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Title: Chapter 6 Osseous Tissue and Bone Structure
Description: This is an in-depth look at the tissue of the skeletal system, its function, classifications, bone markings, and the structure of bones. There is discussion on bone matrix, the types of bones, and how nutrition effects bones.
Description: This is an in-depth look at the tissue of the skeletal system, its function, classifications, bone markings, and the structure of bones. There is discussion on bone matrix, the types of bones, and how nutrition effects bones.
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Chapter 6:
Osseous Tissue and Bone Structure
6-1
The skeletal system has 5 primary functions
The skeletal system includes bones of the skeleton and the cartilages, ligaments, and other
connective tissues that stabilize or interconnect the bones
...
6-2
Bones are classified according to the shape and structure, and
they have a variety of surface markings
There are 206 bones in the adult skeleton
...
Examine figure 6-1 pg 180 for classification of the bones
The 6 categories of bones:
1
...
3
...
5
...
Irregular bones- have complex shapes
Short bones- small and boxy, with approximately equal dimensions
Flat bones- have a thin flattened shape
Long bones- elongated and consist of a shaft, (diaphysis) with 2 ends (epiphysis) that are wider
than the shaft
6
...
(may form in at least 26
locations)
Bone Markings
The surfaces of bones have characteristic features
...
Depressions, grooves, and tunnels
in bone are sites where blood vessels or nerves lie alongside or penetrate the bone
...
1
Chapter 6:
Bone Structures
The anatomy of the femur, has a diaphysis) extended tubular shat (consisting of a layer
of compact bone) At each end is an epiphysis) expanded area (consisting of spongy bone)
Metaphysis) narrow zone where the diaphysis connects to the epiphysis
...
It forms a sturdy protective layer that surrounds a
central spaced called the
Medulla cavity) innermost part or (marrow cavity)
Spongy bone) also called (cancellous) or (trabecular bone) which consists of an open network of
struts and plates that resemble latticework
...
Cortical bone) thin layer of compact bone that covers each epiphysis
A flat bone resembles a spongy bone sandwich, with layers of compact bone
covering a core of spongy bone
...
It contains a matrix of extracellular protein
fibers and ground substance
...
Recall these bone characteristics:
• the matrix is very dense containing calcium salt deposits
• the matrix contains bone cells (osteocytes) within pockets called lucanae (spaces the
chondrocytes occupy in cartilage)
• canaliculi, narrow passageways through the matrix, extend between the lacunae and nearby
blood vessels, forming branching network for exchange of nutrients, wastes, and gases
• except joints, a periosteum covers the outer surface of bones
...
2
Chapter 6:
Bone Matrix
Calcium phosphate, makes up 2/3 of the weight of bone
...
Cells makeup only 2% the mass of bone
...
1
...
2 major functions of osteocytes:
Maintain the protein and mineral content of the surrounding matrix
Take part in the repair of damage bone
Each osteocyte occupies a
Lacunae) a pocket sandwich between layers of matrix
...
Canaliculi) narrow passageways
...
Ossification) or osteogenesis- the process of producing new bone matrix by making and releasing
proteins and other organic components of the matrix
...
Osteogenic) mesenchymal cells contained in sm numbers in bone
...
They maintain the populations
of osteoblasts and are important in the repair of a fracture
...
Osteoclasts) are cells that absorb and remove bone matrix
...
3
Chapter 6:
Osteolysis) the process of the erosion of bone, which is important in the regulation of calcium and
phosphate concentrations in body fluids
...
Spongy bone provides some
support and stores marrow
...
Here the osteocytes are arranged in
concentric layers around a vascular central canal- which contains 1 or more blood vessels that carry’s
blood to and from the osteon
...
Perforating canals) other passageways that extend perpendicular to the surface
...
The femur
can withstand 10-15x the body's weight without breaking, (an impact sideways is usually what causes a
break in the femur)
...
The matrix in spongy bone forms
...
They create an open network
...
They are found where bones are not heavily stressed or where stressed arrive from many
directions
...
It is much lighter than
compact bone
...
Red bone marrow) forms blood cells (within the epiphysis of long bones)
Yellow bone marrow) adipose tissue important as an energy reserve
...
It
1
...
provides a rout for the blood vessels, and 3
...
Synovial joint) a joint that permits a significant amount of movement
...
Endosteum) an incomplete cellular layer, that lines the medullary cavity
...
It covers the trabeculae of spongy
bone and lines the inner surfaces of the central canals of compact bone
...
Calcification) the deposition of calcium salts----takes place during ossification
...
Endochondral Ossification
During development, most bones originate as hyaline cartilages that are miniature models of
the corresponding bones of the adult skeleton
...
Endochondral ossification) the process replacing cartilage models with bone
...
5
Chapter 6:
Appositional Growth
Is the process of cells in the inner layer of the periosteum differentiating into osteoblasts and
depositing superficial layers of bone matrix, which then differentiate into osteocytes
...
The Blood and Nerve Supplies to Bone:
1
...
3
...
Metaphyseal Vessels
Periosteal Vessels
6-6
Bone growth and development depend on a balance between
bone formation and bone resorption
Remodeling) (goes on throughout life) the process of continuously recycling and renewing the
organic mineral components of the bone matrix
...
The bumps and rides on the bones become bigger as well so as to accommodate the growing
larger muscles in order to handle the forces applied to the bone
...
Nutrition and Hormonal Effects on Bone
Normal bone growth and development depend on a combination of nutrition and hormonal
factors, such as
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Minerals
Calcitriol and Vitamin D
Vitamin C
Vitamins A, K, and B12
Growth hormone and thyroxine
Sex hormones
Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
6
Chapter 6:
6-8
Calcium plays a critical role in bone physiology
The Skeleton as a Calcium Reserve
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body
...
It is particularly important to both the plasma membrane and the
intracellular activities of neurons and muscle cells, especially the cardiac muscle cells
...
The parathyroid and
calcitonin, coordinate the storage, absorption, and secretions of calcium ions
...
the bones (storage)
2
...
the kidneys (excretion)
When calcium ion concentrations drop below normal, cells of the parathyroid gland, release
parathyroid hormones (PTH) into the blood stream
...
If calcium ion levels rise above normal parafollicular cells (C cells) in the thyroid secrete
calcitonin
...
More calcium= denser bones & less calcium= weaker bones
...
This begins at
ages 30-40
...
Osteoclast-activating factor) chemical released as result of cancer in the bone marrow,
breasts, or other tissues
Title: Chapter 6 Osseous Tissue and Bone Structure
Description: This is an in-depth look at the tissue of the skeletal system, its function, classifications, bone markings, and the structure of bones. There is discussion on bone matrix, the types of bones, and how nutrition effects bones.
Description: This is an in-depth look at the tissue of the skeletal system, its function, classifications, bone markings, and the structure of bones. There is discussion on bone matrix, the types of bones, and how nutrition effects bones.