Quaid-eAzam gave the whole credit to the Viceroy
...
The five members
of the Muslim League who took the oath of office as Minister were:
Q27
...
1946
...
Liaquat Ali Khan
ii
...
I
...
Chundrigar
iv
...
Jogindar Nath Mandal
The last one belonged to the minority: The Muslim League actually wanted to
show that it was looking after the interests and rights of all the minorities
...
3RD JUNE 1947 PLAN
Appointment of Mountbatten
Both Simla Conference and Cabinet Mission Plan failed to produce an
amicable solution of the constitutional and political problem India
...
Half of the Cabinet Mission Plan could be implemented but hardships
were there
...
The Muslim League
joined the Interim government but did not participate in the constitution making
process, therefore, the dream of making a constitution could not be realized
...
The joint venture of Gandhi and Wavell miserably
failed
...
The British Prime
Minister declared on 20t11 February 1947 that British rule in South Asia would come
to an end by June 1948
...
Meeting with political Leaders
Soon after taking over the charge, the last Viceroy started meeting with the
leaders of the political parties
...
The 1945- 46 elections had strengthened the position of
the Muslim League
...
He was now clear that the dream of independent Indian Union
would never be fulfilled
...
After a series of meetings he was successful in his
mission
...
He stood by his words
and fulfilled his promise but it was because of the blessings of Allah Almighty that
Pakistan emerged on the map and remained an independent sovereign state
...
The bad intentions of Indian
National Congress were bound to fail
...
Lord Mountbatten prepared a plan to leave the sub continent
...
Important Points of the Plan
The June 3, 1947 Plan was an elaborate one
...
The government took final decision to divide it into two independent
states
...
Now the details were laid down to
decide the future of the provinces and small states
...
Competent Leadership:
C
...
, U
...
, Urrisa, Bombay, Madras and Bihar were non-Muslim majority
provinces
...
Pakistan Studies
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96
ii
...
The Muslim
majority area would go to Pakistan and non-Muslim majority area to Bharat,
respectively
...
iii
...
The
province was to be divided into East Bengal and West Bengal
...
A Boundary
Commission for the demarcation of the boundary was created by the British
government
...
Province of Sindh
The members of the Sindh Provincial Assembly got the right to join Pakistan
or Bharat by a majority vote
...
Balochistan
Balochistan had not yet been given the status of a full fledged province
...
vi
...
A very large majority of the district
was Muslim
...
They had to opt either for Pakistan or Bharat
...
North Western Frontier Province
The people of NWFP had to decide their fate by a referendtim
...
viii
...
The external sovereignty
was lying with the British government
...
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PLAN JUNE 1947
The non-Muslim majority provinces were included in Bharat
...
A very large majority favoured
Pakistan and Sylhet was included in Pakistan
...
The Shahi Jirga and Quetta Municipality voted for Pakistan and Balochistan
became a part of Pakistan
...
A dominating majority voted for Pakistan and N\VFP
joined Pakistan
...
Sir
Radcliffe, a British lawyer
...
Two members each were nominated by the Congress and
Muslim League to help the Chairman
...
Sir Radcliffe was in contact with Nehru and Lord Mountbatten
...
Many Muslim majority areas were given to Bharat and
Pakistan was deprived of its right share
...
The princely states themselves decided in favour of either Pakistan or Bharat
...
Disputes erupted in the states of Hyderabad
Daccan, Junagarh, Manavadar and Jammu and Kashmir
...
All three
Muslim rulers thought either to maintain their independent states or to join
Pakistan
...
The position of state c Jammu and Kashmir was just
the Opposite
...
Pakistan supported the right of self-determination of
the Kashmiris Geographically the state seems to be a natural part of Pakistan
All the elements favoured the Pakistani stand but Bharat committed
aggression and sent its forces to bring Jammu and Kashmiris under her
control, So far both the countries have fought three wars to resolve the
dispute of Kashmir but it proved all in vain
...
Pakistan has been persistently supporting the right of self of
Kashmiris and Kashmiris themselves are fighting for their liberation
...
Q
...
Ans:
After the war of independence (called MUTINY by the British), the Muslims became
a slave nation and the British tried to make them eternal slaves by introducing
Combined Electorate in the name of political reforms
...
At last the Muslims were given the right of
separate electorate in the Act of 1909 (Minto Marley Reforms) after discussing it with
the Muslim Delegation at Simla in 1906
...
It means an electoral system in which the
rights and interests of different nations are protected by fixing their separate seats in
the legislatures according to the proportion of their population
...
Combined Electorate:
Combined Electorate is another political term
...
In these electorates minorities are dependents on the will of
majorities
...
The separate identity of the Muslims was
in danger because of combined electorate system and the political rights of the
Muslims were being ignored
...
Muslim Struggle for the Separate Electorate:
The Combined Electorate System was implemented in India after the war of
independence
...
Following are the various aspects behind the Muslim Struggle for the
Separate Electorate
...
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Separate Electorate:
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the first Muslim Leader who opposed the combined
electorate system when it was implemented
...
He said,
"This thing is confirmed that the population of Hindus is four times more
...
Therefore, it is necessary that separate electorate should be
implemented and Hindu Muslim constituencies should be marked so that Hindu
votes will elect Hindu candidates and Muslim voters will elect Muslim candidates
...
Act of 1892 and Combined Electorate:
Combined electorate was implemented in India under the Act of 1892 in central and
provincial levels
...
These terms affected majority of the Muslims
...
Muslim Reaction on Combined Electorates:
Sir Syed criticized the combined electorate system and other Muslims strongly
reacted against it
...
Beck, The Principal Ali
Garh College sent a memorandum to the British Government demanding:
"The Muslims would always be deprived of leadership due to combined electorate
...
"
4
...
The Muslim
constituencies should be marked for this
...
"
5
...
A
delegation of London Branch under the headship of Syed Ameer Ali met John
Marley, the minister for India and emphasized the approval of separate electorate
...
At last John Marley and Lord Minto approved
the demand
...
Reaction of Hindus on the Demand for Separate Electorate:
Congress and prominent leaders of Hindus opposed the Muslim demand for the
separate electorate
...
They also forced the British to withdraw this approval
...
Minto Marley Reforms and Separate Electorate:
In 1909 Minto Marley Reforms were introduced in the Sub-Continent
...
The Muslims were
allotted five seats in the Central Legislature and 18 out of 284 seats from the
provincial Legislature though in Punjab and C
...
8
...
With
the efforts of Mr
...
in this Pact Congress agreed to the separate electorate for the
Muslims
...
9
...
As Congress has
accepted this right of the Muslims, he did not disapprove separate electorate
...
Delhi Proposals and Separate Electorate:
Moti Lal Nehru offered Quaid-e-Azam to accept all the demands of the Muslims if the
Muslims were ready to withdraw from the right of separate electorate
...
They prepared some
suggestions called Delhi Proposals as a substitute for the right of separate
electorate
...
11
...
In this report separate electorate was strongly opposed in the
following words:
"Separate electorate is a cause of communal violence therefore combined
electorates should be implemented
...
All Parties Muslim Conference and Separate Electorate:
All parties Muslim Conference was held in Delhi
...
13
...
The resolution
consisted of fourteen points was accepted unanimously
...
In one point
Quaid-e-Azam said,
"The present system of separate electorate should remain as such but each sect
should be given the permission to adopt combined electorate on its wish
...
Communal Award and Separate Electorate:
Indian Leaders failed to find a solution for the communal problems in three Round
Table Conferences (1930- 1932)
...
In this award The British
Government announced the right of separate electorate not only for Muslims but for
Sikhs, Christians and Achuts also
...
Government of India Act 1935 and Separate Electorate:
Pakistan Studies
Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad
100
British Government promulgated Government of India Act 1935 to end the
constitutional crises in India keeping in view the reports of three Round Table
Conferences
...
Conclusion:
The separate electorate was not merely a demand but was a matter of great
importance for the Indian Muslims
...
Thus separate electorate system proved strength for the establishment of
Pakistan
...
Pakistan Studies
Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad
101
4
EARLY PROBLEMS OF PAKISTAN
CHAPTER #
Q1
...
During British rule in the Sub-continent 635 princely states were
internally ruled over by Nawabs and Rajas
...
Foreign affairs and defense were under direct British
control
...
When freedom struggle was going to succeed, the future
of princely states also came under discussion
...
The states, immediately declared their
affiliations either with Pakistan or India
...
The Indian forces forcibly
annexed them with India
...
The State of Hyderabad Daccan:
The ruler of the state was a Muslim, called “Nizam” while the majority of
the people belonged to Hindu religion
...
The social and economic conditions of the state were satisfactory
...
Nizam, being the
Muslim, never liked annexation with India but the Indian government
pressurized him
...
Nizam did not agree with them and resisted all the pressures
...
The Indian government forced him to sign the document of
annexation but he refused
...
The matter was under consideration
when the Indian forces invaded Hyderabad Daccan
...
India got control of
the state forcibly
...
The State of Junagarh:
Just like Hyderabad Daccan, the Nawab of Junagarh was a Muslim and
the Hindus were in majority in the state
...
The population was around 7 Lac and total area comprised
3337 square kilometers
...
The Governor General of India, Lord Mountbatten, favoured the
Pakistan Studies
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102
annexation with India
...
A copy of the letter was sent to
the Governor General, as well
...
The state was surrounded by Indian army
from all sides and blockade continued for indefinite period
...
Finally the army entered in the territory
and got hold of the state
...
He also sent a protest to the United Nations but it was in vain
...
Pakistan too, lodged a protest with the Security Council
...
3
...
The Muslim ruler declared his decision of annexation
with Pakistan
...
It was another action of forcible
annexation
...
4
...
The state is contiguous to
Pakistan, China, Tibet and Afghanistan
...
The area of the state was 84471 sq
...
It is
predominantly a Muslim state
...
for Rs
...
Muslims
agitated in 1930 and the struggle for independence from Dogra control started
Movement
...
The freedom struggle was going on when the Subcontinent was partitioned
...
They aspired for
annexation with Pakistan; “Kashmir Bane Ga Pakistan” was the main slogan
of Kashmiri people
...
Most of the rivers flow from Kashmir to
Pakistan and irrigate the lands of Pakistan
...
Therefore, they pressed the Raja to join
Pakistan
...
Seeing no hope of
liberation, the Muslims started a freedom movement
...
Millions of Kashmiris were forced
to migrate to Pakistan
...
The oppression made the movement to get greater momentum
with the passage of time
...
The Indian government, on the
Pakistan Studies
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103
other hand, kept on pressuring Raja to sign a document of annexation
...
Now the people of Kashmir took the weapons in their hands and started
fighting against the Indian forces
...
The Indian army could not check it
...
This area is called Azad Kashmir now-a-days
...
The Hindu forces were pushed
back
...
The Security Council passed two resolutions
...
It was also decided that future of the state of
Jammu and Kashmir would be decided according to the aspirations of the
people
...
On the
promise of the Indian government the freedom fighters co-operated with the
Security Council
...
Unfortunately the interests of major
powers did not allow the plebiscite
...
Pakistan was a party in the Security Council but it was denied justice
...
The Security Council passed
more resolutions but could not do anything practically
...
The matter is still
pending on the agenda of the United Nations
...
The dispute demands
more sacrifices from Kashmiri Muslims
...
What were the early problems faced by the Country after its
creation? Discuss in detail
...
With the help of Allah Almighty, Islamic Republic of Pakistan came into
being on 14th August 1947 but Indian National Congress did not accept
the creation of Pakistan from the core of its heart
...
The
people of Pakistan, who faced all the problems and difficult
circumstances, showed their determination to defend the freedom
...
Unjust Award by Sir Radcliff:
Pakistan Studies
Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad
104
rd
According to the 3 June 1974 Plan the Provinces of the Punjab and
Bengal were to be divided into Muslim and non-Muslim majority areas
...
A commission was
assigned the duty to demarcate the boundaries of Muslim majority and Hindu
majority areas of the Punjab and Bengal
...
Three Tehsils of District Guurdaspur
namely Pakistan Kot, Batala and Gurdaspur and the Tehsil Zeera of District
Ferozpur were included in India
...
The Two Head Works
Ferozepur head works and Madhopur head works constructed on the land of
West Punjab were also handed over the India
...
Administrative Problems:
The Hindus working in offices situated in the areas of Pakistan migrated
to India and the offices became empty
...
Most of the
offices started their work under the open sky with no shelter
...
The Government of
Pakistan began its work under miserable conditions
...
Pakistan had to take a
new start form the scratch
...
Arrival of Refugees:
Millions of Muslim families migrated to Pakistan
...
The number of the Muslims who
finally crossed the border was more than 1,25,00,000
...
To rehabilitate the refugees in Pakistan was a very big task for the
administration
...
4
...
When the question of division of assets between
the two separated countries was raised, the Hindus once again did not do
justice with Muslims
...
The share of
Pakistan was 750 million rupees
...
India inspite of world
pressure became ready to pay the amount if Pakistan would surrender
Kashmir Valley to India
...
The balance of 50 million has not been paid by
Pakistan Studies
Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad
105
India so far
...
The
representatives of the two states signed a treaty but India took no action
...
Division of Armed forces:
It was imperative that the military assets were also to be divided
between the two countries after the partition of the Sub-continent,
proportionately
...
Actually India wanted to keep Pakistan weak
...
He wanted to continue them in joint command
...
It was decided
that all military assets would be divided between the two states at the ratio of
64% and 36%
...
Not a single factory was situated in the
area of Muslim majority
...
It was decided after long discussions and deliberations that India
would make payment of 60 million rupees to Pakistan
...
Field
Marshal Auchinluck resigned from his office because of the negative and noncooperative attitude of the Indian government
...
This is how Pakistan was deprived of her legal and just
share in military hardware
...
6
...
No state can change the course of the river and
deprive another state of its water
...
India planned to build up
dams and barrages and checked the flow of water to Pakistan in April 1948
...
The rivers
Ravi, Sutlaj and Bias enter the territory of Pakistan from Indian side and they
have been the major sources of irrigation in the area
...
The matter was sorted out and the two countries were brought on the
negotiation table
...
A huge amount was allocated to solve the
issue
...
Pakistan conceded three rivers (Ravi, Sutluj Bias) to India and
reciprocally India left its claim on the waters of rivers Jhelum, Chenab and
Sindh
...
Problem of States:
At the time of creation of Pakistan there were 635 small and big states
...
There were four states on which India take control by force and
problem was arise because these state wanted to join Pakistan these state
over Kashmir, Hayderabad, Junagargh and Monarader
...
Problem of Transfer of Government Servants
At the time of partition, the government employees were given the
option to choose between the two countries
...
The result was that Pakistan had to face enormous
difficulties to evolve administrative machinery because to shift government
personnel from Indian territories to Pakistan became a huge problem
...
Three compartments were
ripped into pieces while three were derailed
...
Therefore, the government started to transport the employees to
Karachi by air
...
A transfer office in India and a reception office in Karachi were set
up for these employees
...
9
...
Necessary amendments were made in the 1935 constitution of India and it
was implemented so that government could be run
...
Because of this in December
1971, East Pakistan was separated and became Bangladesh
...
10
...
A lot of important mineral producing areas were
also given to India so that‟s why Lord Mount Batten and his team including
Pakistan Studies
Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad
107
Congress created multi economic problems to weaken the Pakistan
economically
...
Geographical Problems
When Pakistan came into being, Pakistan was consisted of two major
parts East Pakistan & West Pakistan
...
e
...
There was no any Road link between East & West
Pakistan
...
That is the reason there is a great cultural difference between the two
parts of the country, which create a lot of problem for Pakistan in future
...
Problem of Kashmir
The state of Jammu and Kashmir is situated in the North of Pakistan
and was the largest state in the Sub-continent
...
The British government sold the
whole area of the state to a Dogra Raja, Gulab Singh for Rs
...
Muslims agitated in 1930 and the struggle for independence from Dogra
control started Movement
...
The Kashmir is having
been emotionally attached with Pakistan
...
The Hindu ruler did not appreciate the idea
...
The freedom movement seemed to be successful
...
When the situation became grim, the
Indian government sought the help of the Security Council of the United
Nations
...
Both the parties were
advised to accept cease fire
...
To ascertain the will of the people, a plebiscite was to be held
...
Unfortunately the interests of major powers did not allow the
plebiscite
...
13
...
But on the assurance of Lord Mount
Batten congress agreed on the plan that Pakistan cannot survive more than
10 years
...
“Neither the Congress nor the nation has given up its claim of a united India”
...
Other two
main wars in 1965 and 1971 also fought between two countries later on
...
Problem of Pukhtunistan
After the creation of Pakistan, Afghanistan Government claims that
Pushto speaking areas of Pakistan were the part of Afghanistan earlier
...
15
...
Great Quaid-e-Azam became
Governor General of Pakistan
...
Death of Quaid-e-Azam created a lot
of problem for Pakistan
...
Write down the Services
Consolidation of Pakistan
...
The Quaid-e-Azam survived for 13 months after independence but in
this short spell, he showed great confidence upon his people and put
them on the track to progress and prosperity
...
Rehabilitation of Refugees:
The government of Pakistan under the trusted leadership of the Quaide-Azam fixed the priorities, and at the top was the problem of rehabilitation of
the refugees
...
The
plight of refugees was torturing the leader
...
Quaid-e-Azam Relief Fund for the
Refugees was set up and invited the philanthropists to donate as much as
they could
...
The social workers sincerely provided a very huge
quantity of foodstuff, clothing, medicines, blankets, tents and other things
...
The evacuee properties were
distributed among the refugees, according to their claims
...
He addressed
many public gatherings and prepared the minds of the Muslims for the
forthcoming eventualities
...
They themselves went up by sheer determination and force of character
...
You are a nation whose history is
full of tales of heroism and bravery
...
Advice to the government officials:
On October 11, 1947 Quaid-e-Azam advised the civil servants
...
If we are to survive as a nation, we will have
to face these difficulties with a stern hand, our people are disorganized and
worried because of the problems they are facing
...
”
3
...
He warned the people and advised them not to
indulge in provincialism and racialism
...
He emphasized the need to adopt
national outlook instead of provincial, linguistic, racial and territorial
differences
...
When it emerged on the map, they did their best to flare up the
sentiments of provincialism to paralyze the administration and economy
...
If we are not united we shall become weak
and disgraced
...
None of us is Punjabi, Sindhi, Balochi,
Pathan or Bengali
...
4
...
The Quaid-eAzam boldly faced the challenges and he overcame the situation with the help
of the people
...
For
that matter he involved the trade community and advised them to play there
role, required for progress of the nation
...
5
...
Reserve
Bank of India could not deliver the required services for the progress of
economy of Pakistan as it was monopolized by Hindus
...
He delivered his
inaugural address and said,
“The Bank symbolized the sovereignty of our people in the financial
sphere
...
It will not help us in setting up a workable economic order
...
”
Mr
...
6
...
The Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India and the
number of experienced and educated Muslims was not enough to run the
system
...
The resources were inadequate, office
equipments were not available, buildings were insufficient and the record was
spoiled by the Hindu employees before they left for India
...
Very
soon workable machinery was restored
...
Chaudhry Muhammad Ali was a bureaucrat
...
He presented a plan before the Quaid to
organize the Civil Service
...
7
...
The
Quaid-e-Azam erected the whole system within one year and removed all
difficulties
...
8
...
Quaid-e-Azam very
quickly introduced Pakistan all over the world
...
He advised them to
achieve the national objectives related to political, diplomatic, military,
commercial and economic affairs
...
Membership of United Nations:
Pakistan emerged on the map of the world and got the membership of
the United Nations on 30 September 1947
...
Islamic
countries welcomed Pakistan with great fervor with the hope that Pakistan
would work for the development, prosperity and welfare of Islamic world
...
Special Relations with Muslim States:
To establish good relations with all other countries is the basic principle
of the foreign policy of Pakistan
...
Pakistan was the biggest Islamic country at the
Pakistan Studies
Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad
111
time of its establishment that became a source of power for Muslim
countries
...
11
...
He also
formed his cabinet; Liaqat Ali Khan was nominated as first Prime Minister of
Pakistan
...
Relations with India:
Pakistan came into being in spite of the negative tactics of Hindus
...
The problems of water,
demarcation of boundaries, refugee‟s arrival and many other problems were
created
...
Kashmir issue cropped up immediately after the independence
...
Junagarh,
Manavadar & Hyderabad Decean
...
Quaid-e-Azam started negotiations with Indian leaders and also
advocated the cause of Kashmiris on the forum of the United Nations
...
13
...
He always termed them as the future architects of Pakistan
...
The young students
constantly remained at the back and all call of their great Quaid
...
After the emergence of
Pakistan, the Quaid-e-Azam appealed to the students to concentrate fully on
their studies
...
The Quaid-e-Azam continuously encouraged the students because he
was confident of their positive role they were going to play
...
He advised the
students to refrain from politics and use all energy in getting the education
...
14
...
A western type of economic system cannot bring about
progress in our country
...
By doing so we as a Muslim state and nation will
succeed in giving, the world an economic system which will be a
message of peace for all humanity
...
”
15
...
Quaid-i-Azam diverted his attention towards its reorganization and
invited proposals from various high officials in this connection
...
The post of
Secretary General was created to maintain liaison between the secretaries of
various departments and Ch
...
The administration of the newly established government was in
miserable state
...
Muhammad Ali records that sometimes six officers had to
sit in single room
...
It aroused
immense enthusiasm and strong determination to overcome all difficulties
...
”
16
...
To solve the impending economic problems,
Quaid-i-Azam set up a “Pakistan Fund” on June 16, 1947
...
17
...
In his address to the Constituent Assembly on
August 1947, he declared to launch a crusade against these evils
...
We must put that down with an iron hand
and I hope that you will take adequate measures as soon as it is possible for
the assembly to do so
...
18
...
In 1941,
while explaining the features of Pakistan, he made it quite clear that in an
Islamic state, sovereignty belonged to Allah and the foundations of our
political and social sciences and been elucidated in the Holy Quran and we
Pakistan Studies
Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad
113
were under obligation to base our system of government on these Quranic
principles
...
And I profess a true
faith”
...
Establishment of Federal Court
At the time of creation of Pakistan there was no any system of justice in
Pakistan
...
Later on federal court called Supreme Court of Pakistan
...
Enforcement of Interim Constitution
Pakistan was a new state on the map of the world so there was no any
constitution in Pakistan
...
Quaid-iAzam enforced the all India Act 1935 in Pakistan with some compulsory
amendments
...
Conclusion
The founder of Pakistan Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was not
only a great politician but also the best organizer
...
The national interests remained safe only because of his
superior virtues and capabilities
...
Defense of Pakistan became
unconquerable
...
Describe the services of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali
Jinnah for the establishment of Pakistan
...
He got his
early education from Sindh Madrasatulislam, Karachi
...
He remained with Dada Bhoy Noroji as a secretary and afterwards joined Congress
...
Congress built
Jinnah Hall in Bombay as a memorial to his efforts for Hindu Muslim Unity
...
A brief
description of his services for the establishment of Pakistan is as under:
1
...
Thus he became the member of Congress and Muslim
League at the same time
...
Quaid-e-Azam and Lucknow Pact:
As he was a member of both major political parties and was also a staunch
supporter of Hindu Muslim Unity, he continued his efforts
...
This is the only pact when Hindus agreed to the right of
separate electorate
...
Resignation from Congress:
He worked hard for Hindu Muslim Unity but narrow-mindedness of Hindu leaders
and rigid attitude of Congress did not allow his efforts to be successful
...
So he left congress in
1920 and decided to work for Muslim cause only
...
Quaid-e-Azam and Delhi Proposals:
Moti Lal Nehru offered Quaid-e-Azam to accept all the demands of the Muslims if the
Muslims were ready to withdraw from the right of separate electorate
...
They prepared some
suggestions called Delhi Proposals as a substitute for the right of separate
electorate
...
5
...
In this report separate electorate was strongly opposed
...
Fourteen Points of Quaid-e-Azam:
Quaid-e-Azam presented a resolution as an answer to the Nehru Report in the
annual meeting of All India Muslim League on 25 March, 1929
...
Later on this resolution
became popular with the name of "Fourteen Points of Quaid-e-Azam"
...
Jinnah's political approach and became a
guide line for further political struggle for the Muslims
...
Quaid-e-Azam and Round Table Conferences:
Quaid-e-Azam presented Muslim League in the first two round table conferences in
London
...
8
...
He decided to say good bye to politics and
to be in London for residence
...
Quaid-e-Azam as a President of Muslim League:
1n 1934 Quaid-e-Azam came back to India because of the efforts of Allama Iqbal
and other Muslim Leaders
...
He reorganized Muslim League and made it an active movement
...
Role of Quaid-e-Azam during Congress Ministeries (1937):
Congress ministries after 1937 elections proved that under Hindu Government, the
rights of the Muslims were not secure
...
11
...
Quaid-e-Azam advised Muslims to celebrate the
day of deliverance on this occasion to show the British that Muslims knew the
importance of their rights
...
Quaid-e-Azam and Lahore Resolution:
The resolution passed in the annual meeting of All India Muslim League in Lahore
was a result of the efforts of Quaid-e-Azam
...
His presidential address on the occasion proved that he
had recognized the pace of the Indian poltics
...
Quaid-e-Azam and Cripps Mission:
Cripps mission of 1942 is one of those efforts of the British government that they did
to save their rule in India
...
Quaid-e-Azam not only refused to cooperate with the mission but
also refused to accept any formula other then the division of India
...
Gandhi Jinnah Talks (1944):
Gandhi Jinnh Talks in 1944 was a plan of Congress to get the Muslims involved in
Civil Disobedience Movement began by Gandhi but Quaid-e-Azam got the point and
refused to compromise on the demand for Pakistan
...
Quaid-e-Azam and Simla Conference:
The failure of Simla Conference called by Lord Wavel was also because of the
foresightedness of Quaid-e-Azam
...
The result were the elections of 1945-46 that paved the way for the
establishment of Pakistan
...
Quaid-e-Azam and Elections 1945-46:
On the eve of Elections 1945-46 Quaid-e-Azam toured the whole India and gave a
slogan, "MUSLIM HAY TO MUSLIM LEAGUE MAEN AA JAA"
...
17
...
Quaid-eAzam accepted this plan and got a plus point over Congress
...
He said,
"India had never been a symbol of Hindu Muslim civilization
...
"
18
...
This was totally unjust
...
Quaid-e-Azam intelligently decided to be the part
of the government and thus tried to defeat the conspiracies of the Hindus
...
The British government
had to accept the demand of Muslim League
...
Quaid-e-Azam and 3 June Plan:
Owing to Quaid-e-Azam's intelligence the British government had to decide 3 june
Plan
...
He also refused to
accept common Governor General and saved Pakistan from the enemies
...
Quaid-e-Azam and The Creation of Pakistan:
0n 14 August 1947 was the day when the dreams of the Indian Muslims came true
...
Creation of Pakistan was a historic incident that came into existence only
because of Quaid-e-Azam's intelligence
...
The establishment of Pakistan was not possible without the
magical personality of Muhammad Ali Jinnah
...
Discus important provisions of Objective Resolution (1949)
...
Pakistan came into being on 14th August 1947
...
So Quaid-e-Azam
enforced All India Act 1935 with certain amendments in the country for the
smooth functioning of the state
...
Salient Features of the Objective Resolution
The salient features of Objectives Resolution are as follows:
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
5
...
6
...
7
...
8
...
9
...
11
...
Urdu will be the national language of the country
...
It will be the
responsibility of the Government the take suitable steps for this purpose
...
No Law can be formed in Pakistan which is against
Holy Quran and Sunnah
...
13
...
Government of the Pakistan would be bound to make the
decisions according to the public opinion and answerable to the people
...
Democratic System of Government
In 1949, it was declared that democratic system of Government would be
established in Pakistan according to the Islamic concepts
...
National Development
It was also declared in 1949 that the people of Pakistan would be completely
independent
...
Government will take all
possible steps in this regard
...
The
objective of establishment of Pakistan has been achieved by the Muslims of
South Asia through this resolution
...
It was included as preamble in all the three
constitutions, and its Islamic principles were incorporated in all the
constitutions of Pakistan
...
They built up
an Islamic state above all the geographical, racial and national limitations
...
(v)
Objective Resolution rejected the different concepts of secularism in the
country which were present at that time and clarified that Pakistan will be an
Islamic State
...
Conclusion
Objective Resolution was the first step towards Islamization in Pakistan
...
Q2
...
Ans
...
The Committee, under the chairmanship of Liaquat Ali Khan
presented the interim report on September 28, 1950, which was criticized due
to its incompleteness, and was asked to be revised
...
Later on Ch
...
Constitution of 1956
After taking the charge, Ch
...
The draft of a federal parliamentary Constitution was
passed by the Constituent Assembly in 1956 which was enforced on March
23, 1956 in the country
...
The Islamic provisions of the Constitution (1956)
Islamic provisions of constitution of 1956 are as under:
1
...
2
...
3
...
Full opportunities will be given to Muslim to spend
their live according to Islam
...
Muslim President
According to the Constitution of 1956, the president of the country will be a
Muslim
...
Protection of Islamic Values
System of Islamic values will be implemented in the country
...
Islamic laws
No law will be enforced, which is repugnant to the teachings of Quran and
Sunnah and the existing laws will be brought into conformity with Islam
...
System of Zakat and Aquaf
System of Zakat and Aquaf will be introduced in Pakistan
...
Organization of Islamic Research
According to the Constitution of 1956, it was declared organization of Islamic
Pakistan Studies
Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad
120
9
...
11
...
13
...
15
...
17
...
Protection to Minorities
Rights of Minorities will be protected in the country
...
Elimination of Riba (Usury)
Riba will eliminated from the country as soon as possible
...
Unity of Muslim World
Pakistan will establish good relations with other Islamic countries for the Unity
of Muslim World
...
And basic facilities like
food, shelter & cloth shall be provided to the people
...
End of Illiteracy
The Government will take certain steps to eliminate the illiteracy from the
country & education will be declared free & compulsory in Pakistan
...
Compulsory Teachings of Holy Quran
In the constitution of 1956, it was declared that the government should take
steps for the compulsory education of Holy Quran in Pakistan
...
18
...
19
...
Cancellation of Constitution of 1956
Constitution of 1956 was constituted after the hard struggle of the 9 years
from 1947 to 1956 but Chief of Army Staff General Ayub Khan dismissed the
constitution of 1956 on 7th October 1958
...
General Ayub Khan
dismissed the government and later on the President of Pakistan Sikandar
Mirza
...
Pakistan Studies
Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad
121
Q3
...
Ans
...
Later on he became President of Pakistan
...
This commission was headed by Justice
Shahb-ud-Din
...
President on 6th May 1961 in which all powers were given to President
...
This constitution contained 250
clauses and Federal Presidential in nature
...
Sovereignty of Allah
Objective Resolution was also included in the preamble of the Constitution,
according to which sovereignty belongs to Allah and He delegates the
authority to the Muslims, who exercise it as a sacred trust
...
Formation of Islamic Society
It is mentioned in the constitution of 1962 that Islamic Society will be
established in the country
...
Country‟s name
The name of the country was proposed as “Republic of Pakistan”, which was
later on amended as “Islamic Republic of Pakistan”
...
Islamic ways of livings
Such an environment will be provided to the people that they live freely
according to Islam
...
Source of law
No law will be enforced, which is against to the Islamic teachings
...
6
...
Principles of Democracy, Freedom, Equality,
Tolerance and Social justice will be implemented in the country
...
Muslim President
It was declared in the constitution of 1962 that the president of Pakistan would
be a Muslim
...
Unity of Muslim World
It was mentioned in the constitution that Government would be given special
intention towards the unity of Islamic World
...
Protection to Minorities
Rights of Minorities will be fully protected in the country
...
Teachings of Holy Quran
The Quranic and Islamic teachings will be made compulsory for the Muslims
...
Islamic Organizations
The Government will establish the organizations for proper maintenance of
Zakat, Auqaf and Masjids
...
Islamic Ideology Council
The Islamic Ideology Council will be established to recommend to both central
and provincial governments to take measures to encourage the Muslims to
live in accordance with the principles of Islam
...
Islamic Research Institute
The government will establish the Islamic Research Institute to give its opinion
regarding the Islamic principles
...
Elimination of Riba (Usury)
Riba will eliminate from the country as soon as possible
...
Free Judiciary
Judiciary shall be independent and will work without any political and
economic pressure
...
End of Racial & Provincial Discriminations
The government will try to eliminate the Racial, Provincial, Communal and
other discriminations from the country
...
End of Illiteracy
The Government will take certain steps to eliminate the illiteracy from the
country & education will be declared free & compulsory in Pakistan
...
18
...
19
...
Basic facilities like food,
shelter & cloth shall be provided to the people
...
National language
Urdu & Bengali will be the national language of the country
...
Commander in Chief General Yayah Khan
imposed Martial Law in the country and took over the government
...
All the provincial and
federal governments were dismissed and announced elections in the country
...
Write down the Islamic Provisions of Constitution of 1973
...
General Yayah Khan took over the country on 25th March 1969 and General
Elections were held in the country in 1970
...
East Pakistan separated from the federation and
became Bangladesh on 16th December 1971
...
Then a draft of
permanent Constitution was presented before the Assembly and it was
approved in April 1973
...
This constitution was consisted of 280 clauses, which was Federal
Parliamentary in nature
...
2
...
4
...
6
...
8
...
10
...
Some more Islamic provisions were also added, which
are as under:
Sovereignty of Allah
The Objective Resolution was included in the preamble of the Constitution of
1973
...
The people of Pakistan will exercise the sovereignty within the limits as a
sacred trust of Allah
...
Official Religion of the State
The official religion of the country will be Islam
...
Definition of a Muslim
For the first time, the definition of a Muslim was included in the Constitution of
1973
...
Protection of Islamic Laws
All the existing laws will be brought into conformity with Islamic principles and
no law will be enforced, which is repugnant to the teachings of Islam
...
Teaching of Arabic and printing of Quran
The teaching of Arabic will be compulsory from 6 to 8 classes in schools and
printing of Quran will be made error free
...
Islamic Society
The Muslims will be allowed to lead individually or collectively in accordance
principles of Islam to form an Islamic society
...
12
...
14
...
16
...
18
...
20
...
22
...
Elimination of Riba (Usury or Interest)
The government will eliminate Riba and make the economy of the country free
from Riba
...
Unity of Islamic World:
Government will give full intension towards the unity of Muslim world
...
End of Racial & Provincial Discriminations
The government will try to eliminate Racial, Provincial, Communal and other
discriminations from the country
...
Education will be declared free & compulsory in Pakistan
...
Welfare State
Pakistan will be a welfare state
...
And basic facilities like food, shelter & cloth
shall be provided to the people
...
Free Judiciary
Judiciary shall be independent and will work without any political and
economic pressure
...
Objective Resolution as the Permanent Part of the Constitution
In 1985, General Zia-ul-Haq made an amendment in the constitution and
Objective Resolution declared the permanent part of the constitution
...
This constitution cannot be dismissed
(Cancelled or abrogated), any persons who will dissolve it will be hanged till
death
...
General Zia-ul-Haq re-activated
this constitution in 1985
...
Q5
...
Ans
...
Steps Towards Islamization before the Martial Law Government 1977
The process towards the enforcement of Islam in Pakistan is as under:1
...
A lot of Islamic clauses like supremacy of Allah,
National Language Urdu, Protection to Minorities, Free Judiciary and Islamic
Laws etc were included in it
...
Constitution of 1956
In 1956 Ch
...
3
...
4
...
The complete sovereignty of Allah over the
world, Islam as official religion and definition of a Muslim are the specific
examples
...
Zeneral Zia-ul-Haq took over the country in 1977
...
3
...
5
...
7
...
9
...
11
...
System of Zakat and Usher
On June 20, 1980, the system of Zakat and Usher was imposed under which
the Government was empowered to deduct 2
...
The Zakat collection will be
distributed by the Zakat Councils among the deserved
...
Elimination of Interest
For the elimination of interest, on 1 January 1981, the profit and loss sharing
accounts were opened
...
Moreover, all the financial institutions
under the control of government started giving loans on sharing basis
...
In May 1980
through an ordinance Shariat Benches were converted into Shariat Courts,
which hear appeals from the subordinate courts and interpret Islam
...
Compulsory Education of Islamiat
Islamic Studies was made compulsory for all classes for bringing educational
system in conformity with Islam
...
500 or both
...
Salat committees were
constituted to motivate people for salat
...
Establishment of International Islamic University
An Islamic University at Islamabad started functioning from 2 January 1981,
which makes research in every field of Islamic law
...
A
...
13
...
15
...
17
...
19
...
In 1979, Government also introduced reforms in the Electronic media
following steps were being taken in this regard:
i)
Bane on in-Islamic programmes
ii)
Introduction of Izan on T
...
iii)
Teaching of Holly Quran and Islamic teachings started on T
...
iv)
Live coverage of Hajj and Mahafil-e-Shabina
v)
Doputa Policy was introduced on T
...
Laws of Qisas and Diyat
In 1979 according to the Presidential Ordinance Laws of Qisas and Diyat
were enforced in the country according to Islamic concepts
...
Words like
My Lord and your Lordship were replaced by Sir and Madam
...
More powers were given to Judges and Members of the Islamic Ideology
Council also increased up to 20
...
According to this scheme 4182 Masjid Maqtib were opened in the country the
main objective of this scheme was to provide the basic educational facilities in
the areas where there was no primary institutions
...
Objective Resolution as the Permanent Part of the Constitution
In 1985, General Zia-ul-Haq made an amendment in the constitution and
Objective Resolution declared the permanent part of the constitution
...
Respect of Companion of Holy Prophet (PBUH)
According to the ordinance of 1979, it was declared that the four caliph of
Islam and other companions of Holy Prophet (PBUH) will be respected
...
Facilities of Hajj
According to the Presidential ordinance of 1979, it was declared that the
government should provide suitable and compulsory facilities to the Hajaj-ulIkram
...
Reorganization of Society
Pakistan Studies
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128
According to the ordinance of 1979, illegal and in-Islamic literature was
declared completely ban from the country
...
were totally
banned
...
In 1984 Qadiani‟s or Ahmedies were declared NonMuslim in Pakistan
...
Shariat Bill
In 1991 Shariat Act was passed
...
Conclusion
Pakistan is an ideological state, it is only a single state which was created in
the name of Islam
...
We know that the Muslims can make progress only by implementing
Islamic Rules & Regulations
...
This is the only
way to make our image better in the world in this modern age
...
Describe the importance of Location of Pakistan
...
Pakistan is a new state
...
It is a
traditional society with a low literacy rate trying to acquire modern technology
...
It has in the recent past
been heavily burdened with foreign debt
...
The past 9/11 events have coincided
with marco-stability and an economic breakthrough
...
The official name of the state is Islamic Republic of Pakistan
...
Then
President of Pakistan Ayub Khan shifted the capital from Karachi to Islamabad in
1959
...
Geo-Strategic Position:
Pakistan is surrounded by various countries:
East………………………………………
...
Afghanistan
South West Iran …………………………Iran
North…………………………………
...
……Arabian Sea
AREA OF PAKISTAN
Pakistan came into being on August 14, 1947
...
It has an area of 7,96,096 square kilometers
...
58% area of
Pakistan is consists of Mountains and plateaus, while 42% area of Pakistan consists
of plains and deserts
...
98% of
the total population is Muslim while 2% Christians, Hindus, Parisis and Ahmadis also
live in this country and density of population in Pakistan is 164 persons per sq
...
IMPORTANCE OF LOCATION OF PAKISTAN
1
...
Length of common border between
Pakistan and China is 600km
...
These
countries have warm relations, and their friendship is stronger than Himalayas
...
2
...
Length of common border between Pakistan and India is about 1600km,
cease fire line between Pakistan and India of Kashmir is not including in it
...
Since
independence, India and Pakistan have never felt themselves at ease with each
other
...
As a result, no progress could be made in the region
...
These countries have gone
too far away in the race of nuclear weapons and missile technology
...
Now once again
they are trying to resolve it peacefully
...
3
...
The common border between Pakistan and
Iran is 900 KM long
...
The two
countries united together by the bonds of Islam for fourteen centuries and they have
always been cooperating with each other in the fields of diplomacy, economy, culture
and education
...
Importance for Afghanistan and Central Asian States:
Afghanistan lies in West of Pakistan common border between Pakistan and
Afghanistan is called Durand line which is 2552Km long which was marked in 1893
...
These countries have to go through the land of
Pakistan to reach the sea
...
They are
included among the agriculturally high productive countries
...
The total population of Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan,
Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan is even less than Pakistan through they are six times
larger in area
...
5
...
Geographically, Pakistan is located in the South Asia
...
Persian Gulf has a geographic
importance and countries like Iran, Kuwait, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain,
Oman, United Arab Emirates etc are located along it
...
Pakistan has cordial
relations with these countries
...
Religious Cultural and Trade Importance of Pakistan:
In the north west of Pakistan, there is a narrow strip of the Wakhan Valley (9 –
14 km wide) that separates Pakistan from Central Asian Islamic countries
...
Pakistan has
religious, cultural and economic relations with these countries
...
Trade Rout between East and West:
On the southern side of Pakistan lies the Arabian Sea, which is the part of the
Indian Ocean
...
Most of the trade between east
and west is through Indian Ocean
...
Pakistan through Arabian Sea is linked with the Muslim countries of
Persian Gulf
...
The Persian Gulf has always been the center
of the big power‟s politics
...
8
...
In this respect South-East Asian Muslim countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, BuruniDaruslam) and South Asian Muslim countries (Bangladesh and Maldives) are
important
...
9
...
Among its neighbouring countries, People‟s Republic of China and
Russia are recognized as super powers of the world‟s politics
...
10
...
To the west of Pakistan
starting from Afghanistan and Iran, stretches a long chain of Muslim countries
...
Position in the Third World:
Pakistan is a great supporter of the unit of the third world countries
...
Pakistan Studies
Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad
132
12
...
C
...
While in 1984 it was renamed as E
...
O
...
Now Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, Tajikistan,
Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan are member of
this organization
...
13
...
Many Islamic countries follow
Pakistan
...
14
...
Pakistan is also the first Islamic Power in the region where the Pakistan is
situated with India, China and Russia also other atomic powers
...
2 Define Natural Resources and describe the importance of
Natural Resources for the National Development of the
Country
...
Those resources which Allah has created for every type of life are called
natural resources
...
Important Natural Resources:
Important Natural Resources are as under:
i
...
Mountains
iii
...
Minerals
v
...
How
many fertile plain a country has, the agricultural department will be more developed
...
Allah has gifted many fertile plains to Pakistan
...
They protect Pakistan from the cool
winds from the South Asian states and the Indian Oceans
...
These mountains are rich in minerals especially the Western
Mountain Ranges
...
These are very helpful
to moderate the climate as well as their wood is also used for energy purposes,
furniture making and other purposes
...
Forests
are also very essential for the survival of the human and wild life too
...
Minerals affect
the economy of the country directly
...
Human beings allocate the minerals and use
them for the welfare of the human beings
...
We use water for drinking purposes and store the water of the rivers and use
it for different purposes like irrigation, for hydroelectricity etc
...
Pakistan is a lucky country because there is several
rivers which Allah as gifted us
...
The
progress of a country or a nation totally depends upon the utilization of the available
resources
...
(2)
Positive effect of National Income:
Due to the Natural resources, National Income also increases
...
If a country has fewer
resources its national economy will not be much stronger
...
(4)
Increase in Individual Income:
Due to the natural (Revise this caption) resources, individual income of the
people also increases because, more services or job opportunities are present in the
country
...
Completion of Necessities of life:
Due to Natural resources necessities of life are also fulfilled
...
Mineral oil, Gas, Copper, Gold etc are
used to fulfill the necessities of life
...
(6)
Balance of Payment:
Due to the increase in National Income through natural resources, the
balance of payment also occurred, because natural resources increase the foreign
exchange in the country
...
It is very important that the
people should work hard sincerely for its development
...
So we
should have to exploit the natural and human resources to the maximum to develop
our country
...
3 Describe the importance of forests?
Ans
...
It is not suitable for the forests
...
2 million hectors, which covers 4
...
Forests provide 1/3 of the total energy requirements of
Pakistan
...
TYPES OF FORESTS:
Pakistan has various types of forests due to variation in climatic conditions
...
These forests have broad leaves & tall trees
...
These forests includes oak,
chestnut and walnut are also important
...
(2)
Forests of Foot Hill Areas:
In the foot-hill areas, the forests consist of Phulai, Kao, Jand, Acacia, Wild
Olive, Black Berry etc
...
(3)
Dry Hill Forests:
The dry hill-forests are in the divisions of Quetta and Kalat of Balochistan
...
(4)
Plain Areas Forests:
In the plains, some of the forests are found in the river valleys
...
They are found in
the reserves of Chhanga Managa, Chichawatni, Khanewal, Tobatake Singh,
Burewala, Thal, Shorkot, Bahwalpur, Taunsa, Sukkur, Kotri and Guddu
...
5)
Forest of the Coastal Plains
These forests are found along the coastal area of Pakistan from Karachi to
Coastal of Makran
...
These forests are also known mangrove type of forests
...
IMPORTANCE OF FORESTS
Forests are very important natural resource
...
Let us see how much forests are important in the
economy of any country
...
Water is available for
the irrigation of agriculture
...
These areas are the main source of water for rivers
...
They also slow the speed of the flow and
irrigate the plains regularly
...
The forest wood is used as fuel and
meets the deficiency of coal
...
(4)
A Source of Pleasant Climate:
Forests make the climate of an area very pleasant
...
(5)
A Source of Rain Fall:
Forests cause, to a great extent, rainfall in a region
...
(6)
Protection from soil erosion:
The roots of the trees keep the soil intact
...
(7)
Advantages of Forests:
Due to lack of forests the rivers carry huge amount of sand and silt that fill our
dams and artificial lakes and destroy hydroelectric power projects
...
Trees
absorb water from the soil and lower water level of underground reserves
...
(10) Promotion to Tourism:
Forests promote tourism
...
(11) Importance for wild life:
Forests are very important for wild life (animals and birds)
...
(13) Sour of Fruits and fodder:
Forests provide different kinds of fruits and fodder to animals
...
About 5 million
people have been directly or indirectly engaged in this sector
...
Some of them are as under:1
...
This
department is also responsible to create the awareness among the people for the
plantation in Pakistan
...
Forest College Peshawar:
For the training of the workers of the forest department government
established a forest college in Peshawar
...
It also provides the research facilities on the plants
...
Forest Research Laboratory Bahawalpur:
The government of Pakistan established a forest research laboratory at
Bahawalpur, which provide the research opportunities to the people of the different
deceases of plants and provide consultation to the people on the base of their
research for the protection of plants from the strong winds and heavy rainfalls
...
Conferences:
Forest department also held different conferences in the different part of the
country to create awareness among the people and motivate the people for
plantation
...
5
...
Government
also provide the plants to the people on a very cheep rates during this campaign
...
Plantation in Thal & other Desert Areas:
Government also provides opportunities to the people for the plantation in the
Thal and other desert areas of the country to minimize the desert like characteristics
of these areas
...
Write a note on the important minerals of Pakistan
...
In Pakistan there is wide scale availability of mineral resources, but these
resources remained unexploited for years
...
Types of Minerals:
There are three types of Minerals:
Metallic Minerals
The minerals in which electricity can pass through easily are
called metallic minerals
...
For example iron ore, chromate, copper, gold, silver etc
...
These are not good conductor of heat &
electricity
...
Pakistan Studies
Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad
137
Power Resource Minerals
Power resource minerals are those minerals which are used to
generate electricity or power
...
IMPORTANT MINERALS OF PAKISTAN
Important minerals of Pakistan as under:-
(1)
COAL:
The annual coal production of Pakistan is 3
...
Uses of Coal:
The coal produced in Pakistan is used in brick kilns, for producing thermal
electricity house hold purposes
...
The following
areas are important for coal production in Pakistan
...
The NWFP has only Hungo
coal mine
...
Others are Sor range and Daigari, Shirin-ab areas and Mach Bolan coal
mines
...
(2)
MINERAL OIL:
Mineral oil is an important source of energy in Pakistan
...
The
Khaur, Dhulian, Jayamair, Balkassar, Karsal, Tut, Sarang and Mial, Dakhni, Adhi,
Qazian (Distnict Attock and Rawalpindi), Dodkhak (Dera Ghazi Khan) Khaskhali,
Aghari (Badin) and Tando Allah Yar (Hydrabad)
...
Refineries:
Four oil refineries are working in Pakistan, the Attock Refinery, Pakistan
Refinery, National Refinery and Pakistan-Arab Refinery
...
The natural
gas was discovered in 1952 at Sui (district Sibbi in Balochistan)
...
Uses:
This gas is being used for domestic use, power generation and industrial
purposes
...
Production has been started in Dodkhak, Pirkoh, Dhulian and Mial
(Punjab), Uch, Zin (Balochistan) Khairpur, Mazarani, Marri, Kandhot and Sarang
(Sindh)
...
Total reserves of
iron ore in Pakistan is 500 million tons
...
Among
them Kalabagh (District Mianwali) has the biggest deposits of iron ore, but the quality
is not good
...
Other
important iron ore producing areas are Langrial (District Haripur), Chilghazi (District
Chagai), Mazari Jang, Marri Bela etc
...
Uses:
Copper is used in the production of electric goods especially wire networks
...
In
Balochistan copper reserves are in District Ghagai, Sandak and other areas
...
Uses:
Chromium obtained from chromite is used in making high speed machines,
stainless steel, aeroplanes and tools of photography
...
(7)
ROCK SALT:
Pakistan has a vast reserve of food salt (rock salt) in the Salt range
...
The total estimated reserves are 4 million
tones
...
Other important areas of production are Warchha (District Khushab)
...
Salt is also available in Maripur (Karachi) and near the Lasbela and
Makran coast
...
Uses:
It is used for food and in chemical industries
...
The annual production
of limestone is 9
...
Areas:
Pakistan Studies
Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad
139
Limestone is found mostly in the northern and western mountain areas of
Pakistan
...
(9)
GYPSUM:
The annual production of Gypsum is 358
...
Areas:
Gypsum is mostly available in the Salt range and western mountainous areas
of Pakistan
...
Uses:
Gypsum is used in cement industry, Plaster of Paris, Sulphuric Acid and
Ammonium Sulphate
...
The annual
marble production is 586
...
Areas:
Marble found in Pakistan in Mulla Ghori (Khyber Agency), Mardan, Swat,
Noshara, Hazara, Ghagai (Balochistan and Gilgit)
...
Other important areas
of marble are District Muzzaffarabad and Mirpur of Azad Kashmir
...
Uses:
China clay is used in chemical industries, ceramics, pots of china clay and
decorations tiles
...
Fire clay is
used for making bricks for use in steel melting furnaces
...
(13) SULPHER:
Sulpher is found in Province of Balochistan from District Chaggi (Koh-eSultan) and District Khichi
...
Describe the importance of agriculture in Pakistan and write
down the causes of the industrial backwardness in Pakistan
...
Agriculture plays an important role in the economy of Pakistan
...
Over the last one decade, agriculture
grew at an annual average rate of 4
...
Pakistan is among those few
developing countries, where the growth rate in agricultural production is high
...
It has four seasons that are suitable for
agriculture
...
50 percent of the total
cultivated area lies in Punjab while one third of the total cultivated area in Sindh:
(i)
Rabi Season:
Rabi season starts from the month of October and ends in the month of
March
...
Wheat, Barley, Oil seeds and
Tobacco etc
...
(ii)
Kharif Season:
Kharif season starts from the month of April and ends in the month of
September
...
Rice, Maize, Cotton,
Sugarcane, Jawar, Bajra are Kharif Crops
...
Food Crops:
Food crops are those crops which are cultivated to fulfill the food necessities
of the people
...
are important for
the food requirements of the increasing population in the country
...
These are cotton, rice, tobacco etc
...
Pakistan is famous in producing good quality of fruit
...
Important fruits are mango, orange, grapes, apple,
date, apricot, peaches etc
...
Pakistan exports a large
quantity of fruits to other countries
...
The production of food
grain has increased to save the foreign exchange for its imports
...
About 25% of the total area is under cultivation in Pakistan
...
The detail of the
utility and development of this sector is given below:
1
...
The important crops are wheat, rice, maize,
barley and oats etc
...
Pakistan is self-sufficient in the production of food grain
...
Availability of Cash Crops
The cash crops are cotton, sugarcane, rice and tobacco etc
...
Major portion of foreign exchange is earned from their
export
...
The industry of
textile, sugar and cigarette depends upon these crops
...
Availability of Fruits
Pakistan Studies
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141
Our country is famous for fruits
...
Mango, orange grapes, apple, p1um
and peachs etc
...
Dry fruits are mostly produced in Serhad
...
4
...
About 55% of population is
attached with agriculture directly or indirectly
...
5
...
It increases, the national income, and the country
becomes prosperous
...
Source of Economic Development
The industrial and commercial development of Pakistan depends upon
agriculture
...
7
...
8
...
We obtain meat, Milk,
Ghee, Cheese, Butter and other Dairy Products from live stock
...
Promotion of Agricultural industries
Agriculture also promotes industries related to agriculture, live Sugar Mills,
Rice factories, latter industries, Dairy Product Producing industries, which erects
industrial revolution in the country
...
Availability of Raw Material
We also obtain raw material for industries from agriculture
...
11
...
In this way we can control the economic crises
...
Better Living standards
If we increase the production agricultural crops, so income of farmers also
increases, that why living standard of the farmers and the people attached with
agriculture will also become batter
...
Some
of them are as under:i
...
The canal
system of Pakistan and rivers are the source of water logging and salinity
...
ii
...
Due to the poor economy and illiteracy,
the farmers are unable to use latest agricultural machines in the agriculture
sector
...
Floods & Strong winds
Heavy rains, strong winds and floods damage the crops on a very large area
every year
...
iv
...
Due
to this reason a lot of cultivated area is unable to cultivate for the different type of
crops
...
Limited Cultivable Land
Pakistan is an agriculture country but only 25% area is under cultivation
...
vi
...
There
economy is very limited
...
vii
...
Unfortunately the trend of agriculture is very limited
...
Illiteracy
Education of the farmer plays a vital role in the agricultural process but in
Pakistan mostly the people which are attached to the agriculture sector are not
educated properly so they can not plain and try to increase the average yield per
hector
...
Non-Availability of Agricultural Loans
Due to the poor economy of the country the availability of agricultural loans is
very limited
...
x
...
Only the few families in Pakistan have owned large cultivated area
...
(2)
Control over Diseases of Crops:
The climate of Pakistan is helpful for the growth of pests and insects that
attack the crops and reduce the yield
...
(3)
Use of Improved Seed:
Seeds play an important role in boosting agricultural production
...
So the improved seeds increase
the per acre yield of the crops
...
This reduces pre and post harvest losses and helps in achieving selfsufficiency in agricultural production
...
The agriculture reforms of 1959, 1972 and 1977
are important in this sector
...
This increased the per capita agricultural income
of the farmers and facilitated the farm holdings
...
(6)
Control over Water-logging and Salinity:
The canal irrigation has created the twin problems of water logging and
salinity
...
It increased the area of cultivated land
...
About 60 reclamation schemes has been
completed
...
It increased not only
the cultivable land but increased the agricultural production
...
(7)
Improvement of Roads:
Means of transportation especially roads have an important role in carrying
the production from field to the market, the raw material to the industries and their
products to the markets
...
(8)
The Education of Farmer:
The education of a farmer is essential
...
Most of the farmers are uneducated and face lot of problems due
to their ignorance
...
(9)
Planning:
Pakistan Studies
Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad
144
The pressure of population on agriculture is great
...
We have to decrease the growth rate of population, and
increase the production
...
Q6
...
Ans
...
Pakistan has a very extensive developed canal network in
the world
...
This canal system consists of small and
large dams, barrages and link canals
...
Pakistan depends upon the water of rivers Indus, Jhelum
and Chenab
...
TYPES OF CANALS
Different types of canals are present in Pakistan depending upon the
supply of water from rivers
...
Perennial (Permanent) Canals
Those canals in which water flows throughout the year are called
Perennial or Permanent Canal
...
2
...
In these canals the water
flows for almost six months
...
3
...
4
...
These canals are dug in Pakistan according to the Indus Water Treaty in
1960
...
IMPORTANT CANALS OF PAKISTAN
(1)
The Canals of River Ravi:
Important canals of River Ravi are:
i)
Baloki-Sulmanki link Canals 1
Pakistan Studies
Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad
145
ii)
Baloki-Sulmanki link Canals 2
iii)
Upper Bari Doab Canal
iv)
Lower Bari Doab Canal
The Upper Bari Doab is an old canal which was constructed in 1861,
these canals provides the water to Lahore, Dipalpur, Qasoor, Shaiwal,
Pakpattan Vihari and Khaniwal
...
The Haveli system of
canals if also located in this doab that comes from Trimmu Head Works, these
canals irrigates the area of Sialkot, Narowal, Gujranwala, Shaikhupura,
Faisalabad Muzafargargh, Jhang, Toba Tek Singh and Multan
...
The Upper Jhelum,
Upper Chenab and Lower Bari Doab are a part of the Triple Canal Project
...
These canals irrigate the areas of Mandi
Bahawaldin, Jhelum, Gujrat, Sargodha and Khoshab
...
Four headworks
have been built, three on river Sutlaj at Ferozpur, Sulemanki and Islam
...
These canals irrigate the areas of Nili Bar and
Bahawalpur
...
Jinnah Barrage:
Jinnah Barrage was constructed in 1947 near Kalabagh
...
ii
...
G
...
I
...
iii
...
It irrigates the area
of D
...
Khan, Rajanpur & Muzafargarh
...
Guddu Barrage:
The Guddu Barrage was constructed in 1962, which is 150 miles
north of Sukkar
...
vi
...
It is
largest Barrage of Pakistan
...
vii
...
Four canals are
dug from Kottri Barrage
...
(6) Canals of River Sawat:
The canals from Swat river irrigates the Peshawar, Mardan and
Charsada area
...
(7)
Warsak Project OR Canal of River Kabul:
In 1961 a project was started in the north 20km west of Peshwar at
Warsak
...
Two
Canals are dug from here
...
(8) Canal of River Kurrum:
The Kurrum-Garhi project on Kurrum river was started near Bannu
...
It also produces
electricity
...
(10) Canal of River Gomal:
A canal is dug from River Gomal and River Zhob at Kjhore Kuch near
D
...
Khan
...
I
...
(11) Canals of Tanda Dam:
In NWFP at Tanda Banda a canal is dug to irrigate the area of district Kohat
...
It provides the water to the industrial area of Karachi and Hub
...
It
provides water to Rawalpindi and Islamabad Districts
...
These canals shift the
water of three western rivers (Indus, Jhelum and Chenab) to eastern rivers
(Ravi and Sutlaj), to meet the shortage of water
...
Present government has started a number of new projects to
increase reservoir which include Gomal zam Dam, Greater Thal Canal, Rainy
Canal, Merani Dam, Subakzi Dam, Satpara Dam and extention of Mangla
Dam
...
In this regard, the ground
water and surface water are being used for agriculture
...
Q6
...
Ans
...
In this
modern age Pakistan can‟t totally depend on agriculture
...
Industry provides more jobs in a small area
...
DEFINITION OF INDUSTRY
Industry is such a place where the entrepreneur (Capitalist) and labour
through the machines and tools convert the shape of capital, raw material and
natural resources in a way that their utility may increase to fulfill the needs of the
people to a large extent; and may fetch maximum price in the market and maximum
profit for the entrepreneur
...
Handicrafts or cottage industry
It means that industry or productive work which is done at the home of the
workers
...
They sell their products in the market to fulfill the needs of their
family
...
It is
usually done at home
...
Industries included in Handicrafts industry
In handicraft industry woodwork, ironwork, hand made carpets and rugs,
goods made of leaves and cane for daily use, stone work, clay pots, embroidery and
toys etc
...
2
...
In Pakistan this industry is that one which after employing 2 to 9 workers,
produces different goods for the market on small scale
...
Industries included in Small Scale Industries:
Majority of the workers are attached with small scale industry
...
3
...
In Pakistan the large scale
industries are those which produce major parts of industrial products for the
consumers
...
1% in 2003-04
...
e
...
Defence Industry
Ordinance and allied products producing industry is called defence industry
...
Some other industries have been set up by Fauji
Foundation in which retired army personnel work to produces uniforms of army and
various other goods
...
Survey of the local and foreign markets for the sale of local products
...
Adequate exploitation of labour and capital e
...
there are more workers and
less capital in Pakistan
...
The capacity of industrial units
...
The analysis of the factors effects the industrial development in the country
e
...
the study of the employment opportunities
...
Availability of type of labour, skilled or unskilled in respective fields
...
Analysis of the productivity of national income
...
Quantum of the balance of payments in international trade
...
Nature of exports of the country
...
It is mostly depend upon
agriculture crops
...
is not taking much interest in the development of Industries
in Pakistan
...
2
...
4
...
6
...
Foreign Loans
Te major portion of national income is consumed for making the payments of
foreign loans
...
It faces deficit in Budget of
payments in Pakistan
...
There is a negative balance of payments in Pakistan, due to increase in
imports and less export
...
Pakistan has low economy and huge population govt
...
Preface of agricultures
Pakistan has less dependence on the industrial development and more on
agriculture
...
But resources of
Pakistan are limited
...
9
...
11
...
13
...
15
...
Political instability
Although Pakistan is a democratic country but from the last 60 year mostly
under control of dictatorship that is way there is political instability in Pakistan
...
Lack of Technology
There is a lack of latest Technology in Pakistan
...
Miss Management and corruption
Another hurdle in the way of industrial progress in Pakistan is Miss
Management and corruption
...
So Govt
...
Slack ness in international Markets
Pakistan goods are not better in Standard on to international level
...
Problem of power Recourse
In Pakistan a lot of areas having no facility of electricity, other areas are facing
problem of load shedding and power facility
...
So Pakistan is Backward in Industrial Sector
...
So we are not producing personally and Technically
better workers, Manger, Machine operators and betters skilled people
...
Unfortunately
Means of Transportations in Pakistan are not up to the Mark
...
STEPS TO PROMOTE INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS IN PAKISTAN
If we want to promote industrial progress in Pakistan, we have to take
following steps in this regard
...
Improvement of means of transportation & Communication:
If we want to promote the industrial progress in Pakistan, we have to
constructed better roadways, railways and motorway in the country
...
2
...
3
...
Without provide the easy loan facilities to the people we cannot increase
the ratio of industrial progress in Pakistan
...
Availability of cheap energy resources:
In Pakistan electricity and other energy resources are very expensive
...
We have to provide cheap electricity to the
industries
...
Political Stability:
Unfortunately there is no political stability in Pakistan
...
So
if we want to increase the industrial progress in Pakistan we have to adopt the
permanent industrial policies that can be happen only if the Pakistan will be political
stable
...
Availability of skilled labour:
Educated, trained, experienced and hard-worker people are required for the
industrial progress in country
...
7
...
In 1953 the government established industrial
research center in Pakistan but this council is not working efficiently
...
8
...
9
...
In this way we can maximize the industrial progress ratio in the country
...
10
...
There is a need of make these
corporations efficient and effective
...
What are the problems of the education department in
Pakistan and give proposal to overcome these problems? (OR)
Also Describe Government Steps for the betterment of education
department in Pakistan?
Ans
...
It is a lifelong process
...
Knowledge is the wealth that is not decreased by its use rather it keeps on
increasing
...
Education is an obligation of the Muslims
...
This ratio
is very low as compared to the develop countries as well as the neighbouring
countries so we have to the increase the literacy rate in Pakistan
...
Types of Education in Pakistan
There are two types of education in Pakistan:
i
...
ii
...
Formal education:
Education which is acquired by going regularly to some institute, school,
college, university, is called formal education
...
PROBLEMS OF EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN
There are a lot of problems of education in Pakistan but some of them are as under:
(1)
Low Literacy Rate:
The problem is that a major part of population of Pakistan is not formally
educated
...
According to the economy survey of
Pakistan 2003 the literacy rate was 54%
...
There are many reasons
for it, for example:
The appointment of teachers with average abilities
...
Shortage of training institutes to develop the better teaching skills
...
(3)
Lack of Quality Textbooks:
Third problem is the non-availability of quality books and necessary reference
material
...
(4)
Limited Extra Curricular Activities:
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Another problem is the limited facilities of healthy extra curricular and
social activities
...
(5)
Lack of Guidance in the Selection of Subjects:
There is a lack of student counseling facility
...
(6)
Poor Economy of the People:
Pakistan is a developing country where the economical resources are very
limited
...
(7)
Lack of Educational Institutions:
Lack of educational institutions especially in the rural areas is another
problem that results in low literacy rate
...
(8)
Un-Employment:
After getting education, a lot of people fail to achieve job
...
(9)
Insufficient Educational facilities:
In the major parts of the country there are insufficient education facilities like
libraries, laboratories and other facilities
...
(11) Aimless Education:
The objects of education are not fixed to meet national needs rather the
„international obligation‟ is kept in view
...
Already existing system was devised to
provide workers for foreign rulers
...
(12) Repugnant to the ideology of the Country:
Our system of education, specially the modern reforms, is devised to spread
the secularist ideas in the name of modernism
...
(13) Insufficient Education of Science and Modern Knowledge:
The education is Pakistan has failed to grow creative spirit in the field of
science even
...
(14) Weak Educational Base:
The education standard at primary level is not kept constant in Pakistan
...
(15) Character Building Ignored:
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Pakistanis are talented people with good health and enormous working
capacity
...
Unfortunately our
educationists do not impart any importance to character building
...
(16) Political Trends in the Educational Institutions:
Politics in the educational institutions has done a great harm to the education
system of Pakistan
...
The students are divided in opposite‟s camps
...
SUGGESTIONS:
If we want to promote our education sector so we have to keep in mind the
following suggestions:
1)
Standard Educational Syllabus:
The institutions of text book board should be improved and made functional
for making a standard educational syllabus for all classes
...
The students should be discouraged morally form use
of dishonest means and memorization
...
3)
Improvement of Primary Education:
The primary education should be made compulsory and of standard so that
students become interested in gaining education
...
Resources should
be increased and new education institution should be formed so more and more
students can get education
...
Education should be made compulsory up
to matriculation level and later according to the trends of the students they should be
given education in concerned fields
...
Students should be made aware of their real aim of life
students should be often lectured on religious and moral subjects
...
The administrative machinery
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should keep a vigilant eye on performance of educational institutions and the
annual promotion of teachers should be attached to their performance
...
Government should also
motivate the private sector too
...
Government
should also take suitable steps for the error free printing of the books
...
10)
Student Counseling:
Government should arrange for student counseling in the institutions
...
Government
should open new educational institutions especially in rural areas
...
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Chapter 7
PAKISTAN AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Q1
...
Ans
...
After independence, Pakistan
made some changes in British policy according to the ideology and the
objectives of Pakistan Movement
...
PRINCIPLES OF FOREIGN POLICY
Every country established its foreign policy according to own ideological,
historical, political and geographical circumstances
...
Foreign policy of Pakistan is based on the
following basic principles:
1
...
Pakistan is always disinterested in the internal affairs of others, and opposes
imperialism and aggression of every type
...
Non-Alignment
Pakistan has adopted the policy of non-alignment by making changes in its
foreign policy
...
Therefore, now Pakistan
is trying to establish good relationship with Russia, United State, China,
United Kingdom France and other countries and expects the same from
others of significant importance
...
3
...
Pakistan also wants to solve its conflicts with neighbouring
countries on the basis of bilateralism
...
4
...
Therefore, Pakistan has supported every action of the United Nations and
provided military assistance to implement its decisions
...
Support to Right of Self-Determination
Pakistan supports the right of self-determination of all the suppressed nations
...
Therefore, Pakistan has supported the demand of abolishing the colonialism
and every movement for the exercise of the right of self-determination in
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6
...
8
...
10
...
Europe, Africa and Asia
...
It has also opposed the occupation of Afghanistan by Russia, and
helped the Afghanis to get the liberation from foreign rule
...
Pakistan has always
tried to solve the conflicts of Islamic world and played very important role in
Iran – Iraq war, Palestine‟s and Afghanistan‟s liberation
...
Pakistan has
provided a platform for Muslim countries of Central Asia to solve their
economic problems by establishing Economic Cooperation Organization
(ECO)
...
Therefore, Pakistan is not in
the race of weaponisation
...
Pakistan tries to avoid the danger of nuclear war
...
Elimination of Racial Discrimination
Pakistan wants to eliminate the racial discrimination throughout the world
...
There is no racial discrimination in Pakistan and all the minorities in
Pakistan have equal rights
...
Pakistan has
also protested against aggressive powers desires, and supported the
oppressed nations for getting the peace
...
Good Relations with Neighbours
Pakistan wants good relationship with all neighbours including India
...
Therefore, Pakistan has invited India for
talks at any time, at every level and at every place
...
e
...
Pakistan always cooperates with all these organizations for the security of
world peace
...
2
...
4
...
6
...
”
The main objectives of the foreign policy of Pakistan are as under:National Security
The main objective of foreign policy of Pakistan is its national security or
independence
...
So Pakistan formulated its foreign policy on the
basis of national security
...
Pakistan
respects the national integrity and the political independence of other
countries, and expect from others the same
...
It
needs to establish and maintain cordial relations with those states with whom
it can maximize its trade relations or from whom it can obtain maximum
economic benefits
...
It has adopted particularly free trade, free
economic policy, and policy of privatization
...
The foreign policy is meant to protect the
ideology
...
Better Relations with Islamic Countries
Pakistan can protect its ideology by developing good relationship with Muslim
countries
...
Non-Alignment
Pakistan has adopted the policy of non-alignment by making changes in its
foreign policy
...
Therefore, now Pakistan
is trying to establish good relationship with Russia, United State, China,
United Kingdom, France and other countries and expects the same from
others of significant importance
...
Support to Right of Self-Determination
Pakistan supports the right of self-determination of all the suppressed nations
...
Therefore, Pakistan has supported the demand of abolishing the colonialism
and every movement for the exercise of the right of self-determination in
Europe, Africa and Asia
...
8
...
It has also opposed the occupation of Afghanistan by Russia,
and helped the Afghanis to get the liberation from foreign rule
...
Pakistan has protested over racial discrimination in South Africa Namibia and
Rodeshia
...
Establishment of Peace
Pakistan wants establishment of peace throughout the world
...
Pakistan has repeatedly invited India
to negotiate peace in South Asia but it has rejected every move
...
The following are the determinants of the foreign policy of Pakistan:Administrative Troika
Administrative Troika comprises the President of Pakistan, the Prime Minister
and Chief of Army Staff
...
It can approve or disapprove the foreign policy of Pakistan or can
make any change in it
...
President
Army Chief
2
...
4
...
It
comprises the specialists and experts of foreign policy and the bureaucrats of
high level
...
They formulate the policy, plans and programmes
regarding the priorities of foreign policy, and fully cooperate with Troika for its
preparation
...
Intelligence Agencies
Pakistan‟s intelligence agencies also play very effective role in the formulation
of foreign policy by providing full information about the objectives of other
countries foreign policies
...
Political Parties and Pressure Groups
The political parties and pressure groups have deep impacts on the
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5
...
formulation of foreign policy
...
Likewise the pressure
groups can also influence the foreign policy
...
After
discussion and debate the parliament gives approval to it or suggests some
change in it
...
Ans
...
They have common boundary
of about 600 km long
...
Pakistan recognized China on its birth in
October 1949 and developed good relationship with it
...
Start of Pak China Friendship
The Prime Minister of the both countries met in Bandung Conference in 1955,
and after that the series of visits continued up till now
...
2
...
Which strengthened the good relationship, and trade pact
was signed by them
...
3
...
In the
Indo-Pak war of 1965 China supported Pakistan and provided arms
...
Economic & Technical Aid
China gave economic and technical aid to Pakistan is establishing industries,
which included Texila Industrial Complex and its affiliated plans, setting up the
heavy tools factory at Landhi and Sports Complex at Islamabad
...
Construction of Silk Route
The Silk-route of Karakaram was completed in 1969 that connected Pakistan
with China by road
...
The air contact was also established
between both the countries
...
Defense Pacts
Many defense pacts were concluded between Pakistan and China in 1985,
according to which China provided economic and technical assistance in
building the Kamra Complex and Ordinance Factory at Wah
...
273 million for setting up Heavy Electric
Complex in NWFP
...
8
...
Support to China
Pakistan also sided, China and supported it for its permanent membership of
Security Council of United Nations
...
Pakistan
supported China on the issue of the presence of foreign troops in Kampochia,
and China supported Pakistan on the issue of the Russian intervention in
Afghanistan
...
Again
the Chinese Prime Minister visited Pakistan in 2001 and President of Pakistan
visited China in 2001 and 2002
...
Explain the relations between Pakistan and India
...
India is a neighbouring country of Pakistan
...
Its total area is
twelve lac twenty nine thousand seven hundred and thirty seven sq
...
Common border between Pakistan and India is 1600km and cease fire line on
Kashmir is not included in it
...
1
...
e
...
From the
emergence of Pakistan India created many problems for Pakistan
...
Indus Water Treaty and India
Pakistan and India signed Indus-Water-Treaty in 1960 to solve the water
dispute between them
...
3
...
After it Simla Agreement was signed between Pakistan and
India, by which both the countries agreed differences through negotiations
...
Moreover, both the countries began to increase cooperation within the jurisdiction of
South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) from the year 1980,
which gave positive result
...
The Prime Ministers of Pakistan and India met on the occasion of SAARC
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Conference in 1988 and signed a pact
...
FREEDOM MOVEMENT IN KASHMIR
In 1989, the Kashmiri‟s freedom fighters started struggle against India in the
decade of 1990
...
Pakistan
is determined to solve the Kashmir issue in accordance with the UN resolutions
through the right of self-determination of Kashmiri‟s
...
AGRA CONFRENCE AND INDIA
The Agra Conference from July 14 – 17, 2001 between the President of
Pakistan, General Pervaiz Musharaf and India Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpai was
the first important meeting of its type between the two leaders, and the world felt a
sigh of relief
...
MEETINGS OF OFFICERS OF BOTH COUNTRIES
During the SAARC Conference of January 2004 (Islamabad) the President of
Pakistan and the Prime Minister of India held meetings and agreed upon many
pacts, and resolved upon the continuation of dialogue
...
Q4
...
Ans
...
Even organization of Islamic Countries also established in 1969 with the
efforts of Pakistan and Saudi Arabia which shows that Pakistan wanted to
established better relations with the Islamic countries
...
Iran is an Islamic country
...
Pakistan has close relation with Iran till his creation
...
2
...
Iran
was the first country that recognized Pakistan on its emergence, and
ambassadors wee exchanged
...
4
...
6
...
visit the Shah of Iran also visited Pakistan in 1950, and trade relations
were established
...
C
...
Indo-Pak Wars and Iran
Iran supported Pakistan, during the Indo-Pak war of 1965
...
Likewise Iran supported
Pakistan during the war of 1971
...
Iranian Revolution and Pakistan
Pakistan extended recognition to new region, which was established after
Iranian revolution in 1979
...
Delegations of both countries were exchanged to
improve the trade
...
C
...
It is working to achieve the objectives of
RCD and is taking steps to boost up the cooperation in the fields of economic,
industry, trade, education and cultural promotion among the member
countries
...
Industrial and Technical Cooperation
The Chambers of Commerce of Pakistan and Iran exchanged visits of both
countries and offered mutual cooperation for economic development
...
Perviaz Musharaf paid a visit to Iran is 2000 and
offered his cooperation for the programme of setting up of gas pipeline from
Iran to India
...
Both countries are connected through Hilly-passes
...
1
...
The Prime Minister of Pakistan and President of Afghanistan visited
each other‟s country, and signed a pact of regional sECOrity and nonintervention
...
War of USSR and Afghanistan
But their relations began to strain by the Military revolution in April 1978 and
entering of Russian army in Afghanistan in December 1979
...
4
...
6
...
in emigration of 3 million Afghan refuges into Pakistan
...
Geneva Pact and Pakistan
When the Afghan people started their Jihad to oust the Russain army,
Pakistan supported them
...
In 1988 Geneva Pact between Russia Pakistan and
Afghanistan was signed also the Russian Army was withdrawn in 1989 under
the auspices of United Nations
...
Unfortunately the differences
among Mujahideen emerged and a group of Mujahideen i
...
Talaban
occupied a major part of Afghanistan and established an Islamic government
...
Permanent Joint Commission
In May 2000 a permanent Joint Commission between Pakistan and
Afghanistan was set up to regulate cross border movement of refugees and to
check the production and smuggling of narcotics
...
The Talaban government came
to an end, and a pro-American government was installed in Afghanistan
...
It provided
promised to give more aid
...
There is hope of starting of new era of relationship
between Pakistan and Afghanistan
...
Moreover, the principle of Muslim world unity is the
common factor in foreign policies of both the countries
...
Emergence of Pakistan and Saudi Arabia
Before the emergence of Pakistan, Saudi Arabia supported the Pakistan
Movement
...
The
first pact was signed between Pakistan and Saudi Arabia in 1951, which
strengthened the friendly relationship of both the countries
...
3
...
5
...
7
...
In 1966, Shah Faisal visited
Pakistan on official tour and declared Pakistan his second home, and
announced, economic aid for Pakistan
...
Economic Aid
Saudi Arabia provided one billion rupees in aid to install cement and other
factories in Pakistan
...
Shah Faisal also
provided economic aid to construct Faisal Masjid in Islamabad
...
Saudi Government supported Pakistan on
Kashmir issue
...
Support on Issues
Saudi Government supported Pakistan‟s policy of Afghanistan, and Pakistan
supported Saudi Arabia during the Middle East crisis of 1991 and sent its
army for the protection Holy lands of Saudi Arabia
...
Visit of Government Official
Chief Executive of Pakistan Gen
...
The new Prime
Minister of Pakistan also visited Saudi Arabia in 2003 and strengthened the
relations of both the countries by signing many pacts
...
The time also proved the close friendship of
Pakistan and Saudi Arabia
...
Present Bangladesh was the former Eastern Pakistan before 16 th December 1971
when Bangladesh emerged as an independent and sovereign State
...
There were glaring contrasts in the way of living and
cultural values of the two parts of the country
...
Unfortunately since the independence
no sincere endeavor was made to cement the two wings into one whole
...
When the hostilities ended, the two countries, Pakistan and Bangladesh, sat
down and reviewed all the available facts and urged each other to restore the broken
bonds of brotherhood between the people of the two countries
...
A
...
I
...
Summit a Lahore
...
A
...
I
...
Summit Conference
...
I
...
Summit Conference
...
Z
...
He was warmly welcomed wherever he went
which confirmed the sentiments of brotherhood existing amongst the people of
Bangladesh for the people of Pakistan
...
The Government of Bangladesh demanded the division of
assets and refused to accept any liability
...
An agreement between Pakistan and Bangladesh was concluded on 23rd
January, 1976 by which telecommunication links were established
...
These agreements brought the two countries
closer to each other
...
Further measures were announced to
promote trade between the two States
...
General Zia-ur-Rehman was a shrewd person
who quickly got his stronghold on the issues
...
General Zia-urRehman was assassinated in July 1981
...
On 21st July, 1979, a Joint Economic Commission was established between
Pakistan and Bangladesh in order to promote economic collaboration
...
Ghulam
Ishaq Khan, the then Finance Minister of Pakistan signed on behalf of his
Government while Mr
...
It was decided to
hold the meetings of the Commission on yearly basis in Pakistan and Bangladesh by
rotation
...
Bangladesh had extended its full support to
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Pakistan‟s point of view on International political issues
...
Bangladesh played an important role in
this connection
...
In this meeting sentiments of solidarity and
homogeneity were expressed for the freedom struggle of the Afghan people
...
Several delegations
were exchanged between the two countries
...
Mr
...
In result of these discussions a group of
experts was set up to se the division of assets between the two countries
...
dollars as its share from the joint assets from
Pakistan
...
Pakistan has fixed a quota of seats in its Engineering and Medical
institutions for the students of Bangladesh
...
The meeting of the Joint Ministerial Committee between the two countries was
held on 8th September, 1984 at Islamabad
...
Bangladesh offered to
export Jute, tea and carpets to Pakistan and will import rice, pig iron, railway
carriages and other steel items from Pakistan
...
From 1942 to 1945 it
remained under Japanese rule
...
Ahmad Seokarno and Dr
...
The relations between Pakistan and Indonesia existed even before the
establishment of Pakistan
...
President Seokarno came to Pakistan on an official visit in February, 1950
...
He
exchanged views with the Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan
and expressed his thanks to the people of Pakistan for showing great hospitality to
him
...
A Cultural Association was formed in April 1955 between Pakistan and
Indonesia to further the Cultural bonds between the two nations
...
By this agreement it
was decided to promote trade and commerce between Indonesia and Pakistan
...
The
Government of Indonesia and the people by their most sincere support to Pakistan‟s
cause during the 1965 War won the hearts of the people of Pakistan
...
Indonesia and Pakistan concluded an air pact on 14th January, 1966 by which
the two countries agreed on bilateral air travel
...
8 crores to
Indonesia
...
Indonesia put lot of pressure on India to release
Pakistan‟s prisoners of war after Bangladesh had come into existence
...
Pakistan and Indonesia agreed to exchange nuclear technology by an
agreement concluded on 19th April 1980 at Djakarta President Suharto came to
Pakistan in 1980 and expressed his desire to maintain peace in the region
...
He also visited Afghan camps near
Mardan
...
President
Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq went to Indonesia on an official visit on 2nd November, 1982
where he was accorded warm welcome
...
PAKISTAN AND LIBYA
Libya, so important and oil rich State of North Africa, in 1951 it gained
independence from the foreign domination and Shah Idrees‟s kingship was
established
...
A young army officer, Col, Moammar-al-Qaddafi, dethroned Shah Idrees in
September, 1969 after a successful army coup
...
Gaddafi is a brave revolutionary
who became very popular amongst his people
...
Col
...
I
...
held in Lahore in 1974
...
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Since then Pakistan and Libya have been enjoying cordial relations
...
Joint ventures in Banking, insurance and Shipping have also
been alliance by agreement
...
A joint Pak-Libyan Company was set up in the meeting of the Ministerial
Commission held in Libya
...
President Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq paid a visit to Libya in November 1977 and
held discussions with Col
...
The Libyan Vice-President
Abdus Salam Jalood also paid a visit to Pakistan and declared Pakistan as the Heart
of Islamic World in view of the importance of Pakistan for the Islamic world
...
Libya has expressed
its interest in balancing first ventures with Pakistan in several spheres of
development
...
Libya extended massive financial aid to Pakistan during
1971 War against India
...
PAKISTAN & TURKEY
The relations between Turkey and Pakistan, the two brotherly, countries, are
deep rooted and based on the similarity of Islamic culture
...
Both countries maintain their
relations at all levels and regularly exchange views on matters concerning the mutual
and bilateral relations between the two Muslim States
...
Both countries concluded trade,
economic and cultural agreements to link together on stable grounds
...
Another agreement was reached between the two countries which
emphasized the defense matters between Turkey and Pakistan
...
Pakistan and Turkey are linked together by
agreement of R
...
D
...
C
...
R
...
D
...
The leaders and Heads of States of the two countries have been exchanging
goodwill visits to each other country
...
Prime Minister Sulaiman Daimeral also
paid visit to Pakistan
...
It has extended its support to the right of self
determination of the people of Kashmir
...
Pakistan reciprocated by
lending support to Turkey on the Cyprus issue
...
Pakistan openly
supported Turkish decision to send its troops in Cyprus
...
Pakistan participated regularly in the Izmir Trade-fair and organized the
exhibition of its goods in Islamabad in 1984
...
Pakistan and Turkey decided to
expand trade and economic co-operation
...
An agreement for co-operation
in tourism was signed during President Kennan Everne‟s visit to Pakistan in
February 1989
...
Turkey highly appreciated Pakistan‟s view on Afghan
Crisis and landed its humanitarian assistance to the displaced Afghan refugees
...
The Turkish Defense Minister
represented his country for signing this accord in Islamabad
...
The agreement is valid for five years and
further extendable to any length of period & through mutual consultations
...
Although Egypt
is a Muslim country, yet it could not develop cordial relations with Pakistan
...
When
General Najib put an end to the Egyptian kingship and took over the reins of the
Government he initiated the development of friendly relations between Pakistan and
Egypt
...
The relations between Pakistan and Egypt have suffered heavily during
President Nasser‟s regime He advocated Indian point of view during 1965 War
between Pakistan and India
...
N
...
in 1962
...
It did not allow a
passage through the Suez Canal to the ships which were carrying arms for Pakistan
during 1971 War against India
...
Pakistan recognized Egypt‟s rights
on the Suez Canal and strongly advocated Egypt‟s point of view during Arab-Israel
war
...
The relations between the two countries slightly improved when President
Ayub Khan came to power in 1958
...
President Ayub
also paid an official visit to Cairo and clarified Pakistan‟s stand on Suez Canal to
remove Egyptian suspicions because of a statement made by Pakistan‟s
representative in U
...
O
...
President Sadaat was assassinated in
1981
...
In fact the relations between Pakistan and Egypt were affected due to Egypt‟s
close relations with U
...
S
...
and India
...
S
...
R
...
S
...
R
...
Late President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq of
Pakistan played a prominent role in bringing Egypt back to the O
...
C
...
I
...
had been suspended since Israeli-Egypt accord at Camp
David
...
I
...
at Casablanca in 1984 and requested the O
...
C
...
I
...
to Egypt
...
The Egyptian naval ship El-Nazer, sailed into Karachi harbour on
3rd April, 1987 on a three-day goodwill mission to Pakistan
...
A three member delegation of the Egyptian
Committee for Afghan refugees offered 5,000 blankets to the Chief Commissioner
Afghan Refugees for distributing to the Afghan refugees
...
Q5
...
note
on
Economic
Cooperation
Ans
...
The RCD, however, could not achieve its
objectives due to certain political events befalling the member countries
...
In 1985 Iran requested Pakistan
and Turkey to the re-active the RCD finally RCD replaced by ECO and member
countries of the ECO also became ten
...
RCD was
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172
set up on 21st July, 1964, when the Heads of State of Pakistan, Turkey and Iran
assembled in Istanbul to sign the agreement known as Istanbul Accord
...
To promote trade between the member countries and free movement
of goods by all practical means of transportation
...
Closer coordination shall be established amongst the Chambers of
Commerce of the three countries and to finally establish a joint
Chamber of Commerce
...
Postal rates, between the three countries, shall be reduced to the
extent to bring them on the level of internal rates
...
Air transport services within the region shall be improved and a joint air
company shall be established
...
Close cooperation in shipping shall be established by setting up a joint
maritime line
...
Efforts shall be made to improve and construct rail and road links
between the three countries
...
Cooperation in educational, scientific and cultural aspects shall be
promoted by the exchange of delegations
...
Visa formalities shall be abolished for travel purposes between the
three countries
...
The member countries shall provide technical assistance to each other
by the exchange of experts and by extending training facilities
...
Pakistan
2
...
Turkey
4
...
Tajikistan
6
...
Uzbekistan
8
...
Kyrgyzstan 10
...
2
...
4
...
6
...
8
...
This organization has the following objectives:
Promotion of Mutual Trade and Freely Transportation between the
Member Countries
...
Establishment of Common Air & Shipping Services
Promotion of Minerals & Establishment of Oil Refineries
Promotion of Tourism
Promotion of Land Transport between the Member Countries
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10
...
12
...
The organizational structure consists of
1
...
2
...
Council of Deputies
This Council consists of Economist and other experts
...
Secretariat of ECO
The head of this organization is Secretary General
...
Important Meetings of ECO
1
...
3
...
In which following decision
were made:
i)
Promotion of Trade
ii)
Promotion of Industry
iii)
Cooperation in Education Sector
After this meeting Pakistan exported Rice & Cotton Textile to Iran and
Import Petroleum from Iran
...
In which following decision were
made:
i)
Establishment of ECO Bank
ii)
Reduce the Custom Duty between the member countries up to
10%
iii)
Cooperation
in
Economic,
Commerce,
Trade,
Tele
Communication, Agriculture, Technology & Power Sources
Tehran Meeting-1992 (Heads Meeting)
Another Meeting of Heads of the State of the member countries was
held in Tehran (IRAN) in 1992
...
5
...
7
...
9
...
To maximize the cooperation in mutual trade
Establishment of eight committees for the cooperation in
different sectors between the member countries
...
In which Afghanistan and Kazakhstan
became the member of ECO and finalize the committees which were
establish in Tehran Meeting
...
In this meeting Quetta action plan was
approved
...
In this meeting it was suggested that
cooperation in economic & cultural sector will be raised and the
cooperation in the minerals and agriculture sector will also increased
...
In which following decision were
made:
i)
Cooperation in the economic sector
ii)
Support of Kashmiri for their right of self determination
iii)
Establishment of peace in South Asia
Ashqabad Meeting-1996 (Heads Meeting)
Another Meeting of Heads of the States of the Member Countries was
held in Ashqabad (Turkmenistan) in 1996
...
Ashqabad Meeting-1997 (Heads Meeting)
An important Meeting of Heads of the States of the Member Countries
was held in Ashqabad (Turkmenistan) in 1997
...
In which following decision were
made:
i)
Establishment of peace in Afghanistan
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ii)
11
...
13
...
To request the International community for the solution of
problem of Kashmir
iii)
Promotion of trade
Tehran Meeting-2000 (Heads Meeting)
An Important Meeting of Heads of the States of the Member Countries
was held in Tehran (Iran) in 2000
...
With Iran, Turkey
and Pakistan as original members, the expanded ECO has the potential to become a
politically and economically powerful bloc
...
ECO is a vast market for our traders and a wonder-land for travelers
...
A new Asian trade block is in the offing which holds great economic and trade
possibilities for the region
...
The Central Asian states are bestowed with tremendous natural resources
like cotton and oil, together with minerals, such as gold and iron
...
Cotton is grown in abundance in Uzbekistan which used to produce 73
percent of the former Soviet Union‟s cotton crop
...
The ECO states have immense potential for development and are destined to
regain their historical importance and glory
...
To promote economic inter-linkages, the vital requirement is that of
communication infrastructure like roads, rail, shipping, airlines and
telecommunications
...
With regional economic integration being the objective, the ECO can move
forward by promoting trade on a preferential basis in the region
...
The member countries have agreed to set up a Trade and Development Bank
(TDB) which would help in the exchange of commodities in order to
encourage economic Cooperation at the non-governmental level
...
The
governments in the region deserve to he applauded for their swift endeavors regional
and collective Cooperation
...
It must cover the requirements of polity, economy, defense and
society at large
...
Write a note on the organization of Islamic Conference
...
After the establishment of Pakistan the basic principle of Pakistan Foreign
Policy was decided
...
Most of the Arab
Countries were thinking of Arab Nationalism
...
After works cold behaviour of Super Powers made Muslim
Countries to be united
...
In this way path was paved for the establishment of the OIC
...
Establishment of the OIC
In August, 1969 establishment of OIC was unavoidable when the Jews
attempted to burn Masjid-e-Aqsa and demolished some of its parts
...
The Arabs Foreign Ministers suggested to call an Islamic
submit conference for looking into crucial matter
...
Then
the organization of Muslim Conference was founded
...
About 46 Islamic Countries are its
members
...
The first Chairman was Shah Hussain of
Morocco and the first Secretary General was Sharif-uddin Perzada, the then Foreign
Minister of Pakistan
...
All the heads of Islamic
Countries are its members
...
Conference of Foreign Minister
The Second Institution of OIC is the Conference of Foreign Minister
...
General Secretariat
General Secretariat is another important Institution of OIC
...
He also looks after the holding and proceeding of
conferences
...
Steps for defending Muslims States from Nuclear Dangers
...
Peaceful solution of conflicts of the Muslim Countries
3
...
4
...
5
...
6
...
7
...
8
...
9
...
10
...
11
...
IMPORTANT MEETINGS OF OIC
1
...
This Summit was inaugurated by Shah Hussain
...
Twenty-five heads of the
Muslim Countries and eleven joint this session of OIC, so total number of Muslims
Countries who joint this session was 36
...
i
...
To work for the economic prosperity of the Muslim Countries
iii
...
Solution of the Palestine‟s Problem
2
...
Qazafi President Anwar Sadaat also joined this session
...
i
...
ii
...
To work for the economic prosperity of the Muslim Countries
iv
...
Establishment of Islamic News Agency
vi
...
Third Summit Conference of the OIC (Taif-Saudi Arabia 1981)
Third Summit of the OIC was held in Taif Saudi Arabia in 1981
...
i
...
To stop the war of Iraq and Iran
iii
...
Establishment of Islamic Welfare Associations
v
...
Fourth Summit Conference of the OIC (Casablanca, Morocco 1984 )
Fourth Summit of the OIC was held in Casablanca, Morocco in 1984
...
i
...
To provide the rights to the people of the Bosnia, Herzegovina
iii
...
To stop the Iran, Iraq war
v
...
Fifth Summit Conference of the OIC (Kuwait 1987 )
Fifth Summit of the OIC was held in Kuwait in 1987
...
i
...
Solution of the problem of the Palestine‟s Problem
iii
...
To stop the Iran, Iraq war
v
...
Sixth Summit Conference of the OIC (Dakar Senegal 1991 )
Sixth Summit of the OIC was held in Dakar Senegal in 1991
...
The following
decisions were made in this meeting
...
End of the poverty and illiteracy from the Muslim Countries
ii
...
To eliminate the mutual difference of the Muslims
iv
...
Solution of the Problem of Kashmir
7
...
In which 51
Muslims Countries were participated
...
i
...
Solution of the problem of the Kashmir
iii
...
Suggestions were presented for the solution of the Palestine‟s problem
...
Eighth Summit Conference of the OIC (Tehran, Iran 1997 )
Eighth Summit of the OIC was held in Tehran, Iran in 1997
...
The following decisions were made in this
meeting
...
To work for the Muslim Unity
ii
...
Cultural economic and political relations among the member countries
iv
...
Ninth Summit Conference of the OIC (Doha, Qatar 2000)
Ninth Summit of the OIC was held in Doha, Qatar in 2000
...
The following decisions were made in this
meeting
...
To favour the Afghanistan Government to over come the civil war in
Afghanistan
ii
...
To work for the establishment of peace in Bosnia
iv
...
Solution of the Problem of the Cyprus
10
...
In which 57
Muslims Countries were participated
...
i
...
To end the terrorism in the world after the incident of 9/11
iii
...
Solution of the problem of the Kashmir
11
...
In which 39
Muslims Countries were participated
...
i
...
To work for the establishment of peace in Bosnia
iii
...
Solution of the problem of the Palestine
No-doubt organization of Islamic Countries is a largest organization of the
Muslim Countries which tries to resolve the problems of the Muslims Countries but
impact this conference is totally failed to achieve its objectives
...
What did Quaid-e-Azam say while inaugurating the state bank of
Pakistan?
Ans
...
We have to present an economic
system which should be based on the true concepts of Islam and State
justice
...
What is meant by Ideology of Pakistan?
Ans
...
Q3
...
Qutab-ud-Din founded the first regular Muslim empire in the subcontinent in 1206
...
What did Quaid-e-Azam say about Nationality?
Ans
...
They can adopt any mean to
promote and protect their spiritual, moral, economic, social political and
cultural interests”
...
What did Allama Iqbal say in his famous address at Allahabad in
1930?
Ans
...
Consolidated formation of north-west Indian Muslim state appears to
be the final destiny of Muslims, at least of north-west India
...
Define ideology?
Ans
...
Q7
...
The Islamic concept of sovereignty means the power and authorities
exercised by the ruling class is from Allah
...
He can make laws within the limits laid down by Allah
...
Q8
...
(1)
Islamic beliefs
(2)
Prayers
(3)
Supremacy of law in the light of Quran and Sunnah
...
Write down four aims & objectives are creation of Pakistan
...
1
...
To get rid from Hindus & the British
3
...
To get rid congress and his cruelties
Q10
...
Ans
...
Attainment of right of self-determination for the Muslims
2
...
11 What is meant by “Two Nation Theory?
Ans
...
This theory was the
foundation of the establishment of Pakistan
...
What were the objectives of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan‟s Aligarh
Movement?
Ans
...
(3) To hold back the Muslims from the politics
...
Name the educational institutions set by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan?
Ans
...
Q3
...
Shal Wali Ullah was born on 2nd February, 1703 in Delhi
...
When and where was Sir Syed Ahmed Khan born?
Ans
...
Q5
...
Anjuman-e-Himayat-e-Islam was established in 1884 in Punjab
...
Q6
...
Shah Wali Ullah not only tried to unite the Muslims politically but also
rendered religious services
...
(2) He was a well versed teacher of Hadith
...
(4) He wrote a commentary on “Mau‟ta” in Arabic and in Persian
known as “Almos-ul-Mostafa”
...
Q7
...
This movement was founded by Haji Shariat Ullah in Bengal
...
g
...
(3) To eradicate the innovations and bad customs from the Muslim
society
...
What was the advice of Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi to the Muslims?
Ans
...
(2) He issued Fatwa against Band-e-Mataram and the three coloured
flag
...
Q9
...
Sindh is called Babul Islam or the door of Islam because:
(1) Islam entered in the sub-continent through Sindh
...
Q10
...
Ch
...
Q11
...
Muhammad Bin Qasim attacked on Sindh in 712 & defeated Raja Dahir
and take over Sindh
...
When and how many attacks were made by Sultan Mahmood
Ghaznvi on Sub-Continent?
Ans
...
Q13
...
Qutub-ud-Din Abiak founded first Muslim Regular Empire in the SubContinent in 1206
...
When did The Great Mughals take over Sub-Continent?
Ans
...
Q15
...
Hazrat Mujadid Alif Sani (Sheikh Ahmad Sarhandi) was born in 1564 at
a well known Sarhand
...
When did Hazrat Mujadid Alif Sani die?
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Ans
...
Q17
...
Ans
...
Preaching of Islam
2
...
Favour of two nation theory
4
...
When Shah Wali Ullah had died?
Ans
...
Q19
...
The actual name of Shah Wali Ullah was Qutub-ud-Din Ahmad
...
The name of his father was Shah Abdul Raheem
...
When Aurangzeb Aalamgir had died?
Ans
...
Q21
...
Shah Wali Ullah translated the Holy Quran in to Persian First
...
Who translated the Holy Quran in the Urdu First?
Ans
...
Q23
...
Syed Ahmad Baralvi was born in 1786 in Rai Barali near Lucknow
...
When Syed Ahmad Baralvi did started Mujahdin Movement?
Ans
...
Q25
...
Syed Ahmad Baralvi attacked on Akora Khatak in 1826 and defeated
Sikhs
...
When Syed Ahmed Baralvi did established his Head Quarter at
Peshawar?
Ans
...
Q27
...
Syed Ahmed Baralvi and his companion Shah Ismail Martyred in 1831
at Balakot
...
Why Sir Syed Ahmad Khan advised the Muslim to abstain from
congress?
Ans
...
Congress is not the representative
party of the Muslim that‟s why he advised the Muslim not join congress
...
When did Anjaman-e-Hamiyat-e-Islam establish and who was the
founder of it?
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Ans
...
The other important leader of this organization was Munshi
Chirag Din, Munshi Abdul Raheem, Mir Shams-u-Din and Dr
...
Q30
...
Sir Ahmad Khan used the word nation for the Muslims of the subcontinent first time in the history in 1867
...
Write down the objectives of Dar-ul-Uloom Deo Band
...
1
...
To get rid from innovations
3
...
Q32
...
Ans
...
Reforms in Curriculum
2
...
To guide the Muslims from religious point of view
4
...
Write down four objectives of Anjuman-e-Hamiyat-e-Islam
...
1
...
To effectively counter the propaganda of the Christian
Missionaries
...
To Look after and educate the Muslim Orphan Children
4
...
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CHAPTER # 3
PAKISTAN MOVEMENT
Q1
How many seats Muslim League won in Punjab province in the
election of 1945-46?
Ans
...
Q2
...
(1) Karachi was made the capital of Pakistan
...
(3) Ch
...
(4) Civil Services were reorganized and Civil Service Academy was
established
...
Q3
...
In 1939 Muslim League was established in Balochistan
...
Q4
...
in 1946?
Ans
...
(1) Liaqat Ali Khan
Finance Minister
(2) I
...
Chandrigar
Minister for Commerce & Trade
(3) Joginder Nath Mondal
Law Minister
(4) Raja Gazanfar Ali Khan
Health Minister
(5) Sardar Abdul Rab Nishtar
Minister for Communication & information
Q5
...
(1) None cooperation with the British Government
...
(3) Boycott recruitment in the Armed forces
...
(5) Boycott of the government educational institutions
...
When and why was the „Indian National Congress‟ formed?
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Ans
...
O
...
The Object of the establishment of
this party was that the people should have a political platform to express
their feelings instead of indulging in open confrontation with the English
...
When was Muslim League established and what were its main
objectives?
Ans
...
The basic objectives of the establishment of Muslim League
were:
(1) To develop the feelings of loyalty towards the British among the
Muslims and to remove all sorts of misunderstanding about an
action of the Govt
...
(3) To develop friendly relations with all the nations of the subcontinent without hardily the above objective of Muslims League
...
What was the „Lucknow Pact‟?
Ans
...
According to this pact the Congress recognized the
separate position of the Muslims and accepted the Muslims‟ demand for
separate electorate
...
What do you know about Nehru Report?
Ans
...
In his report all those clauses of Lucknow Pact were
rejected which were earlier accepted to protect the rights of the
Muslims
...
Q10
...
Just after the establishment of the Congress government in 8 provinces,
(1) indirectly a ban was put on the religious traditions of the Muslims
...
(3) Urdu was replaced by Hindi in schools
...
Q11
...
On the resignation of Congress government the Muslims of India got
rid of oppressive, brutal and unjust rule of the Hindus
...
Q12
...
According to Cripps‟ Proposals:
(1) No constitution would be introduced in the Sub-continent, which
was not acceptable to all the political parties
...
a
...
Q13
...
(a) All the political parties would be represented proportionality
...
(b) The administrative council would all be consisted of the Indian
members
...
Who were the members of Cabinet Mission Plan?
Ans
...
(i)
Sir Stafford Cripps
...
(iii) Sir A
...
Alexander
...
What were the motives which led to the establishment of Muslim
League?
Ans
...
(1) The partition of Bengal and the Hindu reaction
(2) The British attitude
...
(4) Non active participation in the political life
...
(6) Urdu Hindi conflict 1867
...
Write down the four points of cabinet mission plan?
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Ans
...
(2) All the powers, except of the central affairs, would be given to the
provinces
...
(4) The provinces would be free to form a group and every group
would frame its own constitution through the majority of opinion
after every 10 years
...
What are the objectives of Khalafat Movement?
Ans
...
(2) The Holy places of the Muslims should remain in protection of the
Turks
...
Q18
...
For the Demarcation of Punjab:
Pakistani representatives:
Mr
...
Justice Din Muhammad
For the demarcation of Bengal:
Pakistani Representatives:
Mr
...
Justice S
...
What is meant by the plan of 3rd June, 1947?
Ans
...
(1) A clause was incorporated in the 3rd June Plan that separate
sessions of Muslim and Hindu members of the assemblies of
Punjab and Bengal will be held
...
(2)
Sindh Assembly would decide the future status of province through
their majority of vote
...
(4) The future of province of Balochistan will be decided by Shahi
Jirga
...
When and where did Muslim League establish?
Ans
...
The
main founders of the Muslim League were Maulana Muhammad Ali
Johar, Maulana Shoukat Ali, Sir Agha Khan, Nawab Saleem Ullah Khan
etc
...
Write down the motives of establishment of Muslim League
...
1
...
Reaction of Congress
3
...
Political ignorance of Muslims
Q22
...
Muslim won all the seats (30 out of 30) of central assembly and 434
seats out of 495 of the provincial assembly
...
When did partition of Bengal take place and when it was reversed?
Ans
...
Q24
...
1
...
2
...
Q25
...
Name of Pakistan was suggested by Ch
...
Q26
...
Pakistan resolution was passed on 23rd March 1940 at Lahore
...
When and who did establish Jamiat-ulmai-Islam?
Ans
...
Q28
...
Ans
...
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Q29
...
Pakistan became the member of UNO on 30th September, 1947
...
When did Shimla Delegation met with Viceroy Lord Minto?
Ans
...
Q31
...
Ans
...
2
...
When did Lucknow Pact sign and write two important points of
Lucknow pact?
Ans
...
Hindus accepted the right of separate electorate of the Muslims
2
...
Q33
...
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad gave the idea of migration on the advised of
Mr
...
In which he advised the Muslims to migrate towards
Afghanistan or Iran
...
When Quaid-e-Azam did present his fourteen points?
Ans
...
Q35
...
Allama Iqbal presented the idea of separate state for the Muslims in
1930 at Allahabad
...
What is meant by unity, faith and discipline?
Ans
...
Unity means to get united or to eliminate the differences and
became a unit to whole nation for achieving a national purpose
...
Faith means strong and the firm belief that leads to the sincerity
of struggle
...
Discipline means to follow the rules and regulation and remain
within the limits of rules and regulation
...
Unity, faith and discipline are the motto given by the Quaid-e-Azam to
Pakistani Nation
...
What was the advice of the Quaid-e-Azam to the students?
Ans
...
He was very happy
to see the students in the front ranks
...
The nation expects discipline
and unity from them so that they may confront the challenges of the time
...
How was the river water dispute resolved between Pakistan and
Bharat?
Ans
...
Pakistan conceded three rivers
(Ravi, Bias & Satluj) to Bharat and reciprocally Bharat left its claim on
the water of rivers, Jhelum, Chenab and Sindh
...
Why did Bharat not pay the share of assets to Pakistan?
Ans
...
When the
question of division of assets between the two separated countries was
raised, the Hindus once again did not do justice with the Muslims
...
The share of Pakistan was 750
million rupees
...
Discuss the administrative problems which the country faced after
the partition?
Ans
...
The Hindus working in offices situated in the areas of Pakistan
migrated to Bharat and the offices became empty
...
Furniture, stationery, typewriters and other necessary items were
also not available in the offices
...
The Hindu officers had destroyed the records before going to Bharat
...
There was a lack of experienced and trained officials
...
How did Bharat occupy the State of Jammu and Kashmir?
Ans
...
Therefore, people pressed the Raja to join
Pakistan
...
Raja did every thing to
crush the activities of the Muslim Kashmiris
...
Raja found
himself helpless, therefore, he appealed to Bharti government to come to his
rescue
...
Q7
...
On October 11, 1947 Quaid-e-Azam advised the civil servants
...
If we are to survive as a nation we will have
to face these difficulties with a stern hand our people are disorganized and
worried because of the problems they are facing
...
”
Q8
...
The Quaid felt the dire need of a central bank of Pakistan
...
The great leader
established the State Bank of Pakistan on 1st July 1948
...
What is meant by provincialism & racialism?
Ans
...
Provincialism means to be prejudiced about own province and to be proud of
own province while considering the other provinces inferior racialism and
provincialism are harmful for the national integrity and unity
...
Why did the State of Junaharh not join Bharat?
Ans
...
The Governor General of Bharat, Lord Mountbatten, favoured the
annexation with Bharat
...
A copy of the letter was sent to
the Governor General, as well
...
The state was surrounded by Indian army
from all sides and blockade continued for indefinite period finally India
occupied the whole state
Q11
...
The Quaid-e-Azam established the State Bank of Pakistan on 1st
July 1948
...
The Western economic system has created many problems for the humanity
...
We should evolve
an economic system based on Islamic concept of justice and equality
...
How did India occupy the state of Hyderabad Decon?
Ans
...
Lord Mountbatten, as Fist
Governor General of India, also pressurized him to annex his state with
Bharat, on the basis of geographical situation
...
The Bharti government forced him to sign the
document of annexation but he refused
...
Bharat got control of the state
forcibly
...
What was the problem of assets at the time of creation of
Pakistan?
Ans
...
It
took every step to crush the withering economy of the new state
...
Partial payment of 200
millions was released and second installment of 500 millions was released
after a long time
...
Q14
...
Quaid-e-Azam established State Bank of Pakistan on 1st July 1948 at
Karachi
...
What steps were been taken by Quaid-e-Azam for the
rehabilitation/ settlement of the Refugees?
Ans
...
Quaid-e-Azam shifted his Headquarters from Karachi to Lahore to
supervise the activities being carried out by the government and voluntary
associations
...
Quaid-e-Azam Relief Fund for the Refugees was set up
...
The social workers sincerely provided a very huge quantity of foodstuff,
clothing, medicines, blankets, tents and other things
...
Gradually the refugees were shifted to different cities and towns and
permanent accommodations were managed
...
Describe the administrative services of Quaid-e-Azam
...
Quaid-e-Azam to organize the:
1
...
2
...
Accounts Service and
Pakistan Studies
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196
4
...
Defense Service
The Headquarters for Navy, Air Force and Army were made
...
6
...
Q17
...
1
...
2
...
He established good relations with the Muslims & the neighboring
countries
...
Describe the importance of Unity Faith & Discipline
...
If a nation wants to lead an honorable life in the community of nations, it
should be firm on unity, faith and discipline
...
The
Quaid-e-Azam desired to build a strong and confident nation by the force of
unity, faith and discipline
...
Q19
...
The Quaid-e-Azam was fully aware of the dangerous menace of
provincialism and racialism
...
Such prejudices, he knew, could lead to
disunity, and harm national integration
...
Q20
...
Radcliff deprived Pakistan from a lot of Muslim majority and fertile areas
of the Punjab
...
Sir Radcliff provided a land route to Bharat to move into the valley of
Jammu and Kashmir
...
Q21
...
At the time of creation of Pakistan it was decided that all military assets
would be divided at the ratio of 64% to India & 36% to Pakistan
...
1 What were the five reasons of the separation of East Pakistan?
Ans
...
(2) Control of Hindus on Trade and Services
...
(4) Role of Hindu Teachers
...
Q
...
The collection of laws, rules and regulations which govern the conduct
of government and which determine the powers and interrelationship
between three government departments (Legislative, Executives and
Judiciary) and the rights of citizens is called the constitution
...
3
When was constitution of 1956 abrogated and by whom?
Ans
...
M Chaudhry
Muhammad Ali 1956 and abrogated by General Muhammad Ayub Khan
on October, 1958
...
4
Describe importance of objective resolution (any six)?
Ans
...
(b) A committee to draft the constitutions was formed
...
(d) It laid down the basis of the constitution
...
(f)
Q
...
When was the Govt
...
Govt
...
Q
...
In 1973‟s constitution, the Muslim is defined as
...
(1) The oneness of Allah
...
B
...
H
(3) Devine books and the day of judgment
...
7 How many seats won by PPP from West Pakistan in elections of
1970?
Pakistan Studies
Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad
198
Ans
...
Q
...
(1) It is the responsibility of the state of provide necessary environment
to the people to lead their lives according to Islam
...
(3) Introduction of moral and ethical code of Islam
...
(5) Maximum opportunities for women and maximum security to
minorities
...
9
Write down the four Islamic clauses of the constitution of 1962?
Ans
...
(2) Fundamentals rights are ensured to the people of Pakistan
...
(4) Urdu and Bengali jointly declared the national languages of
Pakistan
...
10 What is meant by sovereignty of Allah?
Ans
...
The source of law is Holy Quran and Sunnah and no any law
can be designed in the country which is against the Holy Quran and
Sunnah
...
Q
...
In 1955 all the four provinces of West Pakistan Punjab, N
...
F
...
Q
...
In October 1958 1st martial law was enforced in Pakistan by General
Ayub Khan
...
President Sikandar Mirza was dismissed and General Ayub Khan took
over the control of the country as the President
...
13 When was the objective resolution approved?
Ans
...
Q
...
Due to:
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199
(i) Mutual confrontation of politicians
...
(iii) Dictorial role of governor general,
(iv) Incompetent Leadership
...
15 When and Who dissolved the 1st Constitutional Assembly of
Pakistan?
Ans
...
Q
...
2nd constitution was enforced on 8th June 1962 by General Ayub Khan
...
17 When was 2nd Martial Law of Pakistan imposed?
Ans
...
Q
...
Army Chief General Zia-ul-Haq imposed 3rd martial law in the country
on 5th July 1977
...
19 When was 3rd Martial Law lifted?
Ans
...
Q
...
On October 12, 1999 Army Chief General Pervaiz Musharaf dismissed
the government of Nawaz Sharif and took control of the country
...
Q
...
(1) Role of Ayub Khan (dictatorship)
...
(3) Anti government movement of Zulifiqar Ali Bhutto
...
(5) Negative Role of bureaucracy
...
22 Describe salient features of 1973‟s constitution?
Ans
...
(a) Objective Resolution made necessary part of the constitution
...
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200
(c) Federal parliamentary system was again introduced in the
country
...
(e) Citizens of Pakistan were given equal fundamental rights
...
23 Describe importance of constitution?
Ans
...
(b) Constitution is the supreme law of state
...
(d) Every govt
...
(e) Every govt
...
(f) Absence of constitution may causes choose and confusion in the
country
...
24 Describe important features of 1956‟s constitution?
Ans
...
(b) Federal parliamentary system was introduced in Pakistan
...
(d) Fundamental rights are ensured to the people of Pakistan
...
(f) Urdu and Bengali were declared national languages
...
25 Describe the causes of abrogation of constitution of 1956?
Ans
...
affairs
(b) Dictatorship and negative role of President Sikander Mirza
...
(d) Un-necessary inference of bureaucracy in the govt
...
1
Define Natural resources?
Ans
...
These natural resources are
rivers, oceans, forests, minerals and fertile plains etc
...
2
What is soil?
Ans
...
The three basic components of soil are:
(i)
(ii)
Air
(iii)
Q
...
Water
...
Important trees are mulberry, sumbal, dhrek and eucalytus
...
Q
...
The trees become useful for the area affected by water logging and
salinity because trees absorb water from the soil and lower water level
of underground reserves
...
5 Which are five departments busy in the development and
exploration of mineral resources in Pakistan?
Ans
...
(G
...
P)
...
(O
...
D
...
Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation
...
M
...
C)
...
(G
...
P)
...
(R
...
C)
...
6 Where the coal mines are located in Sindh?
Ans
...
Q
...
The four oil refineries working in Pakistan are the Attock Refinery,
Pakistan Refinery, National Refinery and Pak Arab Refinery
...
8
Write down the utility of copper?
Ans
...
9
The production of electric goods especially electric cables
...
What are Rabi and Kharif crops?
Ans
...
Wheat, barley,
Chickpea, Oil seeds, tobacco etc
...
Kharif season begins in April and ends in September
...
Q
...
Balloki Sulemanki link canal no
...
Upper Bari Doab canal taken from Madhupur
Barrage was constructed in 1861
...
11 What are the rivers that came under the possession of Pakistan
and India under the Indus Basin Treaty?
Ans
...
Q
...
There are seven link canals are in Pakistan
...
13 What is the utility of life stock?
Ans
...
We obtained meat from life stock
...
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203
(4)
Animals are used in ploughing and leveling of land;
transportation of crops etc
...
14 What are the important energy resources in Pakistan?
Ans
...
(iii) Solar Energy
...
Q
...
There are 13 thermal power station in Pakistan, which are at Multan,
Faisalabad, Guddu, Jamsharo, Muzzaffargarh, Sukkur, Larkana, Kotri,
Pasni are using natural gas
...
In Gilgit,
Kot Addu, Pasni and Shahdara diesel is used for producing electricity
...
Q
...
The natural gas was discovered in 1952 at Sui (district Sibbi) in
Balochistan
...
17 What are the uses of Copper and where it is found?
Ans
...
In the past it was only used for making of coins and pottery
...
In Balochistan Copper reserves are in district Chaghi, Saindak
and other areas
...
18 Where is Gypsum available in Pakistan?
Ans
...
The important mines are in Khwera, Dandot, Daud
Khail, Rohri and Kohat
...
19 What are Karezs?
Ans
...
Q
...
Khaddar soils are formed along the rivers
...
So every new layer of silt loam and silt clay are
deposited
...
Q
...
It is Pakistan‟s greatest electricity project constructed on river Indus
...
It was constructed in 1974
and its cost was Rs
...
It is multipurpose project primarily
constructed to supply water for irrigation but is also produces electricity
...
Q
...
In Pakistan, the coal is generally used in brick kilns for thermal electric
power and domestic purpose
...
23 What is the use of lime stone and where it is found?
Ans
...
It is found in
Daudkhel, Wah, Rohri, Hyderabad and Karachi
...
24 What is the importance of forests?
Ans
...
25 Where the iron ore has been found in Pakistan?
Ans
...
Other places are Dammel Nissar (Chitral), Langrial (District
Haripur)
...
Q
...
Ans
...
Black and white marble is found in Kala-Chitta
Hill in District Attock
...
Q
...
(1)
Tube wells and drains have been built-installed
...
(3)
Forests are planted on river banks and along the canals
...
28 Which are the canals of River Jhelum?
Ans
...
Q29 To which countries Pakistan export its goods?
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205
Ans
...
U
...
E
...
Some Advantages of International Trade are:
(i)
International trade provides opportunities of employment
...
(iii) Earns foreign exchange
(iv) Promotes national industry
(v) Stabilizes the exchange rate of foreign and local currencies
...
5?
Ans
...
5 connects the North and South of the
country
...
It helps in the
transportation of 56% of goods and people of the country from one
place to another
...
Fauji Foundation has been set up in which retired army personnel are
engaged to produce different goods including army uniforms, shoes and
other goods related to army
...
Q33 Write down the name of ten heavy industries of Pakistan?
Ans
...
e
...
(9) Tobacco and cigarette industry
(10) Textile industry and textile related industriesL
(11) Leather and leather goods industry
Q34 What are the items prepared by handicraft industry?
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206
Ans
...
Q35 What are the major imports of Pakistan?
Ans
...
(2) Machinery
...
(4) Chemicals
...
(6) Edible Oil
...
(8) Iron and Iron products
...
To earn the profit is the major problem of PIA
...
In land trade:
In-land trade is the means of distribution of goods, services and their
sale and purchase with in the same country
...
It has two types like imports and exports
...
Imports:
The goods, which are purchased from other countries, are called
imports
...
Q39 What are
communication?
the
advantages
of
means
of
transport
and
Ans
...
(2) Transport goods, service and labour in between the cities and
villages
...
(4) Maintain the speed of progress in difference part of the country
...
(6) Help in keeping the prices stationary
...
(1) Motorway reduces the burden of traffic
...
(3) People living around the motorway are connected with the world
trade to get new opportunities to earn income
...
(5) Increases the chances of establishment of industry in various parts
of country
...
Q41 What is cottage Industry?
Ans
...
Manual worker purchases the raw material by themselves,
use their own tools and utilize the efforts of their family to produce
things, which are a part of our culture, and trade is called cottage
industry
...
Q42 Discuss the problems of PIA?
Ans
...
(2) Now PIA planes are older and in order to purchase new planes,
government has to spend billions of dollars
...
(4) A lot of money is spent on the training of the pilots, engineers and
other staff to enable them to be as competent as those of the other
countries
...
Industry is such a place where the entrepreneur and labour through the
machines and tools convert the shape of capital, raw material and
natural resources in a way that their utility may increase to fulfill the
needs of the people to a large extent, and may fetch maximum price in
the market and miximum profit for the entrepreneur
...
Write some causes of lack of industrial progress in Pakistan?
Ans
...
(2) Limited markets
...
(4) Shortage of entrepreneurs
...
(6) Contrary industrial policies of different government
...
When was first track of railway laid down?
Ans
...
It
was 169 Km Long
...
Write benefits of Road transport?
Ans
...
(ii) Cheapest in operation
...
(iv) Increase our national income
...
Q47
...
(1) The small scale industries use mainly old and outdated means of
production
...
(3) They have mostly semi-killed and illiterate workers
...
(5) The step motherly treatment of government departments creates
lot of problems for them
...
(1) Gwadar Motorway is 895 km long
...
(2) Karachi Hub Kakar Motorway is 341km long and was opened in
1998
...
(4) Islamabad Peshawar Motorway is 154 km long
...
Q49 Write four benefits of air travels?
Ans
...
(2) Journey by air is very comfortable and safe
...
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209
(4) It helps in the transportation of food and other goods in short
time
...
National Progress is the increase of national income by introducing new
methods of production of goods and services and maximum utilization
of national resources
...
Heavy industry not only produces goods but also produces machines
and raw-material for other industries like Heavy Mechanical Complex
Taxila, Pakistan Steel Mill Karachi, Heavy Electrical Complex, Hattar
etc
...
The Industry which fulfills the needs of defense sector of the country is
called Defense Industry
...
Q53 Narrate important means of communication
...
(1) Mail
(2)
(3) Telephone
(4)
Internet
(5) Newspapers
(6)
Television
(7) Radio
(8)
Magazines and periodicals
(9) Fax
(10)
Telex
Q54 Mention five main problems of Pakistan Railway:
Ans
...
(2) Slow speed goods trains causes financial losses to the country
...
(4) Old and rusty railway tracks
...
Q55 Mention the major exports of Pakistan?
Ans
...
(2) Rice
...
(4) Carpets
...
(6) Surgical goods
...
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(8) Cotton Yarn
...
(1) USA
(2) Europe
...
(4) Saudi Arabia
(5) China
(6) Malaysia
...
Commerce through internet or electronic media is called E-Commerce
...
Q58 What are benefits of E-Commerce?
Ans
...
Consumer gets the item at low price and the
manufacturer gets the price including hi profit, and the business of the
world increases in seconds
...
(1) Improving means of transportation and communication
...
(3) Financial resources
...
(5) Expansion of the markets for export
...
What is small scale industry?
Ans
...
Every industry
in included, whether it produces goods at home, or by setting up few
machines on rented place and employing few workers to produce
various goods
...
What is meant by Foreign Policy?
Ans
...
Q2
...
Ans
...
Peaceful Co-existence
2
...
Unite Nations Charter
4
...
Support to Right of Self-Determination
Q3
...
1
...
Economic Development
3
...
Mutual Corporation (Bilateralism)
Q4
...
National security means to protect the internal and external boundaries
of the country from every danger
...
The main objective of
foreign policy of Pakistan is its national security or independence
...
Q5
...
Administrative troika comprises of president, prime minister and chief of
army staff
...
They can approve or disapprove the foreign policy and they
can also make any change in it
...
What is the function of Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the
Determination of Foreign Policy?
Ans
...
It comprises the specialists and experts of foreign
policy and the bureaucrats of high level
...
They
Pakistan Studies
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212
Q7
...
Q8
...
Q9
...
Q10
...
Q11
...
Q12
...
Q13
...
formulate the policy, plans and program regarding the priorities of
foreign policy
...
After discussion and debate the parliament
gives approval to it or suggests some change in it
...
To regulate cross border movement of refugees
ii
...
What was the objective of Pak-Saudi economic commission?
Pak-Saudi Economic Commission was established in Riyadh in 1998,
which initiated 155 projects in Pakistan and provided economic
assistance for their completion
...
On 11 September 2001 two aeroplane hit the world trade center in the
city of New York (USA) nearly 9‟o Clock in the morning
...
Write down the short note on Atomic Explosion (Ballast) of
Pakistan
...
Write down the role of political parties and pressure groups in the
establishment of foreign policy
...
The political parties include the priorities of
foreign policy in their manifestoes, and after their success in the
election, they force the government to change the priorities of foreign
policy according to the changing scenario in the light of their view
points
...
Which defense agreement or singed by Pakistan & China?
Many defence pacts were concluded between Pakistan and China in
1985, according to which China provided economic and technical
assistance in building the Kamra Complex and Ordinance Factory at
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Q14
...
Q15
...
Wah
...
273 million for
setting up Heavy Electric Complex in NWFP
...
It needs to establish and maintain cordial relations with
those states with whom it can maximize its trade relations or from whom
it can obtain maximum economic benefits
...
It has
adopted particularly free trade, free economic policy, and policy of
privatization
...
United Nations Organization
(UNO)
ii
...
Q16
...
Q17
...
Q18
...
Q19
...
Q20
...
Economic Corporation Organization
(ECO)
v
...
Keeping in view these
information‟s, Pakistan formulates its foreign policy
...
Following 10 countries are the member of the ECO
...
Pakistan
ii
...
Iran
iv
...
Turkmenistan
vi
...
Azerbaijan
viii
...
Uzbekistan etc
What is Durand Line?
The common boarder between Pakistan & Afghanistan is known as
Durand Line
...
When did Geneva Pact signed and by whom?
Geneva Pact was signed in April 1988 between Pakistan, Afghanistan,
Russia and USA
...
Close relation between Pakistan & China were started in 1955 on the
eve of Bendong (Conference Indonesia)
...
When and where did OIC establish? OR When and where did first
conference of OIC held?
Ans
...
Q22
...
Second Islamic Summit Conference (OIC) was held at Lahore-Pakistan
in 1974
...
Write down four objectives of OIC
...
1
...
Economic Corporation among the Muslim Countries
3
...
4
...
When did ECO established?
Ans
...
How many member countries ECO has?
Ans
...
Pakistan
2
...
Turkey
4
...
Tajikistan
6
...
Kyrgyzstan
8
...
Azerbaijan
10
...
Write down the Objective of the ECO
...
1
...
Freely Transportation among the member countries
3
...
To promote education and culture
Pakistan Studies
Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad