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Notes​ ​for​ ​Sex,​ ​Evolution,​ ​And​ ​Behavior​ ​taught​ ​by​ ​Dr
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Thrombolites​ ​are​ ​a​ ​bacterial​ ​algae​ ​mat​ ​that​ ​coats​ ​rocks​ ​and​ ​can​ ​prevent​ ​erosion​ ​to​ ​the
rocks
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When​ ​studying​ ​planets​ ​we​ ​call​ ​the​ ​space​ ​just​ ​far​ ​enough​ ​from​ ​the​ ​sun​ ​not​ ​to​ ​burn,​ ​but
close​ ​enough​ ​to​ ​not​ ​freeze​ ​over,​ ​the​ ​goldilocks​ ​zone
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​ ​ ​These​ ​are​ ​believed​ ​to
be​ ​the​ ​remnants​ ​of​ ​old​ ​rivers
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Never​ ​assume​ ​conscious​ ​intention​ ​when​ ​it​ ​comes​ ​to​ ​the​ ​motives​ ​of​ ​animals-​ ​they​ ​are
driven​ ​by​ ​instinct,​ ​not​ ​thought​ ​or​ ​planning
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​ ​ ​The​ ​older​ ​the
eggs​ ​are,​ ​or​ ​the​ ​younger​ ​the​ ​chicks,​ ​the​ ​less​ ​distance​ ​she​ ​allows​ ​herself
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​ ​ ​As​ ​the​ ​chicks​ ​age​ ​and​ ​can
survive​ ​on​ ​their​ ​own,​ ​she​ ​will​ ​leave​ ​more​ ​distance​ ​between​ ​her​ ​and​ ​her​ ​predator​ ​as​ ​she
has​ ​already​ ​done​ ​what​ ​she​ ​can​ ​to​ ​raise​ ​them,​ ​and​ ​is​ ​no​ ​longer​ ​investing
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The​ ​younger​ ​the​ ​mother​ ​is,​ ​the​ ​sooner​ ​she​ ​will​ ​leave​ ​her​ ​nest/chicks/eggs
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Tsetse​ ​fly​ ​seeks​ ​blood​ ​for​ ​offspring
○ Offspring​ ​takes​ ​up​ ​70%​ ​of​ ​her​ ​body​ ​weight
○ Offspring​ ​is​ ​born​ ​live​ ​instead​ ​of​ ​egg​ ​laid
Selfish​ ​mothering​ ​vs​ ​allomothering
Wildebeest​ ​calves​ ​cannot​ ​nurse​ ​from​ ​non-related​ ​mothers
Most​ ​animals​ ​have​ ​mechanisms​ ​to​ ​recognize​ ​relatedness/offspring
○ This​ ​allows​ ​them​ ​to​ ​reject​ ​offspring​ ​that​ ​isn't​ ​theirs
○ This​ ​keeps​ ​mothers​ ​from​ ​sacrificing​ ​energy​ ​to​ ​an​ ​organism​ ​that​ ​doesn’t​ ​share​ ​her
genes

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Some​ ​allomothering​ ​is​ ​accidental
○ (misdirected​ ​maternal​ ​programming)
■ When​ ​a​ ​mother​ ​animal​ ​readily​ ​accepts​ ​the​ ​young​ ​of​ ​another​ ​species
■ Due​ ​to​ ​hormones
■ Dogs​ ​caring​ ​for​ ​kittens/deer/rabbits
■ Lion​ ​caring​ ​for​ ​calf
■ Must​ ​have​ ​given​ ​birth​ ​recently​ ​for​ ​this​ ​to​ ​happen
Interspecific​ ​vs​ ​intraspecific​ ​allomothering
○ Interspecific
■ Brood​ ​parasitism​ ​or​ ​accidental​ ​allomothering
○ Intraspecific
■ Vervet​ ​monkeys
Brood​ ​parasites
○ Cuckoo​ ​birds
Humans​ ​allomother​ ​like​ ​no​ ​other​ ​species
○ This​ ​comes​ ​in​ ​the​ ​form​ ​of​ ​pets,​ ​children,​ ​plants
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​ ​ ​Even​ ​after​ ​the​ ​female​ ​begins​ ​eating​ ​the​ ​male,
they​ ​will​ ​continue​ ​to​ ​navigate​ ​around​ ​her​ ​body​ ​and​ ​mate​ ​with​ ​them

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In​ ​the​ ​case​ ​of​ ​the​ ​scorpionfly,​ ​they​ ​create​ ​a​ ​small​ ​protein​ ​filled​ ​saliva​ ​mass,​ ​and​ ​offer​ ​it​ ​to
the​ ​female​ ​to​ ​eat​ ​while​ ​they​ ​mate
Be​ ​sure​ ​to​ ​rewatch​ ​the​ ​video​ ​on​ ​the​ ​uganda​ ​kob
○ Focus​ ​on​ ​leks,​ ​post​ ​coital​ ​leg​ ​action,​ ​pre​ ​mating​ ​behavior​ ​vs​ ​post​ ​mating
behavior,​ ​and​ ​relationship​ ​between​ ​males​ ​and​ ​males,​ ​and​ ​females​ ​and​ ​males
Humans​ ​have​ ​a​ ​vomeronasal​ ​organ​ ​as​ ​a​ ​fetus,​ ​but​ ​it​ ​is​ ​lost​ ​as​ ​we​ ​are​ ​born
Female​ ​belugas​ ​choose​ ​between​ ​two​ ​males​ ​that​ ​swim​ ​on​ ​either​ ​side​ ​of​ ​them
Phylogeny​ ​and​ ​taxonomy​ ​memorization
What​ ​is​ ​the​ ​noisiest​ ​animal​ ​in​ ​the​ ​world?
○ Snapping​ ​shrimp
Mammals
○ Mammaries
■ Produces​ ​milk
Phylogeny​ ​is​ ​a​ ​bush,​ ​not​ ​a​ ​tree
No​ ​species​ ​is​ ​more​ ​evolved​ ​than​ ​another
There​ ​are​ ​long​ ​periods​ ​of​ ​stability​ ​between​ ​evolutionary​ ​changes​ ​in​ ​animals
○ Affected​ ​by​ ​global​ ​climate​ ​change​ ​there​ ​results​ ​periodic​ ​catastrophic​ ​mass
extinctions
Therapsid
Radiation
○ Does​ ​not​ ​always​ ​mean​ ​chemically
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​ ​ ​This​ ​definition​ ​is​ ​important!
○ The​ ​organism​ ​is​ ​a​ ​buffer​ ​zone​ ​the​ ​DNA​ ​has​ ​built​ ​to​ ​improve​ ​effectiveness​ ​of​ ​self
replication​ ​in​ ​hostile​ ​environments
○ Do​ ​not​ ​assume​ ​conscious​ ​intention​ ​when​ ​it​ ​comes​ ​to​ ​the​ ​actions​ ​of​ ​organisms
○ Many​ ​animals​ ​“steal”​ ​resources​ ​from​ ​other​ ​animals
○ We​ ​use​ ​the​ ​metaphor​ ​investing

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